The fourth industrial revolution is here and with it a tidal wave of challenges for its prosperous implementation. One of the greatest challenges frustrating the development of the internet of things, and hence the next industrial revolution, is the powering of wireless sensors, as these depend on batteries with a limited lifetime. Recent advances have shown that energy harvesting technologies can be employed to extend the lifetime of batteries and ultimately replace them, thus facilitating the deployment of autonomous self-powered sensors, key components of the internet of things. Energy harvesting is the process of capturing ambient energy and convertingit into electric power. For energy harvesting devices it is crucial that the transduction of energy is as efficient as possible, meaning that the methods for capturing, interfacing and converting the ambient energy should be understood and characterized for every application. This thesis investigates the harvesting of the energy found in pressure fluctuations in hydraulic systems, a widely used power transmission system used in the industry and consumer applications; the focus is on the fluid interface and energy focusing methods. In summary, the contributions in this thesis show that the methods for converting pressure fluctuations in hydraulic systems to electrical power depend on the hydraulic system environment, in essence, the static pressure and the frequency of the pressure fluctuations. The results can serve as a starting point in the research, design, and development of hydraulic pressure energy harvesters. / Den fjärde industriella revolutionen är här vilket innebär en rad utmaningar för att dess utveckling ska bli framgångsrik. En av de största utmaningarna som begränsar utvecklingen av sakernas internet för industriella tillämpningar är strömförsörjningen av trådlösa sensorer då dessa är beroende av batterier med begränsad livslängd. Nya framsteg har emellertid gjorts med tekniker för energiskördning som gör att livslängden för batterierna kan förlängas ochi förlängningen helt ersätta batterierna. Det, i sin tur, möjliggör autonoma sensorer som är självförsörjande på energi som är viktiga komponenter i sakernas internet. Energiskördning är den process som omvandlar energi som finns i omgivningen till elektrisk energi. För att kunna få ut så mycket energi som möjligt så är det avgörande att energiskördarna gör energiomvandlingen så effektivt som möjligt. Det gör att inhämtning av omgivande energi samt gränssnitt och energiomvandling måste förstås och karakteriseras för varje tillämpning. Den här avhandlingen undersöker energiskördning för hydrauliskasystem där tryckfluktuationer i dessa system är energikällan. Syftet med den här studien är att ta fram metoder för uppskattning och karakterisering av de nödvändiga gränssnitten för inhämtning, fokusering, och omvandling av fluktuationer i hydraultryck till elektrisk energi. Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att metoder för att omvandla tryckfluktuationer i hydraulsystem till elektrisk energi beror på den hydrauliska systemmiljön där det statiska trycket och frekvensen av tryckfluktuationerna är de viktigaste parametrarna. Resultaten kan fungera som utgångspunkt för fortsatt forskning och utveckling av energiskördare för hydrauliska system. / SMART (Smarta system och tjänster för ett effektivt och innovativt samhälle)

Software testing generally suffers from time and budget limitations. Indiscriminately executing all available test cases leads to sub-optimal exploitation of testing resources. Selecting too few test cases for execution on the other hand might leave a large number of faults undiscovered. Test case selection and prioritization techniques can lead to more efficient usage of testing resources and also early detection of faults. Test case selection addresses the problem of selecting a subset of an existing set of test cases, typically by discarding test cases that do not improve the quality of the system under test. Test case prioritization schedules test cases for execution in order to increase their effectiveness at achieving some performance goals such as: earlier fault detection, optimal allocation of testing resources and reducing overall testing effort. In practice, prioritized selection of test cases requires the evaluation of different test case criteria. Therefore this problem can be formulated as a multi-criteria decision making problem. As the number of decision criteria grows, application of a systematic decision making solution becomes a necessity. In this thesis, we propose a tool-supported framework using a decision support system, for prioritizing and selecting integration test cases in embedded system development. This framework provides a complete loop for selecting the best candidate test case for execution based on a finite set of criteria. The results of multiple case studies, done on a train control management subsystem, from Bombardier Transportation AB in Sweden, demonstrate how our approach helps to select test cases in a systematic way. This can lead to early detection of faults while respecting various criteria. Also, we have evaluated a customized return on investment metric to quantify the economic benefits in optimizing system integration testing using our framework.

The focus of this thesis work is on nonlinear optics and surface plasmon polaritons and how they can be implemented to get optical sustainability and perform fully optical switching.

The worldwide electronics market is focusing on developing innovative technologies that can lead to denser, more resilient, and tighter board-level integration. The consumer electronics market is trending toward miniaturization, with HDI-PCBs dominating. Electronics shrinking and scaling technology is the prime concern of all manufacturers. The PCBA industry is transforming its production practices which can reduce the solder joints, limit the usage of discrete and bulky components, reduce the packaging factor of printed boards by accommodating the maximum number of ICs, minimize the assembly span, optimize the latency, and so on. However, developments in production processes in the PCB manufacturing industry need more attention than those in  Silicon-based (ICs) fabrications. One of the issues in PCB fabrication is utilizing conventional metallization approaches. The majority of manufacturers continue to use standard Copper(Cu) laminates on the base substrate and lithography methods to shape the structures.In recent manufacturing technologies, semi-Additive process (SAP) or modified-SAP (mSAP) methods are being adopted to replace traditional subtractive print-and-etch procedures. To scale down the Lines and Spaces (L\&S) on PCBs comparable to that of IC-level, most smartphone makers use Substrate-like PCB (SLP) using mSAP methods. However, subtractive patterning has been used in the intermediate stages of fabrication in those methods. This thesis demonstrates a fully additive selective metallization-based production approach to bridge this technology gap between IC-level and board-level fabrications. The fabrication process has given the name 'Sequential Build-Up Covalent Bonded Metallisation' (SBU-CBM) method. This dissertation presents a new approach to Cu metallization using a significant step reducing-pattern-transfer process. The patterning method activates a seed layer of CBM polymer chains on a polymer surface with optimal UV-Laser settings. This surface modification enables a strong Copper (Cu) bonding onto the modified surface by Cu-plating. The suggested approach generated a 2.5D surface pattern using a micrometer via laser ablation and subsequent sub-micrometer laser lithography. Furthermore, the surface characterization of each step involved in the fabrication process is analysed and presented to show the sequential growth of layers on top of each other. To investigate the mechanism of the process at the interfaces, characterizations such as EDS, SEM, and XRD characterizations were performed. This PCB manufacturing method can selectively add metallic layers to the finest feature sizes at considerably lower temperatures. Overall, the thesis has addressed two critical aspects i.e. miniaturization of interconnects at board-level and the feasibility of a fully-additive production approach for electronics packaging. First, a subtractive method is shown to achieve Copper interconnects with feature size 3.0$\mu$m. This miniaturization corresponds to 70\% reduction in the feature size from 20 $\mu$m to 3 $\mu$m. Next, the proposed additive production process has produced Cu interconnects with feature sizes of 2.5 $\mu$m L\&S and via of diameter 10 $\mu$m. The scaling of the interconnects was achieved by optimizing the process parameters involved in the proposed fabrication recipe. Second, the sequential build-up (SBU) procedure is adopted to realize the embedded passives with the minimum possible feature size ($<$ 10 $\mu$m). An embedded capacitor and a planar inductor were fabricated. The proposed method can be employed to achieve any desirable pattern on FR-4, and a few of them are shown in the thesis. This additive technique can further be investigated through electrical and reliability assessment to make it an industrially accepted method.

Over the past few years, electricity generation from renewable resources has increased. Power generation from the ocean waves is also one among them. The technology consists of many subsystems. Generators are considered the heart of the entire subsystem or technology. Therefore, the generator's design for the wave power technology should be considered seriously to enhance the technology. Linear generators are used in most wave power applications. Ideally, the generators are expected to have low losses. However, it is subjected to further losses, mainly in the form of mechanical and electromagnetic losses.  The electromagnetic losses exist in the form of Iron and copper losses. The main objective is to study the iron losses in a linear permanent magnet synchronous generator for wave power technology with no load condition. Iron losses will be studied in detail for a pole pitch in the linear permanent magnet synchronous generator. The loss coefficients are used for the calculation of iron losses in the linear generator. The linear permanent magnet synchronous generator will be designed using the Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM). The iron losses with the coefficient will be calculated using MATLAB. For the designed model, iron losses were determined, and the hysteresis loss was found to be 11.29W/m, and the eddy current was found to be 1.61W/m in the FEM simulation.

The power consumption analysis in district heating system is quite interesting research area. The findings of such analysis could provide assistance to energy distributors for power consumption optimization and prediction. In this study, we provide an analysis of clustering process by two different methods including Intensity based and Shape-Intensity based clustering. Shape-Intensity clustering provides the information from two different views, one is power intensity consumed and Secondly, the way by which the power is consumed by the customer through out the day. The data set used for the experimentation of this work belongs to Helsinborg, Sweden. Moreover, the analysis is carried out on different categories of customers such as Tillverkande industri, Flerfamiljshus, Offentlig förvaltning, Skola, Sjukvård, Sociala tjänster etc. The work includes analysis for two seasons: winter and summer for each customer. The study basically provides the descriptive analysis by using visualization tools by which we try to draw the merits and demerits of both type of methods. We also try to understand the effect of outdoor temperature on power consumption, which was the only additional parameter provided for this data set. The proposed method of Shape-Intensity clustering provide some merits over Intensity based clustering which could provide assistance for the task of prediction in District Heating Systems.

No description available.

With the rising interest in autonomous vehicles due to developments with electric cars and computer vision, controllers that provide safe, collision free manoeuvres are crucial for the advancement of this technology. In this thesis, a controller for autonomous vehicles for safe, collision-free lane switching on highways including adaptive cruise control is proposed. By solving a quadratic program (QP), where high-order control Lyapunov functions (HOCLF) and high-order control barrier functions (HOCBF) are used as conditions, the input is calculated. The forward invariance of the safe sets and, if the safety constraints allow it, stability of the reference values are guaranteed. The controller only relies on sensor measurements and does not require communication with other vehicles or a higher-level coordinator. Instead, the vehicles indicate their intention by their manoeuvres and influence each other’s safe sets. In contrast to other works, the controller is not rule-based and therefore no switching between control algorithms is required. A simulation validates the derived theoretic results. Furthermore, the common issue of implementing a CBF-based control algorithm in discrete-time is discussed. / Med det ökande intresset för autonoma fordon på grund av utvecklingen av elbilar och datorseende är styrenheter som ger säkra, kollisionsfria manövrar avgörande för utvecklingen av denna teknik. I den här avhandlingen föreslås en styrenhet för autonoma fordon för säkra, kollisionsfria körfältsbyten på motorvägar inklusive adaptiv farthållare. Genom att lösa ett kvadratiskt program (QP), där Lyapunov-funktioner för styrning av hög ordning (HOCLF) och barriärfunktioner för styrning av hög ordning (HOCBF) används som villkor, beräknas insatsen. Framåtriktad invarians hos de säkra uppsättningarna och, om säkerhetsbegränsningarna tillåter det, stabilitet hos referensvärdena garanteras. Kontrollen är endast beroende av sensormätningar och kräver ingen kommunikation med andra fordon eller en koordinator på högre nivå. I stället anger fordonen sin avsikt genom sina manövrer och påverkar varandras säkra uppsättningar. Till skillnad från andra arbeten är styrenheten inte regelbaserad och därför krävs ingen växling mellan styralgoritmer. En simulering bekräftar de teoretiska resultaten. Dessutom diskuteras det vanliga problemet med att genomföra en CBF-baserad kontrollalgoritm i diskret tid.

No description available.

Memory-based storage and register-based storage are commonly used storagetypes in fpgas. This thesis aims to build up the architecture of memory-basedstorage and register-based storage, implement the corresponding methods, compare the difference between them and determine which kind of storage workswell under different circumstances. Algorithms for both storages are conducted,and an hdl framework is developed in Python. During the algorithm process,vhdl code for hardware architecture design is built. The number of slices usedis the standard to judge which storage is better during the synthesis process inXilinx Vivado. After several groups of syntheses, the number of slices used isobtained. Finally, the preference under different circumstances is concluded.This study shows that for most common cases, memory-based storage is better touse for its lower cost of resources. For some extreme cases, register-based storageis preferred. This thesis will provide some references for the use of storage infpga synthesis and implementation.