Sending bacteria to space is a further step withinthe framework of transporting humans to distant locations inspace. This can build a knowledge platform of how the bacteriabehaves in the space environments, in order to be able to functionin the long term as a LLS (long term life support system), i.ea mini ecology for the space station that handles waste (gas,liquid and solid) and transforms it into food, water and oxygen.By constructing a bacterial experiment (MoreBac) in a smallsatellite and thermally simulating it in space environment, itcan aid future projects performed in similar but larger scales.To visualize the experiment in presentations, a CAD-model ofthe experiment will be designed and constructed in SIEMENSSolid Edge. The thermal analysis is made in Airbus SYSTEMAThermica and will help show on the critical problem, which isto maintain suitable temperature conditions on the microfluidicchip inside the experiment. By performing the simulations, onecan assure that the design is suitable and that the heat gradientis in required intervals for different components. The CADmodelwas designed in a sandwich layout and consist of twoprinted circuit boards, one microfluidic chip and one reservoir.Not specified components of the experiment was not used in theCAD- model since they where still in early development. Thethermal analysis of the experiment was studied in a steady stateenvironment, with boundary conditions of 5˝C in the cold caseand 30˝C in the hot case, which means that the time variablewas not considered. Three configurations of heat dissipation weremade; 16 nodes at the illumination board with 0,05 W each, 16nodes at the detection board with 0,05 W each and finally 36nodes on both PCBs together with 0,025 W each. In the hot case,the microfluidic chip reaches temperatures between 34, 16˝C and42, 15˝C when 0,8 W is equally divided to both PCBs. In thecold case, the microfluidic chip reaches temperatures between13, 82˝C and 22, 32˝C with the same heat distribution as thehot case.

Standardized information and mathematicalmodels, which model the characteristics of the power generationand power transmission systems, are requirements for futuredevelopment and maintenance of different applications tooperate the electrical grid. Available databases such as Nordpoolprovides large amounts of data for power supply and demand [1].The typical misconception with open availability of data is thatexisting power system software tools can interact and process thisdata. Difficulties occur mainly because of two reasons. The firston is the amount of data produced. When the topology of theelectrical grid changes e.g. when a switch opens or closes, the flowof electrical power changes. This event produce changes ingeneration, transmission and distribution of the energy anddifferent data sets are produced. The second problem is therepresentation of information [2]. There are a limited number ofsoftware tools that can analyze this data, but each software toolrequires a specific data format structure to run. Dealing withthese difficulties requires an effective way to transform theprovided data representation into new data structures that canbe used in different execution platforms. This project aims tocreate a generic Model-to-Text (M2T) transformation capable oftransforming standardized power system information modelsinto input files executable by the Power System Analysis Tool(PSAT). During this project, a working M2T transformation wasnever achieved. However, missing functionality in someprograms connected to sub processes resulted in unexpectedproblems. This led to a new task of updating the informationmodel interpreter PyCIM. This task is partially completed andcan load basic power system information models.

This project aims to evaluate through simulationsin Simulink whether an average power consuming, 4-personhousehold in Sweden, can be successfully supplied from amicrogrid system powered by solar panels. The goal is to achievea 48 V DC system and examine both its voltage stability and longterm power balance for stationary and transient conditions. Thesimulations are based on weather data such as temperature andsolar irradiation as well as an estimated consumption pattern forthe household. Loads and sources in the system are identified aswell as possible algorithms for communication between nodes.Two scenarios are tested, a standalone grid with optional energystorage and a system connected to the main grid. The resultsindicate that a Swedish household can not be supplied froma standalone microgrid due to low irradiation values, withoutan unreasonably large energy storage or change in consumption.Although a continuous power supply is missing, voltagestability and power balance is established for this scenario. Withconnection to the main grid all requirements above are met.The observed limitations of the methodology are analyzed. Forfuture projects a communication algorithm for load variation,synchronized with irradiation inputs, can be implemented in themodel. Also, simulations can be done for alternative geographicalconditions to yield different results where alternative renewablesources, such as wind and geothermal, can be included.

In order to power a single home with solar panels amicrogrid has been designed, modeled, and simulated. The hybridsolution for the microgrid that is implemented allows for DCappliances to be connected before the inverter step and for ACappliances to be connected after it, removing inefficienciesassociated with the AC to DC conversion. The microgrid modelhas been designed so that it works with a grid connection as acomplement to the solar panels, but also in standalone mode if nogrid connection is available. In order to achieve the intendeddesign the model went through several iterations to optimize thecomponent parameters. Simulations were run on the model basedon weather and load-usage data to validate its functionality. Thesimulations indicate that model achieves its intended values, butalso suggest that the component configuration requires furtheroptimization if this specific microgrid design is to be physicallyimplemented.

This report’s primary focus is to use the data gathered by the Cassini satellite and analyzeits magnetic field data around Saturn. By looking for isolated changes in magneticfield values locations of potential plasmoids can be determined and examined. Theseso called plasmoids are pockets of higher density plasma ,associated with an increaseor decrease of the magnetic field strength, inside the magnetosheath, which may be importantfor the interaction between the solar wind plasma and the magnetosphere. Thestudy has been made over 7 years, from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2016. Duringthis period a number of magnetic field structures have been found and documentedin this report, along with analyzing some of their properties such as their width andmagnetic field strength. / Denna rapports primära fokus är att använda data insamlad av Cassini satelliten ochanalysera dess magnetiska fältdata runt Saturnus. Genom att titta efter isolerade förändringari magnetiska fältvärdena går det att lokalisera och examinera potentiella plasmoider.Dessa så kallade plasmoider är fickor med högre densitet av plasma, associerademed en ökning eller minskning av magnetisk fältdata, inne i magnetoskiktet, vilket kanvara viktigt för interaktionen mellan solvindens plasma och magnetosfären. Studien hargjorts över 7 års tid, från början av 2010 till slutet av 2016. Under denna period harett antal magnetiska fältstrukturer hittats och dokumenterats i denna rapport, genom attanalysera några av deras egenskaper så som deras bredd och magnetisk fältstyrka.

Established climate changes and increasing regulations on fossil fuels makes it important toexplore different options for electric power generation from renewable energy sources. In 2015Sweden had the highest proportion of renewable energy in the European Union and electricitygeneration contributes the most to the proportion of renewable energy. An interestingopportunity to a further improvement on the number of renewable energy sources is wavepower. Wave power is based on the conversion of energy available in the motion of the wavesto electric power. Electric power generation from wave power plants has been studied since1970 and the major obstacles for its development have been the high costs of the plants and lowefficiencies. The KTH researcher PhD Anders Hagnestål, has developed a new type of wavepower generator with significant improvements on the machine’s efficiency. This master thesisdeals with the electrical energy conversion of the electric power provided by the generator. Thedesign and construction of single-phase switch-mode converter used for the electricalconversion AC/DC and DC/AC of the generated electric power is discussed and explained. Theconstructed single-phase converter showed a good electrical design. Nevertheless, importantimprovements are needed in the operating speed of the used microcontroller. / Etablerade klimatförändringar och ett ökat antal regler för fossila bränslen gör det viktigt attutforska olika alternativ för elproduktion från förnybara energikällor. År 2015 hade Sverige denhögsta andelen förnybar energi i EU och elproduktionen bidrar mest till andelen förnybarenergi. En intressant möjlighet till ytterligare förbättringar av antalet förnybara energikällor ärvågkraft. Vågkraft är baserad på omvandling av energi som finns i vågornas rörelse till elkraft.Elkraftproduktion från vågkraftverk har studerats sedan 1970 och de största hindren för dessutveckling har varit de höga kostnaderna för kraftverket och låg effektivitet. KTH-forskarenPhD Anders Hagnestål har utvecklat en ny typ av vågkraftgenerator med betydandeförbättringar av maskinens effektivitet. Detta examensarbete behandlar elenergiomvandlingenav elenergin som generatorn tillhandahåller. Designen och konstruktionen av enfasig switchmodeeffektomvandlare som används för den elektriska omvandlingen AC/DC och DC/AC avden genererade elenergin diskuteras och förklaras. Den konstruerade enfasomvandlaren hadeen bra elektrisk design. Ändå behövs väsentliga förbättringar i den använda mikroprocessornshastighet.

Over the years sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), and, equivalently, particle filter (PF) theory has enjoyed much attention from researchers. However, the intensity of developing innovative resampling methods, also known as offspring selection methods, has long been declining, with most of the popular schemes aging back two decades. Especially, the set of deterministic offspring selection methods is limited. In light of this, and inspired by variational inference, we propose offspring selection schemes which multiply/discard particles in order to minimize statistical distances between relevant distributions. By regarding offspring selection as a problem of minimizing statistical distances, we further bridge the gap between optimisation-based density estimation and SMC theory. Our contribution is in a sense twofold. Partly, we provide novel, deterministic offspring selection schemes, and, partly, we extend the class of SMC algorithms by using the particle likelihoods instead of importance weights when doing offspring selection. Our proposed methods outperform or compare favourably with the two most popular resampling schemes on density-estimation benchmark tests, which are commonly turned to in the SMC and particle Markov chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC) literature. / Under åren har teorin inom sekventiell Monte Carlo (SMC) och, likväl, partikelfilter (PF) fått stor uppmärksamhet från forskare. Intensiteten att utveckla innovativa metoder för urval av avkommor, har dock länge avtagit och de flesta av de populära systemen har funnits i två decennier. Speciellt är uppsättningen av deterministiska urvalsmetoder begränsad. Mot bakgrund av detta, och inspirerad av variationsslutledning, föreslår vi urvalsmetoder som multiplicerar / kasserar partiklar för att minimera statistiska avstånd mellan relevanta fördelningar. Genom att betrakta urvalet som ett problem för att minimera statistiska avstånd, överbryggar vi ytterligare klyftan mellan optimeringsbaserad densitetsuppskattning och SMC-teori. Vårt bidrag är på sätt och vis dubbelt. Delvis tillhandahåller vi nya, deterministiska urvalsscheman, och delvis utökar vi klassen av SMC-algoritmer genom att använda partikel sannolikheter istället för viktvikter när man gör avkommesval. Våra föreslagna metoder överträffar eller jämför fördelaktigt med de två mest populära urvalsmetoderna för densitetsuppskattning på test som vanligtvis används för utvärdera metoder inom SMC och Markov-kedje-Monte Carlo.

Enabling the positioning and tracking of mobile phones has emerged as a key facility of existing and future generation mobile communication systems. This feature provides opportunities for many value added location-based services and systems. For instance, mobile phones are increasingly employed in traffic infor­mation systems and present several advantages over traditional sensor-based traffic systems. However, there are still plenty of aspects that must be investigated and addressed towards the fully operational deployment. The aim of the research per­formed in this thesis is to examine and propose solutions to two of the problems in the deployment of a mobile phone-based smart traffic information system.     The first problem investigated is the mobile phone-based vehicle positioning and tracking. The investigation starts with a comprehensive study of mobile positioning with emphasis on existing standardizations. Based on the mobile location methods standardized in UMTS, possible hybrid solutions are proposed. In addition, a tool for simulating one of the UMTS mobile positioning methods (i.e., OTDOA) in vehicular environment is developed. A Kalman filter-based hybrid method, which can track the mobile phones traveling on-board vehicles, is then implemented. This method fuses two of the UMTS standard methods (i.e., OTDOA and A-GPS) loca­tion estimates at the state-vector level. Statistical simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid method can provide better position and velocity estimations than each individual method.     The second problem addressed is the mobile phone-based urban traffic state estima­tion. A traffic simulation-based framework is proposed to emulate and evalu­ate the operation of urban traffic state estimation with A-GPS mobile phones as probes. Based on the emulated mobile phone probe data, algorithms of location data processing/filtering and average speed estimation are developed and then evaluated by comparing against “ground truth” data from the traffic simulation. Moreover, the estimated average speeds are classified to different traffic condition levels, which are prepared for displaying a traffic map on the mobile phone display. The achieved simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is fundamental for the subsequent development of a mobile phone-based smart traffic information system demonstrator. / QC 20111206

This thesis investigates novel concepts of micromechanical bulk acoustic wave sensors for advanced atomic force microscopy (AFM), using micromachined silicon resonators, which are analyzed with regard to their performance as compared to conventional AFM sensors. Conventional AFM systems use a cantilever resonator for sensing the surface forces of the sample. Since a laser is used to detect the cantilevers movement, a certain minimum area for reflecting the laser beam is required. These restrictions in the cantilever scalability limits the resonant frequency and quality factor of the resonator and thus the overall performance and resolution of a conventional AFM system. To overcome these limitations and to improve atomic force microscopy, new sensor concepts are proposed. First an analysis of different extensional mode resonator geometries is conducted to determine the dependency of the shape and dimensions on the stiffness, resonant frequency and displacement for the use as AFM sensor. Based on that a two resonator system is introduced, consisting of a flexural mode resonator acting as sensing unit with design specifications oriented on an AFM cantilever and of an additional bulk mode resonator with high resonant frequency and high quality factor detecting the movement of the first resonator. They are coupled electrostatically, where a DC potential between the two resonators and a variation in gap width, caused by the oscillation of the flexural mode resonator, modulate the pre-stress in the bulk mode resonator resulting in a frequency shift, which is then detected capacitively. Finite-element simulations are conducted to determine the sensitivity of the system for different resonator geometries, dimensions and DC potentials between the two resonators, as well as the thermal noise and thus the detection limit of the system. As a second design, a variation of the existing sensor is proposed using a mechanical spring system to couple the two resonators. The benchmark criteria of these novel concepts is that it should be possible to detect a force in the range of the Brownian motion at room temperature. Summarizing the results it can be concluded that a ring shaped geometry is the most suitable for a single bulk acoustic wave resonator sensor for AFM applications, as it achieves highest displacement for a given size, resonant frequency and quality factor. These findings can also be used to improve the electrostatically coupled resonator system and to reduce the DC potential needed between the two resonators to avoid pull-in and at the same time still achieve good sensor sensitivity.

This work has been carried out in collaboration with the company IPBNorr, where a web application will be developed with the aim of centralizing two separate tools for increased user-friendliness and easy accessibility. In the work, a general survey is performed on authentication and authorization principles to determine a method that can best perform the job based on prevailing parameters and the context of an isolated environment where the web application is to be implemented in a company’s domain. Based on the fact that these tools require different access levels, a reliable authorization method is needed where rights can be determined in a flexible way so that unauthorized users do not have access to critical tools. The goal of the work is to both centralize these two tools in a web application and determine a reliable authentication and authorization method to secure and control which users have access to what in the web application. An analysis shows that delegated authentication with Integrated Windows authentication is advantageous to use in this case. The end result of the work meant that an implementation of delegated authentication was performed. But more tests need to be done to ensure that authentication and authorization work in a real context. / Detta arbete har utförts med samarbete med företaget IPBNorr där en webbapplikation skall utvecklas i syftet att två separata verktyg skall centraliseras för utökad användarvänlighet samt lättillgänglighet. I arbetet utförs en översiktlig undersökning om autentisering och auktoriserings principer för att bestämma en metod som bäst kan utföra jobbet utifrån rådande parametrar samt kontexten en isolerad miljö där webbapplikationen skall implementeras i ett företags domän. Utifrån att dessa verktyg kräver olika accessnivåer behövs en pålitlig auktoriseringsmetod där rättigheter kan bestämmas på ett smidigt sätt för att obehöriga ej skall få tillgång till kritiskt verktyg. Målet med arbetet är att både centralisera dessa två verktyg i en webbapplikation samt bestämma en pålitlig autentiserings och auktoriserings metodför att säkerhetsställa och kontrollera vilka användare som har tillgång till vad i webbapplikationen. I en analys framgår det att delegerad autentisering med Integrated Windows authentication är fördelaktig att använda i detta fall. Slutresultatet av arbetet medförde att en implementering av delegerad autentisering utfördes. Men fler tester måste göras för att säkerställa att autentisering och auktorisering fungerar i ett verkligt sammanhang.