More climate aware alternatives are explored and one of them is electric aircraft engines. As a transition between combustion to electric motor, hybrid engines have the positive characteristics of the two engine alternatives. But it also comes with new obstacles that more research is needed on. The University if Juiz de Fora works on a test bench for all components that sit on the hybrid plane's powertrain. In this project, the electric motor is in focus and a simulation will be created.

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Eftersom Valmet inte har någon metod för att testa styrsystemen för transportörerna de levererar med sina balningslinjer går mycket tid åt till att felsöka på plats. De söker därför en metod som gör det möjligt att simulera styrsystemen för att hitta och lösa fel innan leverans. Tryckt litteratur och artiklar publicerade i vetenskapliga journaler har varit grunden till den studie som utförts under arbetet. Ett tillhandahållet styrsystem innehållande en typ av transportör har studerats för att få förståelse för dess funktion. För att simulera krävs en modell som representerar och uppför sig som systemet i fråga. Om simuleringen ska vara användbar måste modellen vara tillräckligt exakt. En väl fungerande simulering är till väldigt stor fördel då denna kan förhindra förseningar, ge bättre arbetsvillkor, spara pengar och öka säkerheten. Utifrån arbetets mål togs ett koncept fram för simuleringen av styrsystemet. Det framtagna konceptet skriver över värdena av de fysiska ingångarna innan de går in i styrlogiken. Varje transportör simuleras enskilt där de har en funktion som sparar positionen för de virtuella massabalarna på det egna bandet. Simuleringen visualiseras via ett HMI där balarnas förflyttning kan följas. Det framtagna konceptet visade sig fungera bra för att simulera det tillhandahållna styrsystemet. Stora delar kan med säkerhet återanvändas för andra typer av transportörer. Huruvida konceptet faktiskt kan hitta fel i styrsystem är däremot inte fastställt, men högst sannolikt. Slutsatsen som kan dras av det framtagna konceptet är att det har god potential för att simulera verkliga styrsystem om det vidareutvecklas, varigenom uppstartstiden kan förkortas. / Valmet do not have a method for testing the functionality of the control systems for the conveyors they deliver with their baling lines, as a result a lot of time is spent troubleshooting on site. They therefore seek a method which allows them to simulate these control systems to find and fix any faults in the code before delivery. Printed literature and articles published in scientific journals have been the foundation to the conducted study presented in this report. A code for a control system was provided and studied to gain understanding of its functionality. To simulate, a model which represents and behaves like the system to be simulated is required. If the simulation is to useful the model must be a sufficiently accurate representation of reality. A simulation has many advantages, it can prevent delays, save money, improve working conditions and safety. A concept for simulating this control system was developed during this thesis work. The concept overwrites the values of the physical sensors before the control logic. Every conveyor is simulated individually. The simulation has a function which saves the position of the virtual bale along the conveyor. The simulation is visualized in an HMI where the movement of the bales can be followed. The concept showed to worked very well to simulate the provided code. A large amount of the simulation should be possible to reuse when simulating other types of conveyors. Whether the concept will be able to detect faults in the code are though not confirmed, but most likely. The conclusion that can be drawn from the developed concept is that it has potential to simulate this type of control system if it is developed further, in which case the commissioning will be reduced.

One third of Sweden's energy use is used by residential and commercial buildings, of which nearly 60 % go to heating. Opportunities are great for using energy more efficiently and there is a great potential to save energy by improving the construction of the building. The EU places higher demands on energy use and means that monitoring of energy use is becoming increasingly important. From 2021, all new production of buildings in EU Member States will be "close to zero energy houses". The definition of "near zero energy house" has not yet been established in Sweden, but in a throw-out of BBR is the requirement to tighten by 40 % discussed. Efforts to get more energy-efficient buildings are under way and are being carried out in close collaboration with BBR.   This degree project has been carried out on behalf of Skebo, where the goal is to establish the real specific energy use in operation for two properties in Skellefteå, Ringduvan and Odenskrapan. Compare and analyze deviations from projected specific energy use. Ringduvan was ready for occupation in spring 2014 and Odenskrapan in early 2016.Both buildings have electricity and district heating from Skellefteå Kraft. Ringduvan is projected by NCC and Oden of Lindbergs Energi & VVS AB.   Sveby ("Standardize and Verify Energy Performance in Buildings") is a development program run by actors in the construction and real estate industry. Svebys aim is to develop an industry standard that increases the accuracy of the project between projected and real energy use. With increased knowledge of user-related use, a standardized approach, energy monitoring and enhanced cooperation between actors, the goal is to reduce the deviations. Operators in the industry may choose to enter into a Sveby agreement, which includes a common method of procurement, design and verification.   The projected specific energy use for Ringduvan is 76 kWh/m2,year and the real is 101 kWh/m2,year. Odenskrapan projected is 53 kWh/m2,year and the real is 93 kWh/ m2,year. That is, the specific energy use exceeds the estimated energy consumption by 33 % for Ringduvan and 75 % for Odenskrapan. This means that much more district heating and real estate is needed than expected.   In general, potential causes of higher energy use have been identified. But nothing has been confirmed and more work is required against the buildings in order to compare and identify the exact reasons.

Following an ongoing change towards an increasingly renewable power generation system Swedish grid operators are facing several challenges in coming years. As authorities plan for the decommissioning of nuclear power an increased reliance on de-centralised energy sources such as photo-voltaic distributed generation (PVDG) is expected. A technology observed in some cases to accompany local power quality issues severe enough to impose grid expansion measures from distribution system operators (DSOs). Considering a combination of an indicative utilisation inefficiency of classical grid expansion measures and a recent year maturing of various energy storage technologies, this report sets out to evaluate the possibility of utilising centralised energy storage systems (ESSs) for deferment of classical grid expansion measures. For the purpose of identifying the most prominent problem scenarios of modern production- and consumption behaviours as well as the possible solutions offered by centralised ESSs, a literature review of journal articles and technical reports was conducted in combination with a case-study of an existing urban grid operated by Umeå Energi Elnät AB (UEEN). The work regarding ESSs is directed with specific focus towards evaluating which ESS services can potentially facilitate grid expansion deferment and what ESS placement is advisable for efficient utilisation. Assessing possible grid safety implications, potential for peak load shaving and the presently most suitable energy storage technology was also within the scope of the study. The literature review reveals PVDG induced feeder line over-voltage and transformer overload the most likely and previously observed implications imposing grid expansion measures. The former more prominent in elongated, typically rural, grids and the latter in more densely populated urban grids. For deferment of over-voltage related grid expansion measures a centralised ESS can be utilised for voltage support provided placement is made close to the affected grid section, presumably far out the affected feeder line. This result is coherent throughout the reviewed literature and is supported by the results of the case-study. Distribution transformer overload and its imposed grid expansion measures can be deferred through load re-allocation and peak load shaving, two services proven achievable by centralised ESSs and the capacity for which increases if ESS placement is made closer the distribution transformer. Provided present regulatory and standards are adhered to upon installation, significant negative impact of centralised ESSs on distribution grid safety can be avoided. Most energy storage technologies, including battery based energy storage technologies indicated from the literature review providing the most suitable characteristics for use in centralised distribution grid ESSs, utilise well established systems for grid connection hence no presently unsolvable grid safety implications are identified. Technical reports of real applications of centralised ESSs reinforce this argument as successful implementation without ESS caused grid safety implications have been achieved in the Swedish distribution grid in the past.

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The success of modern electronics is built on the possibility to accurately predict system behavior by the use of simulation tools. This paradigm can be extended to components such as sensors attached to the electronics. The ability to simulate both sensors (mechanical components) and electronics together renders possible effective optimizations at system level, i.e. minimizing size, cost and power consumption. In this thesis the simulation of a combined electronics and ultrasound sensor system is explored. The environment used is compatible with the electronic simulation tool SPICE. Improvements and verifications of existing SPICE models for ultrasound equipment is described, and applied in the design of integrated analog electronics for an ultrasound measurement system. Emphasis is put on the interdependence between acoustic performance and electronics design. The goal is to improve precision in the simulations to a level where real systems can be implemented from simulation results alone. The thesis is divided into introduction and three attached papers. In the introduction, an overview of ultrasound devices, measurement technology and simulation is given. Tools and design flow for analog integrated circuits are discussed. The first paper shows that system simulations can be used to minimize the size of the transistors used to excite an ultrasound transducer, while keeping maximum output ultrasound energy. A design of an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) driver stage for piezoelectric crystals is made and performance of the system is predicted using system simulations. Measurements and simulations are compared, showing that the optimum transistor size can be chosen from simulation data with very good precision. The goal with paper number two is to achieve absolute amplitude correctness in PSpice simulations of ultrasonic systems. Previously published models of the ultrasound propagation medium include viscoelastic loss but disregard loss due to diffraction, i.e. beam spreading. This paper presents a method to include diffraction loss in the models. Measurements and simulations have been performed using a pulse echo system in water. Results show that the simulated amplitude of the returned echo differs less than 10% from measured values in both near and far fields. In paper number three, the influence of parasitic electrical components on measurements and simulations is investigated. It is shown that simulation of excitation pulses can be done with very high accuracy if parasitics are taken into account. The coaxial cable which connects the electronics and the transducer represents one of the major parasitic components in the system. As the cable length is varied, pulse echo amplitudes and time delays shift. It is shown that simulations can be used to predict these effects with good accuracy. / Godkänd; 2001; 20070313 (ysko)

From an early age, people display the ability to quickly and effortlessly interpret the orientation and movement of human body parts, thereby allowing one to infer the intentions of others who are nearby and to comprehend an important nonverbal form of communication. The ease with which one accomplishes this task belies the difficulty of a problem that has challenged computational systems for decades, human motion analysis. Technological developments over years have resulted into many systems for measuring body segment positions and angles between segments. In these systems human body is typically considered as a system of rigid links connected by joints. The motion is estimated by the use of measurements from mechanical, optical, magnetic, or inertial trackers. Among all kinds of sensors, optical sensing encompasses a large and varying collection of technologies. In a computer vision context, human motion analysis is a topic that studies methods and applications in which two or more consecutive images from an image sequences, e.g. captured by a video camera, are processed to produce information based on the apparent human body motion in the images. Many different disciplines employ motion analysis systems to capture movement and posture of human body for applications such as medical diagnostics, virtual reality, human-computer interaction etc. This thesis gives an insight into the state of the art human motion analysissystems, and provides new methods for capturing human motion.

The ATLAS-upgrade is a project with the endeavors to enhance the performance of the ATLAS detector located at CERN. The intention of this project is to enable testing of the upgraded components locally at Ångströmlaboratoriet, Uppsala University, in cooperation with CERN. A power supply system  was constructed to provide the correct voltage to the new electronic hybrid circuits. The hybrids need to be tested under the right conditions hence governing the features of the system. A graphical user interface with included software that controls and monitors the hardware in the system was developed. To ease connection of the test system, a backplane power circuit board was designed for the power supply cards. / ATLAS-upgrade experiment

With laser Doppler flowmetry, blood flow can be measured in the smallest blood vessels in the body. Perimed AB is a company that develops instruments for microvascular diagnostics and want to develop a 15-mm probe with laser Doppler and heater. By using a new component, a combined VCSEL and photodetector from Kyocera, a prototype for the 15-mm probe is designed to measure blood flow. The results show that the signal is sufficient for optical analysis. Further work is necessary to determine if the 15-mm probe can be realized.