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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An experimental study of liquid-phase separation in the systems Fe2SiO4-Fe3O4-KAlSi2O6-SiO2-H2O, Fe3O4-KAlSi2O6-SiO2-H2O and Fe3O4-Fe2O3-KAlSi2O6-SiO2-H2O with or without P, S, F, Cl or Ca0.5Na0.5Al1.5Si2.5O8: Implications for immiscibility in volatile-rich natural magmas

Lester, GREGORY W 11 April 2012 (has links)
Abstract Isobaric (200 MPa) experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of H2O alone or in combination with P, S, F or Cl on the phase relations and elemental and oxygen isotopic partitioning between immiscible silicate melts in the systems Fe2SiO4-Fe3O4-KAlSi2O6-SiO2, Fe3O4-KAlSi2O6-SiO2 and Fe3O4-Fe2O3-KAlSi2O6-SiO2 +/- plagioclase (An50). Experiments were heated in a newly-designed rapid-quench internally-heated pressure vessel at 1075, 1150 or 1200 oC for 2 hours. Water alone or in combination with P, S, or F significantly increases the temperature and composition range of two-liquid fields at fO2= NNO and MH buffers. Water-induced suppression of liquidus temperatures, considered with the effects of pressure on two-liquid fields stability in silicate melts, suggests that liquid phase separation may occur in some volatile-rich silicate magmas at pressures up to 2GPa. Two-liquid partition coefficients for Fe, Si, P and S correlate well with the degree of polymerization of the SiO2-rich conjugate melts and the data can be applied to assess the involvement of liquid-phase separation in the genesis of coexisting volatile-rich magmas. The partitioning of trace concentrations of selected HFSE, REE and transition elements between immiscible experimental volatile-rich melts at 1200 oC, 200 MPa has been determined at QFM, NNO and MH oxygen buffers. Water generally increases the partitioning of HFSE, REE and transition elements into the Fe-rich melt. Water alone, or combined with P or S, produces nearly parallel partitioning trends for HFSE and REE. Absolute partitioning values of transition elements are strongly dependent on the network-modifier composition of the melt. 18O in experimental immiscible melts with H2O or H2O and P or S partitions preferentially into the felsic conjugate melt (δ18O felsic melt- δ18O mafic melt values range from 0.4 to 0.8 permil) consistent with observations in anhydrous immiscible silicate melts. The expansion of the P-T-X-fO2 stability ranges of two- or three-liquid fields observed in the experimental melts demonstrates that liquid-immiscibility may be an important process in the evolution of some volatile-rich natural magmas. The results support an immiscible petrogenetic origin for some iron-oxide dominated, Kiruna-type, ore-deposits. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-10 15:06:35.797
2

Interactions between aqueous fluids and silicate melts : equilibration, partitioning and complexation of trace elements

Borchert, Manuela January 2010 (has links)
The origin and evolution of granites has been widely studied because granitoid rocks constitute a major portion of the Earth ́s crust. The formation of granitic magma is, besides temperature mainly triggered by the water content of these rocks. The presence of water in magmas plays an important role due to the ability of aqueous fluids to change the chemical composition of the magma. The exsolution of aqueous fluids from melts is closely linked to a fractionation of elements between the two phases. Then, aqueous fluids migrate to shallower parts of the Earth ́s crust because of it ́s lower density compared to that of melts and adjacent rocks. This process separates fluids and melts, and furthermore, during the ascent, aqueous fluids can react with the adjacent rocks and alter their chemical signature. This is particularly impor- tant during the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits or in the late stages of the evolution of magmatic complexes. For a deeper insight to these processes, it is essential to improve our knowledge on element behavior in such systems. In particular, trace elements are used for these studies and petrogenetic interpretations because, unlike major elements, they are not essential for the stability of the phases involved and often reflect magmatic processes with less ambiguity. However, for the majority of important trace elements, the dependence of the geochemical behavior on temperature, pressure, and in particular on the composition of the system are only incompletely or not at all experimentally studied. Former studies often fo- cus on the determination of fluid−melt partition coefficients (Df/m=cfluid/cmelt) of economically interesting elements, e.g., Mo, Sn, Cu, and there are some partitioning data available for ele- ments that are also commonly used for petrological interpretations. At present, no systematic experimental data on trace element behavior in fluid−melt systems as function of pressure, temperature, and chemical composition are available. Additionally, almost all existing data are based on the analysis of quenched phases. This results in substantial uncertainties, particularly for the quenched aqueous fluid because trace element concentrations may change upon cooling. The objective of this PhD thesis consisted in the study of fluid−melt partition coefficients between aqueous solutions and granitic melts for different trace elements (Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Y, and Yb) as a function of temperature, pressure, salinity of the fluid, composition of the melt, and experimental and analytical approach. The latter included the refinement of an existing method to measure trace element concentrations in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts di- rectly at elevated pressures and temperatures using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microanalysis. The application of this in-situ method enables to avoid the main source of error in data from quench experiments, i.e., trace element concentration in the fluid. A comparison of the in-situ results to data of conventional quench experiments allows a critical evaluation of quench data from this study and literature data. In detail, starting materials consisted of a suite of trace element doped haplogranitic glasses with ASI varying between 0.8 and 1.4 and H2O or a chloridic solution with m NaCl/KCl=1 and different salinities (1.16 to 3.56 m (NaCl+KCl)). Experiments were performed at 750 to 950◦C and 0.2 or 0.5 GPa using conventional quench devices (externally and internally heated pressure vessels) with different quench rates, and at 750◦C and 0.2 to 1.4 GPa with in-situ analysis of the trace element concentration in the fluids. The fluid−melt partitioning data of all studied trace elements show 1. a preference for the melt (Df/m < 1) at all studied conditions, 2. one to two orders of magnitude higher Df/m using chloridic solutions compared to experiments with H2O, 3. a clear dependence on the melt composition for fluid−melt partitioning of Sr, Ba, La, Y, and Yb in experiments using chloridic solutions, 4. quench rate−related differences of fluid−melt partition coefficients of Rb and Sr, and 5. distinctly higher fluid−melt partitioning data obtained from in-situ experiments than from comparable quench runs, particularly in the case of H2O as starting solution. The data point to a preference of all studied trace elements for the melt even at fairly high salinities, which contrasts with other experimental studies, but is supported by data from studies of natural co-genetically trapped fluid and melt inclusions. The in-situ measurements of trace element concentrations in the fluid verify that aqueous fluids will change their composition upon cooling, which is in particular important for Cl free systems. The distinct differences of the in-situ results to quench data of this study as well as to data from the literature signify the im- portance of a careful fluid sampling and analysis. Therefore, the direct measurement of trace element contents in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts at elevated PT conditions represents an important development to obtain more reliable fluid−melt partition coefficients. For further improvement, both the aqueous fluid and the silicate melt need to be analyzed in-situ because partitioning data that are based on the direct measurement of the trace element content in the fluid and analysis of a quenched melt are still not completely free of quench effects. At present, all available data on element complexation in aqueous fluids in equilibrium with silicate melts at high PT are indirectly derived from partitioning data, which involves in these experiments assumptions on the species present in the fluid. However, the activities of chemical components in these partitioning experiments are not well constrained, which is required for the definition of exchange equilibria between melt and fluid species. For example, the melt-dependent variation of partition coefficient observed for Sr imply that this element can not only be complexed by Cl− as suggested previously. The data indicate a more complicated complexation of Sr in the aqueous fluid. To verify this hypothesis, the in-situ setup was also used to determine strontium complexation in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts at desired PT conditions by the application of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. First results show a strong effect of both fluid and melt composition on the resulting XANES spectra, which indicates different complexation environments for Sr. / Die Entstehung und Entwicklung von Graniten steht seit Jahrzehnten im Fokus vieler geologischer Studien, da sich die Erdkruste zu großen Teilen aus granitoiden Gesteinen zusammensetzt. Von besonderer Bedeutung für die Bildung von granitischen Schmelzen ist neben der Temperatur, der Wassergehalt der Schmelze, da dieser Parameter die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schmelze entscheidend verändern kann. Die Entmischung wässriger Fluide aus Schmelzen führt zur Neuverteilung von Elementen zwischen diesen Phasen. Bedingt durch die geringere Dichte des wässrigen Fluids im Vergleich zur Schmelze und dem Nebengestein, beginnt dieses aus tieferen Erdschichten aufzusteigen. Damit verknüpft ist nicht nur eine räumliche Trennung von Schmelze und Fluid, sondern auch die Alterierung des Nebengestein. Dieser Prozess ist insbesondere bei der Bildung von magmatisch-hydrothermalen Lagerstätten und in späten Entwicklungsstadien magmatischer Komplexe wichtig. Für ein detailliertes Verständnis dieser Prozesse ist es notwendig, das Elementverhalten in solchen Systemen in Abhängigkeit von Parametern wie Temperatur, Druck und chemischer Zusammensetzung des Systems experimentell zu untersuchen, und Elementverteilungskoeffizienten als Funktion dieser Variablen zu bestimmen. Für die Untersuchungen sind insbesondere Spurenelemente geeignet, da diese im Gegensatz zu Hauptelementen nicht essentiell für die Stabilität weiterer auftretender Phasen sind, aber sehr sensibel auf Änderungen intensiver Variablen reagieren können. Zudem werden bei geochemischen Mineral- und Gesteinsanalysen viele Spurenelemente, Spurenelementverhältnisse, und Spurenelementisotope als petrogenetische Indikatoren verwendet, d.h. diese Daten liefern Informationen darüber, wann und in welcher Tiefe und bei welchen chemischen Bedingungen ein Gestein gebildet worden ist, und welche weiteren Prozesse es auf dem Weg zur Erdoberfläche durchlaufen hat. Allerdings sind für vie- le Spurenelemente die Abhängigkeiten der Verteilung zwischen Fluiden und Schmelzen von intensiven Variablen nicht, oder nur unzureichend experimentell untersucht worden. Zusätzlich dazu basiert die Mehrheit der experimentell gewonnenen Verteilungskoeffizienten und deren Interpretation, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Elementkomplexierung im Fluid, auf der Analyse von schnell abgekühlten Phasen. Bisher ist nicht geklärt, ob solche Analysen repräsentativ sind für die Zusammensetzungen der Phasen bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Erarbeitung eines experimentellen Datensatzes zur Spu- renelementverteilung zwischen granitischen Schmelzen und wässrigen Fluiden in Abhängigkeit von der Schmelzzusammensetzung, der Salinität des Fluids, des Drucks und der Temperatur. Ein Hauptanliegen der Arbeit bestand in der Weiterentwicklung einer experimentellen Methode bei welcher der Spurenelementgehalt im Fluid in-situ, d.h. unter hohen Drücken und Temperaturen, und im Gleichgewicht mit einer silikatischen Schmelze bestimmt wird. Die so gewonnenen Daten können anschließend mit den Resultaten von Abkühlexperimenten vergli- chen werden, um diese und auch Literaturdaten kritisch zu bewerten. Die Daten aller unter- suchten Spurenelemente dieser Arbeit (Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Y und Yb) zeigen: 1. unter den untersuchten Bedingungen eine Präferenz für die Schmelze unabhängig von der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Schmelze und Fluid, Druck oder Temperatur, 2. die Verwendung von chloridhaltigen Fluiden kann die Verteilungskoeffizienten um 1 bis 2 Größenordnungen anheben und 3. für die Verteilungskoeffizienten von Sr, Ba, La, Y und Yb eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Schmelzzusammensetzung im chloridischen System. Der Vergleich der Daten der verschiedenen Methoden zeigt, dass insbesondere für chloridfreie Fluide große Diskrepanzen zwischen den in-situ Daten und Analysen von abgeschreckten Proben bestehen. Dieses Ergebnis beweist eindeutig, dass beim Abschrecken der Proben Rückreaktionen stattfinden, und dass Daten, welche auf Analysen abgeschreckter Fluide basieren, nur eingeschränkt verwendet werden sollten. Die Variation der Verteilungskoeffizienten von Sr, Ba, La, Yb, und Y als Funktion der Schmelzzusammensetzung ist entweder auf eine Änderung der Komplexierung im Fluid und/oder einen anderen veränderten Einbau dieser Elemente in die Schmelze zurückzuführen. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals versucht, die Elementkomplexierung in silikatischen Fluiden direkt bei hohen Temperaturen und Drücken zu bestimmen. Die Daten für Sr zeigen, dass abhängig von der Schmelzzusammensetzung unterschiedliche Komplexe stabil sein müssen.
3

Cycle géodynamique du soufre : le rôle des sédiments subduits / Geodynamic cycling of sulphur : the role of subducted sediments

Pelleter, Anne-Aziliz 27 June 2017 (has links)
Dans l’objectif d’évaluer le devenir de sédiments subduits variablement enrichis en soufre dans des conditions P-T (pression – température) correspondant au toit de la plaque sous un arc volcanique, des expériences de fusion et de cristallisation ont été réalisées en conditions hydratées en presse piston-cylindre(3 GPa ; 650 – 1000°C ; ƒO2 ~ NNO) sur des sédiments naturels (pélite et marne), non dopés en éléments en traces et variablement enrichis en soufre (0, 1 et 2 wt% Sin). Lors de la fusion du sédiment pélitique, des liquides trondhjémitiques à granitiques sont produits en équilibre avec un résidu composé de grenat +disthène ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Lors de la fusion du sédiment marneux, des liquides granodioritiques sont produits en équilibre avec un résidu constitué de grenat ± épidote ± clinopyroxène ± disthène ± quartz +rutile. L’ajout de soufre dans le système pour une ƒO2 ~ NNO conduit à une précipitation de sulfures. La quantité de fer (Fe2+) disponible dans le système diminue fortement (augmentation du Mg#) et impactegrandement les relations de phases : le grenat, l’épidote et la phengite sont déstabilisées au profit des pyroxènes, de la biotite ou encore de l’amphibole. La distribution des éléments en traces dans le liquide silicaté par rapport au sédiment de départ est également très affectée pour les systèmes dopés en soufre(ex : fractionnement des terres rares). Nous proposons, à partir des données obtenues dans des xénolites mantelliques (Grenade, Petites Antilles) et lors de modélisations géochimiques, que la contribution dans lecoin mantellique de 1 à 3 % de liquides trondhjémitiques/granitiques issus de la fusion de sédiments pélitiques modérément enrichis en soufre (≤ 1 wt% Sin) peut expliquer la variabilité de composition des basaltes du sud de l’arc des Petites Antilles (Grenade et Grenadines). / The main issue of this study is to constrain the fate of subducted sediments variably enriched in sulphur for P-T (pressure – temperature) relevant for the slab at sub-arc depth. Using piston-cylinder apparatus, we performed melting and crystallisation experiments (3 GPa; 650 – 1000°C; ƒO2 ~ NNO) on natural, trace elementundoped and volatile-rich sediments (pelite and marlstone). Experiments were conducted with variable water (5 to 10 wt% H2Oin) and sulphur (0, 1 and 2 wt% Sin) contents. Silicate melts produced by the fluid-present melting of pelite range from trondhjemitic to granitic compositions, are broadly peraluminous and coexist with garnet + kyanite ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Those produced by the fluid-present melting of marlstone are sodic (granodioritic composition), metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and coexist with garnet ± epidote ± clinopyroxene ± kyanite ± quartz + rutile. Sulphur addition at ƒO2 ~ NNO leads to sulphide precipitation. Thus, iron (Fe2+) contents decrease (Mg# increase) in the system and this strongly impacts phase relationships: garnet, epidote and phengite are consumed in favour of pyroxens, biotite and amphibole. Trace-element distribution between silicate melt and starting bulk for S-doped systems is largely impacted (e.g. rare earth elements fractionation). On the basis of data obtained in mantle xenoliths(Grenada, Lesser Antilles) and from geochemical modelisations, we are suggesting that a contribution in the mantle wedge of 1 to 3 % of trondhjemitic/granitic melts derived from pelitic sediments (≤ 1 wt% Sin) mayaccount for the composition of basalts in the southern part of Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Grenadines).
4

Chemical and physical behaviour of the trace elements in the silicate melts of the Earth's mantle / Comportement chimique et physique des éléments traces dans les silicates fondus du manteau terrestre

Seclaman, Alexandra Catalina 01 April 2016 (has links)
Nous avons étudié des magmas ferrifères silicatés magnésiens à la pression du manteau terrestre en utilisant la dynamique moléculaire (First Principles Molecular Dynamics). Les résultats de l’équation d’état que nous avons obtenus à partir de nos simulations ont été utilisés pour créer un modèle chimique et minéralogique pour les zones de très basse vitesse sismique (ULVZ, anomalies régionales dans le manteau proche de la limite noyau-manteau). De plus, nous avons étudié le comportement du Ni, du Co et du Fe dans ces magmas et établi la dépendance du spin en fonction de la concentration, de la pression, de la température et du degré de polymérisation du magma silicaté. Nous avons montré qu’une baisse du spin moyen peut être corrélée au changement de pente (kink) observé précédemment pour les coefficients de partage du Ni et du Co. Nous avons analysé la structure du magma pour toutes les compositions étudiées en fonction de la pression. Nos résultats donnent un nouvel aperçu de la coordination des éléments majeurs et traces dans les magmas silicatés de différents degrés de polymérisation. Nous interprétons l’anomalie de coordination Ni-O en fonction de la pression comme un changement d’état de spin. L’effet de la polymérisation du magma silicaté sur les coefficients de partage du Co, du Ni et du W entre le métal et le magma silicaté a été étudié par expériences multi-enclumes en conditions isobares et isothermes. Nous avons réalisé des simulations FPMD de magmas à des degrés de polymérisation similaires aux expériences afin d’expliquer le caractère de plus en plus lithophile du W lorsque le degré de polymérisation du magma silicaté diminue. Nous proposons une explication structurale pour expliquer l’affinité décroissante apparente du W dans les magmas silicatés dépolymérisés. / We explore Fe-bearing Mg-silicate melts through the pressure regime of the Earth’s mantle using First Principles Molecular Dynamics (FPMD). The equation of state results we obtained from our simulations are used to create a chemical and mineralogical model for Ultra-Low Velocity Zones (anomalous region on the mantle side of the core-mantle boundary). Furthermore we study the behaviour of Ni, Co, and Fe in these melts, and asses their spin-crossover dependencies on their concentration, pressure, temperature, and the degree of polymerization of the silicate melts. We show that a decrease in the average spin can be correlated with the previously observed kink in the partitioning coefficient of Ni and Co. We investigate the melt structure of all the compositions studied as a function of pressure. Our results provide new insight into the coordination of major and trace elements in silicate melts with different degrees of polymerization. We interpret the anomalous Ni-O coordination trend with pressure as the result of the spin state change. The effect of silicate melt polymerization on the partitioning of Co, Ni, and W between a metal and silicate melt, is investigated at isobaric and isothermic conditions using multi-anvil experiments. We have performed FPMD simulations of melts with similar degrees of polymerization as the experiments in order to explain the increasing lithophile character of W with the decrease in polymerization of the silicate melt. We propose a structural explanation for tungsten’s apparent increased affinity for depolymerized silicate melts.

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