The study responds to the increasing effect that climate change has on earth and society. In a global context of rapid urbanization and population growth the project aims to establish the role that architecture can play in the mitigation of climate change. It addresses the embodied energy and carbon footprint of architecture in an urban context. The architectural building type that will be investigated is a transport interchange, specifically the BRT terminal at Pretoria Main Station and associated prototypical BRT stations. An architectural response that promotes public transport use will be investigated. The proposed transport interchange will act as a seam to linking Salvokop with the city, while linking the whole of Tshwane. The architectural intervention will use strategies to respond to predicted climate changes for Tshwane, and adopt strategies to mitigate it. Architectural technologies will be investigated to ensure that the structure has a low carbon footprint and low embodied energy. Through energy conscious design strategies the energy use of the structure will be kept to a minimum. The design will also address the social and historical context of the Pretoria Main Station, to ensure a coherent transport interchange that integrates all modes of transport. The design will contribute to the historical character of the site with an ecosystemic layered approach, adding new functions and layers to the existing, to ensure its adaptability and sustainability. This study forms the part of a departmental research study through the department of Architecture at Pretoria University - “Environmental potential” and the United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] and Global Environment Facility [GEF]. It aims to comply with the prerequisites for an M[Prof]Arch degree while achieving the goals and objectives set by the research study. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

With rising awareness that future generations may not have access to the resources and quality of life that exist today, sustainable development has become a priority within civil engineering. One important component of sustainable development is environmental stewardship, which concerns both the resources taken from the environment, and the wastes and byproducts emitted to the environment. To facilitate more sustainable development, environmental accounting is necessary within civil and geotechnical engineering design and construction. Historically, geotechnical practice has focused on maximizing design performance while minimizing monetary costs, and well established methods exist for quantifying these factors. Quantitative consideration of environmental consequences has seldom played a large role in geotechnical design and construction, and clear guidelines and a methodology for such an assessment are not available within the geotechnical profession. Therefore, this research has focused on establishing a method for quantitative streamlined environmental Life Cycle Analysis of energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for geotechnical ground improvement works, known as the Streamlined Energy and Emissions Assessment Model (SEEAM). The boundaries for the SEEAM extend from raw material extraction through the completion of construction, including the energy and CO2 emissions associated with construction materials, construction site operations, and the transportation of construction materials and wastes. The methodology relies on energy and CO2 emissions coefficients, which represent typical industry average values and not necessarily the specific processes contributing to a project. Therefore, there is uncertainty in SEEAM analyses, which is addressed via a Monte Carlo simulation framework that assumes the energy and CO2 emissions coefficients each follow a lognormal distribution. Data sets of total energy and CO2 emissions generated by the Monte Carlo simulation framework with the SEEAM may be used to statistically compare the energy and CO2 emissions of different geotechnical design alternatives. Such comparisons can help facilitate designing for minimum environmental consequences, thus advancing sustainable development within geotechnical engineering. For clarity, the development and application of the SEEAM is illustrated using two different geotechnical case history projects, including rehabilitation of levee LPV 111 in New Orleans, LA, and the construction of foundations for a replacement dormitory on the Virginia Tech campus. / Ph. D.

A questão energética, associada às mudanças climáticas e à dependência dos recursos naturais é um dos principais desafios do século XXI. A necessidade de produzir alimentos, para atender a crescente demanda da população, requer o aumento da utilização de máquinas e equipamentos, demandando maior quantidade de energia e causando emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Fontes de materiais e de energia são consumidas ao longo do ciclo de vida do produto, portanto é importante reduzir a demanda dessas fontes e aperfeiçoar o uso de recursos pelo reuso, reciclagem e materiais renováveis, além da preservação do ambiente. No sistema de produção agrícola, as máquinas agrícolas são consideradas fundamentais para produção de biomassa. A análise de energia em máquinas agrícolas tem sido feita, porém com dados de indicadores da década de 1960. Estudos de energia incorporada e emissões em máquinas agrícolas devem ser feitos, devido à importância do sistema de produção de bioenergia na economia, além da otimização do consumo em operações necessárias à obtenção do produto. Esse estudo propôs determinar o inventário de materiais, energia incorporada e emissões dos gases de efeito estufa em máquinas agrícolas. Foram avaliadas oito máquinas: colhedora de café, pulverizador autopropelido, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, trator 55 kW, trator 90 kW, trator 172 kW e trator 246 kW, em seus ciclos de vida útil. Tais sidos adotados segundo três fontes distintas. Os dados foram coletados em uma montadora multinacional, em suas unidades localizadas nos municípios de Piracicaba e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo e no município de Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para cada máquina foi contabilizado o consumo dos insumos diretos utilizados na fase de montagem, e também o consumo dos insumos utilizados na fase de manutenção. Os dados de consumo dos insumos foram processados apresentando os fluxos de materiais utilizados, os quais foram multiplicados pelo seu índice de energia incorporada e fator de emissões, resultando na energia incorporada e nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, requeridos pelo sistema de produção. Os resultados apresentaram que a energia incorporada e emissões foram maiores no ciclo de vida indicado pelo fabricante, para colhedora de café, pulverizador, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, e no ciclo de vida indicado pelo (BRASIL, 2010), para os tratores 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW e 246 kW, respectivamente. Para avaliação ambiental em tratores, equações foram fornecidas para demanda de energia e emissões pela massa (energia = -0,0057 massa + 129,2669), (emissões = -0,0003 massa + 5,9845) e pela potência motor (energia = -14,7672 potência motor + 6.507,9639), (emissões = -0,6861 potência motor + 299,1242). / The energy subject, associated with global climate changes and the environment dependency is one of the main challenges of 21st century. The need to produce food, to meet the growing demand of the population, requires increased use of machinery and equipment, demanding more energy and raising greenhouse gases emissions. Materials and energy sources are consumed during the product life cycle, so it is important to reduce the demand for these sources and optimizing the use of resources by reuse, recycling and renewable materials, plus environment preservation. At agricultural production system, agricultural machinery are considered fundamental for biomass production. The energy analysis in agricultural machinery has been done, but with indicator data from late 1960s. Embodied energy and emissions studies in agricultural machinery should be done, because of bioenergy production system importance in economy, beyond consumption optimization in operations necessary to obtain the product. This study aimed to determine the inventory for materials, embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions in agricultural machinery. Eight machines were evaluated, so called: coffee harvester, self-propelled sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, tractor 55 kW, tractor 90 kW, tractor 172 kW and tractor 246 kW, on their life cycle. Such were taken from three different sources. The data were collected in a multinational manufacturer, in its units located at Piracicaba and Sorocaba regions, State of São Paulo and Curitiba region, State of Paraná, Brazil. For every harvester, the consumption of the direct input used in the assembly phase, was accounted, and also the consumption of the input used in the maintenance phase. The consumption data of the inputs were processed presenting the materials flows used, which they were multiplied by their embodied energy indices and emissions factor, resulting in the embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions required by the production system. The results presented higher embodied energy and emissions on life cycle mentioned per manufacturer, for coffee harvester, sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, and on life cycle mentioned per (BRASIL, 2010), for tractors 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW and 246 kW, respectively. For environmental assessment on tractors, equations were provided to energy demand and emissions per mass (energy = -0.0057 mass + 129.2669), (emissions = -0.0003 mass + 5.9845) and per engine power (energy = -14.7672 engine power + 6,507.9639), (emissions = -0.6861 engine power + 299.1242).

Three different green technologies are compared in terms of net energy and carbon savings for a theoretical Toronto rooftop. Embodied energy values are calculated through Life Cycle Analysis and compared to the estimated energies produced and/or saved by each technology. Results show that solar photovoltaics displace the most carbon per m2 of roof space and solar thermal (for hot water) displaces the most energy. An in-depth analysis of an intensive green roof for growing food indicates that the high embodied energy of the materials is not quickly repaid by the sum of six energy savings that were examined (direct and indirect cooling, run-off treatment, transport of food, on-farm energy use, and activities that would otherwise be carried out). However, the energy and carbon benefits are not insignificant, but depend strongly on various assumptions. The methodology used is replicable and therefore useful for other locations.

Three different green technologies are compared in terms of net energy and carbon savings for a theoretical Toronto rooftop. Embodied energy values are calculated through Life Cycle Analysis and compared to the estimated energies produced and/or saved by each technology. Results show that solar photovoltaics displace the most carbon per m2 of roof space and solar thermal (for hot water) displaces the most energy. An in-depth analysis of an intensive green roof for growing food indicates that the high embodied energy of the materials is not quickly repaid by the sum of six energy savings that were examined (direct and indirect cooling, run-off treatment, transport of food, on-farm energy use, and activities that would otherwise be carried out). However, the energy and carbon benefits are not insignificant, but depend strongly on various assumptions. The methodology used is replicable and therefore useful for other locations.

In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years. Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage. For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.

In North America, the operation of buildings accounts for approximately one third of the total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions annually. Office buildings are responsible for roughly 35% of the total commercial/institutional secondary energy use in Canada, followed by retail buildings at 17% (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In recent years, a number of researchers from around the world have conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies to investigate the impacts of buildings on the environment. Most studies have focused on three types of buildings: office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments. There have been almost no comprehensive LCA studies of retail buildings, specifically single-storey retail buildings. This is a problem, since compared to office buildings, single residential dwellings, and multi-unit residential apartments, retail buildings consume approximately 1.2, 2.0, and 2.3 times more energy per floor area respectively (NRCan, OEE, 2010). In addition, retail buildings usually undergo major resource intensive renovations far sooner than other building types. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to conduct a comprehensive LCA for the components of a single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, to determine which building components contribute the most towards the total life-cycle energy use and global warming potential (GWP) after 50 years. Using the latest LCA techniques, the total life-cycle energy use and GWP was calculated for 220 different building components including: exterior infill walls, roofs, structural systems, floors, windows, doors, foundations, and interior partition walls. Also, a comprehensive LCA study was conducted for five single-storey retail buildings (including a pre-engineered steel building system which is lacking in the literature), in order to determine which components of a single-storey retail building are responsible for the most environmental damage. For a typical single-storey retail building located in Toronto, Canada, the operating energy (and GWP) accounts for about 91% (88%) and the total embodied energy (and GWP) accounts for about 9% (12%) of the total energy (and GWP) after 50 years. The roof alone is responsible for nearly half of the total embodied energy and GWP of the entire building. The LCA study also found that after 50 years, the total energy (and GWP) of the five case study buildings only differed at most by 6% (7%), regardless of the choice of structural system, or whether the building was made predominately of steel or wood building components. This thesis concludes with a prioritized list of recommendations for reducing the total life-cycle energy use and GWP of a single-storey retail building in Canada.

Increasing global demand for energy, supplied primarily by polluting sources, generates severe environmental impacts. Buildings consume approximately 37 percent of total global energy, during the construction phase in the form of embodied energy and during the operation phase as operating energy. In Uruguay, current policies for energy efficiency are focused specifically on operational energy. On that basis, the present study intended to perform an energy analysis to assess the significance of embodied energy of a multi storied building in Uruguay compared to parameters of operational energy, and analyze traditional constructive alternatives in the most significant items. The methodology consisted of a process analysis on a selected building to calculate its initial embodied energy. Then recurrent and final embodied energy were estimated and on site collection of data was performed to assess operational energy, in the framework of a life cycle energy analysis. The survey included data on energy consumed by users for their own vehicles operation, which was used as a comparative parameter. Embodied energy was then compared to operational energy and energy payback period was calculated. Typical constructive alternatives were proposed for reinforced concrete structure and brick masonry. Initial embodied energy of alternatives was computed, and its impact on total embodied energy was assessed. Embodied energy values proved to be significant when compared with operational energy. Results showed that embodied energy was equivalent to about nineteen years of operation of the building, and twenty one years of users’ own vehicles fuel consumption. It was also concluded that the proposed alternatives for the structure did not represent a significant reduction, while for masonry meant a substantial decrease in total embodied energy. Finally lines of work were suggested for estimating carbon dioxide emissions derived from embodied energy, as well as for national data generation on materials energy intensities and materials replacement rates over the life of buildings, in order to improve life cycle energy analysis. / La creciente demanda a nivel mundial, de energía proveniente en gran medida de fuentes contaminantes, general un severo impacto ambiental. Las edificaciones consumen aproximadamente el 37 por ciento de la energía global total, durante su construcción en la forma de energía incorporada y durante su operación como energía operacional. En Uruguay, las actuales políticas de eficiencia energética están enfocadas específicamente hacia la energía operacional. En función de ello, el presente trabajo se propuso realizar un análisis energético para evaluar la relevancia de la energía incorporada en un edificio en altura en Uruguay en relación con su energía operacional, y analizar alternativas constructivas tradicionales en los rubros más significativos. La metodología consistió en desarrollar un análisis de proceso en una edificación seleccionada para calcular su energía incorporada. Se estimaron luego su energía incorporada recurrente y final, y se realizó un levantamiento de datos en el sitio, a fin de determinar la energía operacional, en el marco de un análisis energético de ciclo de vida. La encuesta incluyó información sobre la energía consumida por los usuarios en la operación de vehículo propio, la cual se utilizó como parámetro de comparación. Se comparó la energía incorporada con la energía operacional y se analizó el período de retorno energético. Se propusieron alternativas constructivas para la estructura de hormigón armado y para la mampostería de ladrillo. Se calculó la energía incorporada inicial de las alternativas propuestas, y se evaluó su incidencia en la energía incorporada total. Los valores de energía incorporada inicial demostraron ser relevantes al compararlos con la energía operacional, resultando equivalentes a aproximadamente diecinueve años de operación del edificio, y a veintiún años de consumo de combustible en vehículos propios. Se concluyó asimismo que las propuestas realizadas para la estructura representan una reducción poco significativa, en tanto que las alternativas calculadas para la mampostería fueron relevantes para la disminución de la energía incorporada total. Finalmente se sugieren líneas de trabajo para la determinación de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono derivadas de la energía incorporada, así como la generación de datos a nivel nacional sobre índices energéticos y de tasas de reposición de materiales a lo largo de la vida útil de los edificios, a fin de mejorar los análisis de ciclo de vida energéticos.

Increasing global demand for energy, supplied primarily by polluting sources, generates severe environmental impacts. Buildings consume approximately 37 percent of total global energy, during the construction phase in the form of embodied energy and during the operation phase as operating energy. In Uruguay, current policies for energy efficiency are focused specifically on operational energy. On that basis, the present study intended to perform an energy analysis to assess the significance of embodied energy of a multi storied building in Uruguay compared to parameters of operational energy, and analyze traditional constructive alternatives in the most significant items. The methodology consisted of a process analysis on a selected building to calculate its initial embodied energy. Then recurrent and final embodied energy were estimated and on site collection of data was performed to assess operational energy, in the framework of a life cycle energy analysis. The survey included data on energy consumed by users for their own vehicles operation, which was used as a comparative parameter. Embodied energy was then compared to operational energy and energy payback period was calculated. Typical constructive alternatives were proposed for reinforced concrete structure and brick masonry. Initial embodied energy of alternatives was computed, and its impact on total embodied energy was assessed. Embodied energy values proved to be significant when compared with operational energy. Results showed that embodied energy was equivalent to about nineteen years of operation of the building, and twenty one years of users’ own vehicles fuel consumption. It was also concluded that the proposed alternatives for the structure did not represent a significant reduction, while for masonry meant a substantial decrease in total embodied energy. Finally lines of work were suggested for estimating carbon dioxide emissions derived from embodied energy, as well as for national data generation on materials energy intensities and materials replacement rates over the life of buildings, in order to improve life cycle energy analysis. / La creciente demanda a nivel mundial, de energía proveniente en gran medida de fuentes contaminantes, general un severo impacto ambiental. Las edificaciones consumen aproximadamente el 37 por ciento de la energía global total, durante su construcción en la forma de energía incorporada y durante su operación como energía operacional. En Uruguay, las actuales políticas de eficiencia energética están enfocadas específicamente hacia la energía operacional. En función de ello, el presente trabajo se propuso realizar un análisis energético para evaluar la relevancia de la energía incorporada en un edificio en altura en Uruguay en relación con su energía operacional, y analizar alternativas constructivas tradicionales en los rubros más significativos. La metodología consistió en desarrollar un análisis de proceso en una edificación seleccionada para calcular su energía incorporada. Se estimaron luego su energía incorporada recurrente y final, y se realizó un levantamiento de datos en el sitio, a fin de determinar la energía operacional, en el marco de un análisis energético de ciclo de vida. La encuesta incluyó información sobre la energía consumida por los usuarios en la operación de vehículo propio, la cual se utilizó como parámetro de comparación. Se comparó la energía incorporada con la energía operacional y se analizó el período de retorno energético. Se propusieron alternativas constructivas para la estructura de hormigón armado y para la mampostería de ladrillo. Se calculó la energía incorporada inicial de las alternativas propuestas, y se evaluó su incidencia en la energía incorporada total. Los valores de energía incorporada inicial demostraron ser relevantes al compararlos con la energía operacional, resultando equivalentes a aproximadamente diecinueve años de operación del edificio, y a veintiún años de consumo de combustible en vehículos propios. Se concluyó asimismo que las propuestas realizadas para la estructura representan una reducción poco significativa, en tanto que las alternativas calculadas para la mampostería fueron relevantes para la disminución de la energía incorporada total. Finalmente se sugieren líneas de trabajo para la determinación de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono derivadas de la energía incorporada, así como la generación de datos a nivel nacional sobre índices energéticos y de tasas de reposición de materiales a lo largo de la vida útil de los edificios, a fin de mejorar los análisis de ciclo de vida energéticos.

A questão energética, associada às mudanças climáticas e à dependência dos recursos naturais é um dos principais desafios do século XXI. A necessidade de produzir alimentos, para atender a crescente demanda da população, requer o aumento da utilização de máquinas e equipamentos, demandando maior quantidade de energia e causando emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Fontes de materiais e de energia são consumidas ao longo do ciclo de vida do produto, portanto é importante reduzir a demanda dessas fontes e aperfeiçoar o uso de recursos pelo reuso, reciclagem e materiais renováveis, além da preservação do ambiente. No sistema de produção agrícola, as máquinas agrícolas são consideradas fundamentais para produção de biomassa. A análise de energia em máquinas agrícolas tem sido feita, porém com dados de indicadores da década de 1960. Estudos de energia incorporada e emissões em máquinas agrícolas devem ser feitos, devido à importância do sistema de produção de bioenergia na economia, além da otimização do consumo em operações necessárias à obtenção do produto. Esse estudo propôs determinar o inventário de materiais, energia incorporada e emissões dos gases de efeito estufa em máquinas agrícolas. Foram avaliadas oito máquinas: colhedora de café, pulverizador autopropelido, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, trator 55 kW, trator 90 kW, trator 172 kW e trator 246 kW, em seus ciclos de vida útil. Tais sidos adotados segundo três fontes distintas. Os dados foram coletados em uma montadora multinacional, em suas unidades localizadas nos municípios de Piracicaba e Sorocaba, Estado de São Paulo e no município de Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Para cada máquina foi contabilizado o consumo dos insumos diretos utilizados na fase de montagem, e também o consumo dos insumos utilizados na fase de manutenção. Os dados de consumo dos insumos foram processados apresentando os fluxos de materiais utilizados, os quais foram multiplicados pelo seu índice de energia incorporada e fator de emissões, resultando na energia incorporada e nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, requeridos pelo sistema de produção. Os resultados apresentaram que a energia incorporada e emissões foram maiores no ciclo de vida indicado pelo fabricante, para colhedora de café, pulverizador, semeadora-adubadora, colhedora de grãos, e no ciclo de vida indicado pelo (BRASIL, 2010), para os tratores 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW e 246 kW, respectivamente. Para avaliação ambiental em tratores, equações foram fornecidas para demanda de energia e emissões pela massa (energia = -0,0057 massa + 129,2669), (emissões = -0,0003 massa + 5,9845) e pela potência motor (energia = -14,7672 potência motor + 6.507,9639), (emissões = -0,6861 potência motor + 299,1242). / The energy subject, associated with global climate changes and the environment dependency is one of the main challenges of 21st century. The need to produce food, to meet the growing demand of the population, requires increased use of machinery and equipment, demanding more energy and raising greenhouse gases emissions. Materials and energy sources are consumed during the product life cycle, so it is important to reduce the demand for these sources and optimizing the use of resources by reuse, recycling and renewable materials, plus environment preservation. At agricultural production system, agricultural machinery are considered fundamental for biomass production. The energy analysis in agricultural machinery has been done, but with indicator data from late 1960s. Embodied energy and emissions studies in agricultural machinery should be done, because of bioenergy production system importance in economy, beyond consumption optimization in operations necessary to obtain the product. This study aimed to determine the inventory for materials, embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions in agricultural machinery. Eight machines were evaluated, so called: coffee harvester, self-propelled sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, tractor 55 kW, tractor 90 kW, tractor 172 kW and tractor 246 kW, on their life cycle. Such were taken from three different sources. The data were collected in a multinational manufacturer, in its units located at Piracicaba and Sorocaba regions, State of São Paulo and Curitiba region, State of Paraná, Brazil. For every harvester, the consumption of the direct input used in the assembly phase, was accounted, and also the consumption of the input used in the maintenance phase. The consumption data of the inputs were processed presenting the materials flows used, which they were multiplied by their embodied energy indices and emissions factor, resulting in the embodied energy and greenhouse gases emissions required by the production system. The results presented higher embodied energy and emissions on life cycle mentioned per manufacturer, for coffee harvester, sprayer, seeder-fertilizer, combine harvester, and on life cycle mentioned per (BRASIL, 2010), for tractors 55 kW, 90 kW, 172 kW and 246 kW, respectively. For environmental assessment on tractors, equations were provided to energy demand and emissions per mass (energy = -0.0057 mass + 129.2669), (emissions = -0.0003 mass + 5.9845) and per engine power (energy = -14.7672 engine power + 6,507.9639), (emissions = -0.6861 engine power + 299.1242).