After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the national defence education program was terminated. Since it played an important role in the education of the population it was eventually restored in 2003 at primary and secondary schools when a general education program of national defence was introduced. The extend of the education was agreed for 6 hour per year, however, it was not clear in which school subject this matter should be addressed. Since then the government succeed in issuing several conceptual guides describing the outline of the education for both pupils and teachers. The guarantor of the program became the General Directorate of Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, who publishes a large number of training documents. Soon after, the issue is also dealt by the civilian sector that gradually increases numbers of manuals and textbooks focusing on the theme of population protection. Consequently in 2012, they succeed in introducing a compulsory subject called "Human Protection in Emergency Situations" at pedagogical faculties. These progressive measures target to improve a teaching methods and a general education at primary and secondary schools in the area of population preparedness to deal with an emergency situations such as floods or hazardous substances leakage from threatening factories. This work focuses on a level of preparedness of students and teachers in a primary and secondary schools, which are located in areas with a thread of leakage, conflagration or possible explosions. The first theoretical part focuses on the history of a protection of a population in the world and consequently in the Czech Republic. History significantly affects this area. Therefore a considerable portion of a theoretical part has been dedicated to it. In the next section the impact of the current legislation laws to protect the population have been analysed. This analysis focuses especially on laws which are most vital for this field. Following section points out, which governmental and non-governmental institutions have the highest responsibility for the primary and secondary education, the level of population preparedness and the knowledge in the area of the studied subject. The last part of the theoretical work analyses the environment in which the sociological research had been conducted. It contains more information about schools in which the survey had been performed by means of questionnaires. The main purpose of this chapter is to point out the characteristics of the schools. Another part analyses the territory in which the schools are located, their capacity, diversity of students, especially weather there are non-Czech speaking or handicapped pupils, or within which time zone the schools are. All schools also support various extracurricular activities, and the thematic group activities. Based on my practical experience from the lectures I pre-set the level of the students and teachers? preparedness in case of extraordinary events within threatening company is low or almost unsatisfactory. Consequently, the respondents undertook 10 test questions. In the practical part of this work, the questionnaire survey was assessed both by means of statistical methods and a thorough analysis of the individual questions answered. To simplify the evaluation, statistical methods were used by means of negating hypotheses of the proposition. In other words, the level of the preparedness will be satisfactory. Subsequent evaluation of the sociological research revealed that the level is satisfactory at all schools. In general, both students and teachers achieved overall pleasing results. The results of the survey will be provided to the Fire Rescue Service of the Pardubice Region to utilize them to streamline all the activities related to the education of students of the surveyed schools.

The main topic of the thesis is protection of the population in the emergency planning zone of Jaslovské Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant, and dealing with evacuation in case of an emergency situation associated with the release of radioactive substances. Particular way of evacuation of people as one of the most important protective measures to ensure public protection was analyzed. The thesis particularly focuses on the correct procedures in case of evacuation and the competence of persons involved in the protective measures. It deals with the basic criteria that are applied in the protection of the population from the impact of ionizing radiation around the nuclear power plant. Improvements for protection and awareness of population living in the emergency planning area are proposed. According to Nuclear Legislation a license holder is responsible for taking action to eliminate the occurrence of an emergency as well as taking action to prevent occurrence of an emergency related to technological devices that work with hazardous substance, process, use, transport, store it or manipulate with it. At the same time they are responsible for protecting their employees and persons taken into their care. Measures by permit holder to operate a nuclear facility and protect their own employees or persons taken into care represent the first stage in the structure of emergency preparedness. The public protection plan involves measures to protect the population in the area of release of radioactive substances into the environment. The part of the plan shall be a mutual interaction between the internal emergency plans of the holder of the permit to operate. The work is based on existing legislation and scientific publications of the scope of the research. The protection plan of the population is seen as the basic document for planning measures to handling with the consequences of radiation incidents or accidents and elimination of their consequences on the emergency planning zone. The theoretical part is based on the analysis of current legislation related to the issue, where the membership of the Slovak Republic in the European Union undertakes the country to fulfil its duties, obligations and responsibilities under the legislation of the European Commission. All these directives are transposed in the Atomic Act and create conditions for the exchange of information in the event of an accident of a nuclear device in the Slovak Republic. Basic concepts are defined, and the thesis deals with important safety measures when dealing with an emergency, related to a radiation accident at a nuclear power plant. The principles of appropriate behaviour of the population in the event of such an occurrence are emphasised. Exploratory method of asking underlying the proposed methodology was used to compile the thesis. Based on the analysis of results of the questionnaire, areas for improvement were proposed. From the collected data possible systemic measures related to evacuation with respect to application in real life were assessed.

The current thesis aims to analyze the approaches to the definition of emergency zones in Russia and the Czech Republic. The main goal is to conduct a literature search on this issue and describe different approaches to emergency zones. The practical part includes an assessment of the definition of emergency zones in the case of hazardous chemicals leakage, which is most often the cause of industrial accidents.

<p>Small modular reactors (SMRs) are expected as a suitable candidate to fulfill energy needs in the future. The regulation of the emergency planning zone (EPZ) has been a controversial issue. The possibility of smaller EPZs because of their small core size and passive safety functions is still under discussion. The major emergency responses to radiological incidents in the early phase are evacuation from the area and shelter-in-place within a building. Comparison between the dose incurred during evacuation and that with shelter-in-place is necessary to consider the proper protective actions. The effect of shelter-in-place from small modular reactor hypothetical accident was studied. The source term came from a long-term station blackout (LTSBO) and loss of cooling accident (LOCA), and the time change of air concentration and the ground deposition data through the atmospheric spread around the plant was calculated with Radiological Assessment System for Consequence Analysis (RASCAL), a software developed by United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to provide dose projection around the plant. Then general one-story and two-story houses were set up, and 6 wall materials were selected for calculating indoor doses. Cloudshine and groundshine were calculated with Monte Carlo methods. In addition, the conservation of mass, air flow model was established to evaluate the inhalation for sheltered cases. The shielding function of each house for each pathway was evaluated by comparing the indoor dose with outdoor dose. The projected dose for sheltered cases was much smaller than that for unsheltered cases. Even though the projected dose will not completely perish, it was quite effective to reduce radiation exposure and can be superior to evacuation. The result will be a basis for calculating the radiological dose for sheltered cases in case of nuclear emergency for SMRs, which will be valuable to have a more effective emergency planning.</p>

Thesis topic is "The availability of individual protection devices among inhabitants in the zone and outside the zone of emergency planning zone." The theoretical part provides an overview of the historical development of the protection of the population from 1935 through to civil protection in the Czech Republic. Another subsection includes a legislative framework for the protection of the population, where you find the individual legislation that relates to protection of the population and implementing regulation to these laws. Furthermore, the work is divided into individual means of protection that are crucial for this work. After the next chapter there are chapters which deal separetaly with plans for individual protection, which can be found in the regional emergency plan, in the external regional emergency plan, in the external emergency plan for building with dangerous chemical substances and also in the internal emergency plan for the building with dangerous substances and also this chapter mentions about internal emergency plan for nuclear equipment and equipment IV. category. In the second part is formulated a research question which is: "What is the readiness of the population in the vicinity of Temelin nuclear power plant in case of nuclear accident within the framework of civil defense?" Firstly there was a pilot study, whose task was to determine whether respondents understand the questions and are able to answer them. This study was conducted in September 2015. On its basis there has been a change in the order of questions and change in the wording of one question in the survey itself, which took place in May 2016. Both questionnaires 25 questions which investigated basic information about the respondents, followed by questions which related to the protection of the population, individual protection of people and the extempore protection. Survey results are analyzed in chapter "3 Results" with the help of graphs and the results of the pilot study are presented in chapter "3 Results" They are shown in the table where the individual questions with the answers of percentage of respondents. Followed by the evaluation of the results with the help of statistical surveys and with the help of method 2-tests of good conformity to assess dependency of respondents' answers that are examined in the context of statistical surveys and pilot studies. To evaluate the awareness and the availability of means of individual and improvised protection and success rate has been assigned of 80 % of correct answers. The results show that the overall awareness reached 23 % and the overall facilities, and individual means of improvised protection is 0 %. Hypothesis no. 1, which reads: "The population in the emergency planning zone and outside of the recommended manners of behavior when an extraordinary event with special emphasis on individual means of protection reaching 80 % of correct answers" was not confirmed and vice versa hypothesis no. 2 which reads: "the population in the emergency planning zone and beyond about the recommended manners of behavior when an extraordinary event with special emphasis on the individual and improvised means of protection does not depend on the location of the respondent" was confirmed. The results of this thesis will be used to enhance public awareness in order to learn how to use extempore equipment to protect themselves.

The thesis deals with statistical investigation of selected tasks in population protection in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants.The issues of population protection have been developing since 1930s up to now.Currently,the population protection is addressed particularly in concepts of population protection,while the most recent one is the Population Protection Concept until 2020 with an Outlook to 2030.The objective of the thesis was to compare awareness of the population in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants.With regard to a potential extraordinary event,in this case a radiation accident,the awareness of the population plays a significant role.The theoretical part of the thesis analyzes population protection,legal regulations and documents dealing with this topic.It also defines measures in population protection which seek to mitigate impact of extraordinary events or emergency situations on health and lives of the population,property and the environment.The thesis also mentions emergency planning and describes types of emergency plans.The second section of the theoretical part describes selected statistical methods.The last chapter of the theoretical part describes methods of multidimensional statistics.The following hypotheses and partial hypotheses were formulated in the research part of the thesis to meet its objective: H1 There is no statistically significant difference between the emergency planning zone of the nuclear power plant Temelín and the emergency planning zone of the nuclear power plant Dukovany.H11 There is no statistically significant difference in awareness among men about a potential extraordinary event at NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany.H12 There is no statistically significant difference in awareness among women about a potential extraordinary event at NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany. H2 The awareness of the population in emergency planning zones of both the nuclear power plants has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H21 The awareness of the population (men) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Temelín has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H22 The awareness of the population (women) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Temelín has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H23 The awareness of the population (men) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Dukovany has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H24 The awareness of the population (women) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Dukovany has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.All the formulated hypotheses were tested with methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The research was conducted with questionnaires handed out in the emergency planning zones of NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany.The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions and it was filled out by 242 men and 270 women in the zones.All data used in the research were provided to me within the project "Population protection depending of differentiation of the population" safety survey (VG20132015122) performed at the department of radiology,toxicology and population protection at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies at the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice in cooperation with the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic.Results of the research have shown that the average awareness of the population living in the emergency planning zones of the nuclear power plants is less than 50% and that the knowledge of the population about a potential extraordinary event is not satisfactory.The population living in emergency planning zones of both the nuclear power plants could be exceptionally prepared for a potential non-standard situation, not only in the form of a Gauss curve.

This thesis examines the level of knowledge of families living in the emergency plan-ning zone of Nuclear power plant Temelín. It focuses mainly on the knowledge of eva-cuation baggage contents, evacuation routes, organs that organize this measure and other important information, which are found in particular in the Manual for the pro-tection of population in the radiation accident of the Nuclear power plant Temelín. The theoretical part is based on the analysis of current problematics. The first part is focused on the principle of the operation of the nuclear power plant and its security, which is emphasized. Further it deals with the topic of radiological emergency and consequently the effect of ionizing radiation on the organism. The next chapter is devoted to the issue of issue of protective measures that could be announced during the radiation accident of the nuclear power plant. In the last section of the theoretical part, the work focuses on the topic of emergency plans, as these are necessary to establish rules that would require the authorities and residents to follow if necessary. In connection with these topics, the legal framework dealing with the issue is mentioned. The practical part verifies the level of awareness of families living in the emergency planning zone of a nuclear power plant on how to proceed with the evacuation. For this purpose, a quantitative questionnaire survey was used and a hypothesis was established claiming that at least 50% of the respondents did not have sufficient knowledge of how to proceed during the evacuation from EPZ of nuclear power plant. The methodology for statistical processing was set out. After evaluating the obtained data, the answers to individual questions were compiled graphically. Furthermore, the thesis deals in detail with individual questions. The established hypothesis is confirmed by evaluating the results using descriptive statistics methods. In the discussion, the questions that have been identified and the findings are discussed. Furthermore, there are suggested ways to improve population awareness of the issue,

Superior readiness of the inhabitants for the emergency situation caused by radiation accident is a very important condition for managing these situations, further for trouble-free adoption of measures related to the protection of life and health for each individual. Persons should be conscious of the hazard of emergency situations and within oneself be prepared to help themselves and each other. The objective of this master thesis is to examine the readiness of the inhabitants of the emergency planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic (Dukovany NPP) and in Slovakia (Jaslovské Bohunice NPP) to the emergency situation and to assess, if the readiness in both countries differs. The Nuclear power plants in Dukovany and in Jaslovské Bohunice were chosen for the particular reason, that both facilities were constructed and put into operation at the time of existence of the common state of Czech and Slovaks. The starting point is a working thesis that the readiness of the inhabitants for managing the emergency situation in the planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic and in Slovakia was on the same level. Considering the population differentiation, I analysed separately the answers of respondents in the age group of the 4165 year old. Theoretical part of my thesis initially focuses on the historical development of Nuclear power plants on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia and deals with the advantages and disadvantages of the production of electricity in a fission reaction. The other part deals with safety and operational security of the Nuclear power plants. Here is mentioned the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, including the examples of nuclear facilities accidents. At the conclusion of the theoretical part is a survey of legislative regulations concerning the nuclear safety and protection of the population in both countries and a survey of measures concerning protection of the population in the event of radiation accident. The experimental part of my thesis started in form of questionnaire inquiry by the inhabitants of both emergence planning zones. Half of the 16 questions in total is analysed by the means of descriptive and mathematical statistics, the answers to the other questions refer to behavior, informedness, readiness and differing needs of individuals in case of emergency shelter in place or evacuation from the actual occurrence of radiation accident. The hypothesis was verified by applying the two-selective parametric testing. By means of the t-test it could be proved, that there is no statistically significant difference between the inhabitants readiness in the both emergence planning zones. The hypothesis was therefore accepted. By applying the chi-square test it was elicited, that the empirical distribution of both selective statistical sets can by replaced by a normal distribution, both empirical curves can by therefore replaced by a Gauss curve. This partial research focuses on the age group of the 41-65 year old. Also in this case could be proved by means of chi-square test the normality of both statistical sets. Also the application of two-selective parametric testing approved, that the readiness of the population of the age group under investigation do not vary in the both zones. The particular answers were recorded graphically and in the following discussion were commented the differences and specifics with regard to the differing knowledge, behavior and specific requirements of the people in case of evacuation. In context of the results measured in the particular zones of accident planning it could be useful to consider, if in place of the normal distribution of readiness not another for example the Poisson distribution - would be more suitable, that could possibly testify better readiness for emergency accidents. Very important role plays enlightenment and education in such form that will arouse interest in the given problems in the population.

Spectrum of threat types and their combination is very extensive. The essence remained for chiliads unchanged, but during the development of mankind some patterns extinct or changed their shape, other reappear. Efficient managing of emergency situations requires beside this competent specialists, organizations, systems and legislative regulations and also ready and well-informed population. Principal part of knowledge and skills in the field of inhabitants protection and behavior in the emergency situation acquire the kids on the primary and secondary level of education. This object is included in the education on the primary and secondary schools according to Instruction of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport about the integration of the subject of protection of man in a emergency situation into the education program, r. n. 13 586/03-22, and the related appendix to the educational documents "Protection of man in emergency situations", r. n. 13 586/03-22 of the 4. march 2003. Education proceeds to the extent of at least 6 lessons in every class, most often cross-sectional within the selected school subjects. Very important role in the education of inhabitants plays Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic. This master thesis focuses as one of its main goals on the inquiry of the knowledge and opinions of the selected age group of 15 to 20 years old related to the behavior in the emergency situation and to the knowledge of the integrated rescue system. Another goal was to find out, if the results of the inquiry are influenced by the fact, that the school and permanent home of the student is situated within or outside the emergency planning zone of the Dukovany nuclear power plant (EPZ Dukovany NPP). The theoretical part focuses mainly on the development of the education of children and youth in the field of protection of population after 1991 and on the contemporary system of education in the field of protection of man in emergency accident on professional and grammar schools. In the experimental part of the thesis two hypothesis were set. According to H1 should at least 75 % of the students correctly answer more than half of the questions. H2 was divided into two partial hypothesis, whereas it was supposed, that between the informedness of the students of grammar schools resident and studying within EPZ Dukovany NPP or outside EPZ Dukovany NPP and the students of the professional schools resident or studying in EPZ Dukovany NPP and outside EPZ Dukovany NPP these is no statistically significant difference. Presented data were acquired on the chosen schools within and outside the EPZ Dukovany NPP in the form of questionnaire survey. Questionnaire was set together from four questions of qualitative nature and 16 questions of quantitative nature. On the grounds of the measure data it was necessary to reject the hypothesis H1, since only 21,5 % of the students answered correctly more than a half of the answers. The average achievement in the questionnaire was 41,3 % of correct answers. In the testing of parametric hypothesis was by means of comparison of the selective statistical sets proved, that the informedness of the students of both types of secondary schools is on the same level and further that there is no significant statistical difference between the informedness of grammar school students living in and outside the EPZ Dukovany NPP. The hypothesis H2 was thereafter confirmed. The results imply, that the informedness of students in the field of the protection of population is insufficient. As a suitable solution of this problem appears the education of these topic within a separate subject focused on the protection of man.

The thesis deals with the solution to evacuation of the population from the zone of emergency planning of the nuclear power station Temelín in the event of an incident connected with the release of radioactive substances . It analyzes the way of evacuation of the persons, as one of the most important safety measures to ensure protection of the population. In particular, the work focuses on the correct procedures in the case of realization of the evacuation and competence of the persons involved in safety measures. It lists the basic criteria which are applied in protection of the population from the effects of ionizing radiation in vicinity of nuclear power plants. It proposes improving of quality of security protection and information of persons in the zone of emergency planning. The work is based on valid law regulations and special publications of the examined problems. The predominantly part is based on the laws in force, and expertise of publications covering the evacuation of the area.It refers to the external emergency plan, as the basic document for the planning of measures for the disposal of the consequences of radiation accidents or radiation accidents and the limitation of their consequences for the zone of emergency planning. The theoretical part proceeeds from analysis of contemporary legislation concerning the stated problematics, presents the general characteristics of a nuclear device and zone of emergency planning, defining the basic concepts and discusses the important measures in addressing emergencies arising in connection with radiation accidents in nuclear power plant. The work puts emphasis on the principle of correct behaviour of the population in the event of such an accident. For the processing of the thesis there has been used an exploration method, which is based on the proposed methodology. On the base of analysis of survey, possible ways of improvement of this branch were suggested. From the collected data there have been assessed possible system measures of evacuation with regard to their application in practice.