No description available.

Desde a década de 1930 distintos estudos têm fortemente aumentado o conhecimento acerca da atmosfera da Terra. De fato, nos últimos trinta anos, devido ao intenso avanço científico e tecnológico um progresso real ocorreu nesta área; incluindo os efeitos da poluição do ar. No entanto, os efeitos da poluição do ar, principalmente em regiões urbanas, ainda exigem uma melhor compreensão. No Brasil, grandes áreas metropolitanas como as cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro possuem significativas pesquisas sobre a atmosfera local; elas estão entre as regiões onde a qualidade do ar é mais bem monitorada no país. Por outro lado, em algumas regiões como o centro-oeste brasileiro, tais estudos são modestos ou mesmo inexistentes. Devido a fatores geográficos e econômicos, algumas regiões do país como a cidade de Três Lagoas (20 \'GRAUS\' 47\' S, 51 \'GRAUS\' 42\' W), leste do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, passa por relevantes transformações nos últimos dez anos. Fontes potenciais de poluição do ar e/ou seus precursores surgem através da instalação de novas indústrias (incluindo uma termoelétrica de 240 MW), crescimento da frota veicular, extensas áreas de plantio de floresta de eucalipto para uso industrial (hidrocarbonetos biogênicos), um grande reservatório de hidroelétrica (emissão de metano) e ocorrências sazonais de queimadas. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados em inventários de emissões atmosféricas. Também foram analisadas as concentrações de poluentes e parâmetros meteorológicos. Entre as fontes analisadas, a frota veicular foi considerada a majoritária, sendo responsável por 97% da descarga de monóxido de carbono e cerca de 53% dos óxidos de nitrogênio na atmosfera local. Para os gases poluentes monitorados, as concentrações médias, no período analisado (2005 e 2006), medidos em ppbv foram: \'O IND.3\' = 25 \'+ OU -\' 14,4, NOx = 9,4 \'+ OU -\' 6,6 e \'CO\' = 166,5 \'+ OU -\' 49,8. Outros resultados confirmam a correlação estatística entre parâmetros meteorológicos e a concentração de poluentes. O ozônio, durante setembro/2005, apresentou forte correlação linear com a temperatura (0,76) e média com a radiação solar (0,58). A análise do transporte de hidrocarbonetos biogênicos (floresta de eucalipto) e da pluma de NOx (usina termoelétrica) indica uma participação secundária dessas fontes. De fato, os resultados indicam que os níveis da qualidade do ar de Três Lagoas atendem à legislação vigente no país. / Since the 1930\'s, several studies have strongly increased the knowledge about the Earth atmosphere. Indeed, in the last thirty years, due to intense scientific and technologic improvements a real progress happened in this area; including the effects of air pollution. However, the effects of air pollution, mainly around urban zones, still require a better understanding. In Brazil, large metropolitan areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro already have a good deal of research on their local atmosphere; they are among the regions where air quality is better monitored in country. On other places, like brazilian mid-west, such studies are modest or inexistent. Due to factors as geographical and economical, some regions of the country as the city of Três Lagoas (20 \'GRAUS\' 47\' S, 51 \'GRAUS\' 42\' W), east of Mato Grosso do Sul state, undergone strong transformations in the last ten years. Potential sources of air pollutants and/or its precursors began to show up, brought by the installation of new industries (including a 240MW power-plant), increase of the vehicle fleet, extensive conifer plantation for industrial use (biogenic hydrocarbons), a large hydropower reservoir (methane) and the seasonal occurrence of vegetation burning. The research results were organized on atmospheric emissions inventories. It was also analyzed the pollutants concentrations and meteorological parameters. Among the emissions sources, the vehicle fleet turned to be the major source. It is responsable for 97% of carbon monoxide and 53% of nitrogen oxides of the total mass of pollutants released into local atmosphere. Concerning to the pollutants gases monitored, the mean concentrations, in the analyzed period (2005 and 2006), was measured in ppbv: \'O IND.3\' = 25 \'+ OU -\' 14,4, NOx = 9,4 \'+ OU -\' 6,6 e \'CO\' = 166,5 \'+ OU -\' 49,8. Statistical correlation between meteorological parameters and the pollutants concentration was also confirmed by others research results. The ozone, during September/2005, showed strong linear correlation with temperature (0,76) and moderate to solar radiation (0,58). The transport analyze of biogenic hidrocarbon (eucalyptus forest) and NOx (thermopower plant) plume points to a supporting role of this sources. Indeed, the results proved that the air quality levels of Três Lagoas city is in accordance with the current country legislation.

A photochemical mechanism is a very important component of an air quality model, which simulates the change of pollutant concentrations due to chemical reactions in the air. The accuracy of model prediction is directly impacted by the photochemical mechanism. In this study, two state-of-the-science photochemical mechanisms, SAPRC07 and Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.1, were implemented in the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 4.6 developed by the US EPA to study a high ozone (O3) episode during the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) from August 16, 2000 to September 7, 2000. Predicted O3 concentrations by S07C are lower than those of S99 with a maximum difference as high as 20 percent. The two mechanisms also show significant differences in the predicted OH, PAN, HCHO and HNO3 concentrations. Although the two mechanisms predict different ozone concentrations, the relative response factors (RRFs) of O3 at rural, urban and industrial sites under emission controls of anthropogenic NOx and VOC by factors 0.6 – 1.4 predicted by the two mechanisms are very similar. Predicted O3 concentrations by MCM are similar to those of SAPRC07. The MCM predicted total VOC OH reactivity is similar to the SAPRC07 predictions at a suburban site where biogenic emissions dominate the OH reactivity and is slightly lower than the SAPRC07 predictions at an industrial site where anthropogenic emissions dominate. Besides, the predicted 1-hr and 24-hr average concentrations of major O3 precursor VOCs by MCM show under predictions of alkanes and alkenes by a factor of 2-5, 6 for ethane and 8.5 for propane. Major aromatic compounds generally agree better with observations, although benzene is under-predicted by 80 percent. Species specific emission adjustment factors can be derived from these direct comparisons to improve emission inventories in future studies. At the Clinton Drive site, most of the under-predictions occur in the afternoon when industrial facilities are in the immediate upwind direction and the missing industrial emissions are likely evaporative sources whose emission rates are temperature dependent.

Desde a década de 1930 distintos estudos têm fortemente aumentado o conhecimento acerca da atmosfera da Terra. De fato, nos últimos trinta anos, devido ao intenso avanço científico e tecnológico um progresso real ocorreu nesta área; incluindo os efeitos da poluição do ar. No entanto, os efeitos da poluição do ar, principalmente em regiões urbanas, ainda exigem uma melhor compreensão. No Brasil, grandes áreas metropolitanas como as cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro possuem significativas pesquisas sobre a atmosfera local; elas estão entre as regiões onde a qualidade do ar é mais bem monitorada no país. Por outro lado, em algumas regiões como o centro-oeste brasileiro, tais estudos são modestos ou mesmo inexistentes. Devido a fatores geográficos e econômicos, algumas regiões do país como a cidade de Três Lagoas (20 \'GRAUS\' 47\' S, 51 \'GRAUS\' 42\' W), leste do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, passa por relevantes transformações nos últimos dez anos. Fontes potenciais de poluição do ar e/ou seus precursores surgem através da instalação de novas indústrias (incluindo uma termoelétrica de 240 MW), crescimento da frota veicular, extensas áreas de plantio de floresta de eucalipto para uso industrial (hidrocarbonetos biogênicos), um grande reservatório de hidroelétrica (emissão de metano) e ocorrências sazonais de queimadas. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados em inventários de emissões atmosféricas. Também foram analisadas as concentrações de poluentes e parâmetros meteorológicos. Entre as fontes analisadas, a frota veicular foi considerada a majoritária, sendo responsável por 97% da descarga de monóxido de carbono e cerca de 53% dos óxidos de nitrogênio na atmosfera local. Para os gases poluentes monitorados, as concentrações médias, no período analisado (2005 e 2006), medidos em ppbv foram: \'O IND.3\' = 25 \'+ OU -\' 14,4, NOx = 9,4 \'+ OU -\' 6,6 e \'CO\' = 166,5 \'+ OU -\' 49,8. Outros resultados confirmam a correlação estatística entre parâmetros meteorológicos e a concentração de poluentes. O ozônio, durante setembro/2005, apresentou forte correlação linear com a temperatura (0,76) e média com a radiação solar (0,58). A análise do transporte de hidrocarbonetos biogênicos (floresta de eucalipto) e da pluma de NOx (usina termoelétrica) indica uma participação secundária dessas fontes. De fato, os resultados indicam que os níveis da qualidade do ar de Três Lagoas atendem à legislação vigente no país. / Since the 1930\'s, several studies have strongly increased the knowledge about the Earth atmosphere. Indeed, in the last thirty years, due to intense scientific and technologic improvements a real progress happened in this area; including the effects of air pollution. However, the effects of air pollution, mainly around urban zones, still require a better understanding. In Brazil, large metropolitan areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro already have a good deal of research on their local atmosphere; they are among the regions where air quality is better monitored in country. On other places, like brazilian mid-west, such studies are modest or inexistent. Due to factors as geographical and economical, some regions of the country as the city of Três Lagoas (20 \'GRAUS\' 47\' S, 51 \'GRAUS\' 42\' W), east of Mato Grosso do Sul state, undergone strong transformations in the last ten years. Potential sources of air pollutants and/or its precursors began to show up, brought by the installation of new industries (including a 240MW power-plant), increase of the vehicle fleet, extensive conifer plantation for industrial use (biogenic hydrocarbons), a large hydropower reservoir (methane) and the seasonal occurrence of vegetation burning. The research results were organized on atmospheric emissions inventories. It was also analyzed the pollutants concentrations and meteorological parameters. Among the emissions sources, the vehicle fleet turned to be the major source. It is responsable for 97% of carbon monoxide and 53% of nitrogen oxides of the total mass of pollutants released into local atmosphere. Concerning to the pollutants gases monitored, the mean concentrations, in the analyzed period (2005 and 2006), was measured in ppbv: \'O IND.3\' = 25 \'+ OU -\' 14,4, NOx = 9,4 \'+ OU -\' 6,6 e \'CO\' = 166,5 \'+ OU -\' 49,8. Statistical correlation between meteorological parameters and the pollutants concentration was also confirmed by others research results. The ozone, during September/2005, showed strong linear correlation with temperature (0,76) and moderate to solar radiation (0,58). The transport analyze of biogenic hidrocarbon (eucalyptus forest) and NOx (thermopower plant) plume points to a supporting role of this sources. Indeed, the results proved that the air quality levels of Três Lagoas city is in accordance with the current country legislation.

This dissertation uses quantitative analysis to provide insights for the urban and transportation policy-making process in order to manage two transportation externalities: road safety and air pollution in Bogotá Colombia. I performed a safety transportation risk analysis, which shows a high fatality and injury risk from road crashes in Bogota. I then analyzed safety-related benefits and costs of crash avoidance technology used in transit buses. My analysis reveals that despite of the life-safety benefit expected, Bogota’s values of statistical life and injuries make an investment on the technology for buses fall into the economically unjustified ranges. To analyze traffic related air pollution emissions, I developed a link-based emission model, which then it’s used to explore the traffic-related air pollution impacts of a highway capacity enhancement plan and a scrappage program for private cars. I use a bottom-up model that couples detailed activity data from a TAM, developed in EMME/4, with various emissions factors to develop a high-resolution road traffic emissions inventory for Bogotá. In particular, I use three emission models to produce the traffic related emission inventory, which includes exhaust emissions of five criteria air pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM, particles with diameters of 10 micrometers and smaller), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions generated by hot-stabilized vehicle activity. The on-road vehicle emission model developed as part of this work marks an important turn over previous tools, because it opens the possibility to integrate environmental and transportation policy-making in Bogota. Integrating transportation and environmental policies has the potential to move the focus of environmental programs from “end-of-the-pipe” solutions to holistic analysis of how the land use, transportation systems and vehicle technology decisions play out on the levels of pollution in the city.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23522号 / 農博第2469号 / 新制||農||1087(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5353(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小杉 緑子, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The objective of this study was to evaluate the practical limits of EPA's NONROAD 2005 to accurately simulate Central Florida conditions, especially with regard to lawn and garden equipment. In particular we investigated a NONROAD emission inventory using default inputs and then created a locally specific emission inventory. These emission inventories were prepared for Orange, Osceola, and Seminole county and focused only on the VOC and NOx emissions caused by lawn and garden equipment. The model was manipulated to assess its ability to represent this specific category of nonroad equipment for a given airshed first by running a base case scenario using default data and then by developing a locally-specific scenario through administration of a survey. The primary purpose of the survey was to evaluate local values for equipment population, equipment characteristics, activity estimates, and other relevant information. To develop these local input estimates, data were collected concerning population and usage statistics in the Central Florida area and were combined with emission factors, load factors, allocation factors, and other needed values that have been previously established by the U.S. EPA. The results of the NONROAD model were compared with the resulting emission estimates calculated from locally derived inputs, and as a result of the analysis an accurate emission estimate was calculated. In addition, several possible air quality action steps were further assessed according to feasibility, cost, and predicted emission benefit. These potential management projects were further investigated by assessing the success of other similar projects in other cities in an effort to establish specific costs and emission benefits as they relate to the tri-county area.

Aerosols change the Earth's energy balance. Black carbon (BC) aerosols are a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass burning and cause a net warming through aerosol radiation interactions (ari) and aerosol cloud interactions (aci). BC aerosols have potentially strong implications on the Arctic climate, yet the net global climate effect of BC is very uncertain. Best estimates assume a net warming effect, roughly half to that of CO2. However, the time scales during which CO2 emissions affect the global climate are on the order of hundreds of years, while BC is a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) with atmospheric life times of days to weeks. Climate models or atmospheric transport models struggle to emulate the seasonality and amplitude of BC concentrations in the Arctic, which are low in summer and high in winter/spring during the so called Arctic haze season. The high uncertainties regarding BC's climate impact are not only related to ari and aci, but also due to model parameterizations of BC lifetime and transport, and the highly uncertain estimates of global and regional BC emissions. Given the high uncertainties in technology-based emission inventories (EI), there is a need for an observation-based assessment of sources of BC in the atmosphere. We study short-term and long-term observations of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based analog of optically-defined BC. EC aerosol concentrations and carbon-isotope-based (δ13C and ∆14C) sources were constrained (top-down) for three Arctic receptor sites in Abisko (northern Sweden), Tiksi (East Siberian Russia), and Zeppelin (on Svalbard, Norway). The radiocarbon (∆14C) signature allows to draw conclusion on the EC sources (fossil fuels vs. biomass burning) with high accuracy (&lt;5% variation). Stable carbon isotopic fingerprints (δ13C) give qualitative information of the consumed fuel type, i.e. coal, C3-plants (wood), liquid fossil fuels (diesel) or gas flaring (methane and non-methane hydrocarbons). These fingerprints can be used in conjunction with Bayesian statistics, to estimate quantitative source contributions of the sources. Finally, our observations were compared to predictions from a state of the art atmospheric transport model (coupled to BC emissions), conducted by our collaborators at NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research). Observed BC concentrations showed a high seasonality throughout the year, with elevated concentrations in the winter, at all sites. The highest concentrations were measured on Svalbard during a short campaign (Jan-Mar 2009) focusing on BC pollution events. Long-term observations showed that Svalbard (2013) had overall the lowest annual BC concentrations, followed by Abisko (2012) and Tiksi (2013). Isotope constraints on BC combustion sources exhibited a high seasonality and big amplitude all across the Eurasian Arctic. Uniform seasonal trends were observed in all three year-round studies, showing fractions of biomass burning of 60-70% in summer and 10-40% in winter. Europe was the major source region (&gt;80%) for BC emissions arriving at Abisko and the main sources were liquid fossil fuels and biomass burning (wood). The model agreed very well with the Abisko observations, showing good model skill and relatively well constrained sources in the European regions of the EI. However, for the Svalbard and East Siberian Arctic observatories the model-observation agreement was not as good. Here, Russia, Europe and China were the major contributors to the mostly liquid fossil and biomass burning BC emissions. This showed that the EI still needs to be improved, especially in regions where emissions are high but observations are scarce (low ratio of observations to emitted pollutant quantity). Strategies for BC mitigation in the (Eurasian) Arctic are probably most efficient, if fossil fuel (diesel) emissions are tackled during winter and spring periods, all across Eurasia. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

The work presented in this thesis document reflects the results of a study carried out to better quantify the magnitude and fate of the anthropogenic air pollutants emitted from East Asia. Simulations of anthropogenic sulfur compounds by a regional on-line coupled chemistry-climate model suggest that large portions of East Asia have high SOx concentrations, and most subregions within East Asia are net exporters of SOx (SO2+SO4) (i.e. the anthropogenic S emissions from the region are greater than the deposition to the region). Among them, China is responsible for ~ 85% of the total emissions, and ~ 50 % of its total emitted SOx is exported to locations outside its borders. During the later winter to early spring when the continental outflow conditions predominate, about 20% of the total emitted SOx within the investigated area has been exported to North Pacific Ocean based on our model simulations. Those exported anthropogenic SOx from East Asia (mainly in the form of sulfate) is likely large enough to perturb the sulfate aerosol concentration over the North Pacific Ocean. Our investigation by integrating numerical simulations through a regional off-line full chemistry transport model, which is driven by the meteorological conditions calculated by a regional climate model, with field measurements of both gaseous and particulate species at a rural site adjacent to the largest industrialized area in China suggests that CO emissions from China, especially eastern China are likely underestimated by ~ 50 % in the current East Asia anthropogenic emission inventories. In addition, a 60-90 % underestimation of particulate carbonaceous emission in the inventories is suggested. Further statistical diagnoses, together with the back-trajectory analysis show that the missing CO sources are likely associated with SO2 sources that are already accounted for in the current inventories. This in turn suggests the emission factors of coal-combustors used in the current inventories are likely underestimated.

In this study, emission inventory was prepared and pollutant dispersion studies were carried out for the area around &Ccedil / ayirhan Thermal Power Plant to determine the effects of the plant on the environment. Stack gas measurement results were used for the emissions from the power plant and emission factors were used for calculating the emissions from residential sources and coal stockpiles in the study region. Ground level concentrations of SO2, NOx and PM10 were estimated by using EPA approved dispersion models / namely ISCST3 and AERMOD. The ground level concentrations predicted by two models were compared with the results of ambient air pollution measurements for November 2004. Predictions of both ISCST3 and AERMOD were underestimating the ground level SO2 concentrations. However, AERMOD predictions are better than ISCST3 predictions. The results of both models had good correlation with the results of NOx measurements. It has been shown that the contribution of the power plant to SO2, NOx and PM10 pollution in the area studied is minimal.