In this thesis, an improved genetic algorithm (GA) for multi-user detectors is investigated in synchronous and asynchronous DS-CDMA systems. Although the embedded GA and multistage detector (E-GA/MSD) can also improve the conventional GA performance for multiuser detection, the MSD incurs high computational consumption when the users are growing. To eliminate the MSD operation at each generation, an improved GA with adjustable parent size and enlarged sampling space is developed. The proposed GA with much less complexity can achieve almost the same BER performance as the E-GA/MSD. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GA is near to an optimum detector. Additionally, we apply the proposed GA to a spatial diversity reception assisted multiuser detector over uncorrelated flat Rayleigh fading channels in synchronous CDMA systems. As expected, computer simulations also show that the proposed GA can achieve the lower BER performance than conventional GA.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with microrheology measured via the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. As microrheological probes, fluorescently marked nanoparticles of 5 sizes in the range of 10-100 nm, were used. The particles had been immersed in a variety of concentrated glycerol solutions and agarose gels of different concentrations, and the FCS measurement revealed a diffusion coefficient of individual particles in each environment. Based on the coefficient, the viscosity of the glycerol needed to stop the particles could be determined. Particles of 10 nm size were not stopped even by the 100 wt% glycerol. In the case of the agarose gels, a combination of higher agarose concentration and larger particles resulted in an increase in the diffusion coefficient to an unlikely high value. This was caused probably by an agarose autofluorescence and the value indicates stopping of the particles in the given agarose gel. Later, the data acquired by the FCS measurement were converted to MSD curves using MATLAB software. The thesis discusses the influence of the experimental parameters on the shape of the MSD curve. The results showed that the number of particles and autocorrelation function have the most significant effect.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a key factor involved in Eukaryotic DNA replication and repair, as well as other cellular pathways. Its importance comes mainly from two aspects: the large numbers of interacting partners and the mechanism of facilitated diffusion along the DNA. The large numbers of interacting partners makes PCNA a necessary factor to consider when studying DNA replication, either in vitro or in vivo. The mechanism of facilitated diffusion along the DNA, i.e. sliding along the duplex, reduces the six degrees of freedom of the molecule, three degrees of freedom of translation and three degrees of freedom of rotation, to only two, translation along the duplex and rotational tracking of the helix. Through this mechanism PCNA can recruit its partner proteins and localize them to the right spot on the DNA, maybe in the right spatial orientation, more effectively and in coordination with other proteins. Passive loading of the closed PCNA ring on the DNA without free ends is a topologically forbidden process. Replication factor C (RFC) uses energy of ATP hydrolysis to mechanically open the PCNA ring and load it on the dsDNA. The first half of the introduction gives overview of PCNA and RFC and the loading mechanism of PCNA on dsDNA. The second half is dedicated to a diffusion model and to an algorithm for analyzing PCNA sliding. PCNA and RFC were successfully purified, simulations and a mean squared displacement analysis algorithm were run and showed good stability and experimental PCNA sliding data was analyzed and led to parameters similar to the ones in literature.

No description available.

ABSTRACT: There are many theories of which the doctrine development process is described, both in a generalperspective and more specific for either large or small states. Where one of them shows that smallstates have a limited ability to develop their doctrines, and are required to implement experiencesthat larger states have obtained through international operations and war. This statement is thefoundation of the thesis and is used to analyse the doctrine development process for small statesregardless of membership to a military alliance. The thesis compares Swedish and Norwegianmilitary doctrines through a case study to determine how the doctrine development process isstructured and if it complies with the arguments from the theories about doctrine development.The result of the thesis shows that the process is similar between the countries, and therefore thedoctrines are developed in a similar way, regardless of a membership to a military alliance.

The goal of this thesis was to get familiar with the basics of mathematical description of the thermal motion of particles in a given media, and with other possibilities of the software package COMSOL Multiphysics. A model for viscous and viscoelastic environments was created, a uniform and user friendly system for simulation and calculation of MSD and system for data conversion from FCS to MSD. Furthermore, the possibilities of the model for use in microrheology were assessed and another procedure in the implementation of the COMSOL program in the characterization of gels was proposed.

Through the use of generalized spherical harmonic basis functions a spectral representation is used to model the microstructure of cubic materials. This model is then used to predict the macroscopic elastic and plastic properties of materials with cubic crystal symmetry and various sample symmetry including triclinic and axial—symmetric. Building on the work of citeN{Barnett-FractureMechanics} the influence that anisotropy has on the fatigue response of the material is also modeled. This is accomplished through using the effective elastic stiffness tensor in the computation of crack extension force G. The resulting material model and macroscopic property calculations are the foundation for a software package which provides an interface to the microstructure. The Microstructure Sensitive Design interface (MDSi) enables interaction with the material design process and provides tools needed to incorporate material parameters with traditional design, optimization, and analysis software. Therefore the microstructure model can be optimized concurrently with a geometric model to further increase the overall design space. The software is then be used to explore how changes in the microstructure affect the performance of a turbine disc. The additional design space afforded by inclusion of the material parameters show that the total mass of the disk can be lowered by 9.5%. Additionally when the same geometry and loading conditions are considered and only the texture of the material is modified G is reduced be more than an order of magnitude.

Muskuloskeletala besvär (MSD) utgör ett stort hälsoproblem. Besvären består av smärta i muskler, leder, ligament och omgivande vävnad. Två orsaker till MSD på arbetsplatsen är stress och stillasittande. Syftet med studien var att testa hypoteserna att stress och stillasittande associerar var för sig till MSD och associerar mer till MSD tillsammans än separat. Deltagarantalet var 100 kontorsarbetare, 48 kvinnor och 52 män, med höj- och sänkbara bord. Medelåldern på samtliga deltagare var 42 år. De besvarade en webbenkät för att mäta variablerna stress och stillasittande i förhållande till MSD. Standardiserade instrumenten PSS-10 (Perceived Stress Scale - 10) och NMQ (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire) användes bland annat i enkäten. Data analyserades med multipel linjär regression, två separata enkla linjära regressioner och stegvis regression. Resultaten visade statistisk signifikans för modellen med stress och stillasittande tillsammans där endast stress associerade med MSD (p=0.011). Resultatet för de två enkla linjära regressionerna gav att stress associerade till MSD (p=0.008) medan stillasittande inte gjorde det (p=0.280). Nollhypoteserna kunde inte förkastas eftersom stillasittande inte associerade till MSD och en jämförelse mellan justerad R2 gav stress för sig (justerat R2=0.061) en bättre modell än stress och stillasittande tillsammans (justerat R2=0.056). / Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) constitute a major health problem. The symptoms consist of pain in muscles, joints, ligaments and surrounding tissues. Two causes of MSD in office work are stress and sedentary behaviour. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that stress and sedentary behaviour are associated individually with MSD and associates more with MSD together than separately. The number of participants was 100 office workers, 48 women and 52 men, with sit and stand tables. The average age of all participants was 42 years. They responded to a five-piece web questionnaire to measure the variables stress and sedentary behaviour in relation to MSD. The standardized instruments PSS-10 (Perceived Stress Scale - 10) and NMQ (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire) were used, among other things, in the survey. Data was analyzed with multiple linear regression, two separate simple linear regressions and stepwise regression. The results showed statistical significance for stress and sedentary behavior together, only stress was associated with MSD (p = 0.011). The result of the two simple linear regressions resulted in stress associated with MSD (p = 0.008) while sedentary behavior did not (p = 0.280). the null hypotheses could not be rejected because sedentary behaviour did not associate with MSD and a comparison between adjusted R2 gave stress separately (adjusted R2 = 0.061) a better model than stress and sedentary behavior together (adjusted R2 = 0.056).

The research debate concerning small states and military doctrine development delivers two main arguments for and against the ability of these states to formulate doctrines specifically adapted to their strategic contexts. One argument supports the view that a small state has limited ability to develop properly adapted doctrines because they are influenced by larger states. The opposing argument claims that small states’ ability should be better than those of their larger counterparts due to the fact that small state organizations are smaller and are therefore likely to be more adaptable. These two arguments lay the foundation for this essay. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Swedish military doctrines from 2012 and 2016 to determine the extent to which they are specifically adapted to Sweden’s conditions. Specific Swedish conditions have been identified in order to enable an analysis of the Swedish military doctrines and how they are attuned to these conditions. Findings of the analysis show that one of the military doctrines exhibits a low level of adaptation to Swedish conditions, while the later military doctrine is found to be partially adapted to Swedish conditions. These findings are vital to the debate on the relationship between small states and military doctrine development and expose the need for further research.