The need to limit sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides and particulate matter emissions from fossil fuel combustion processes is now a major factor in the design, construction and operation of plants. Over the past 5 to 10 years, most developed countries have introduced legislations to control these. emissions. This report was done to investigate emissions of sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter from coal fired power plants. S02 emissions contribute to an air pollution load that has been found to be linked to respiratory and heart problems. It increases the formation of acid precipitation, called acid rain. NOx oxides to nitrogen dioxide (N02). N02 acts as an irritant to the respiratory tract, alveoli of the lungs and causes chest pains. Toxic elements concentrate on fine particulate matter because of their high surface-area to volume ratio. These particles penetrate and settle onto the lung wall, leading to respiratory disorders and lung diseases. Due to the strict legislative requirements, flue gas detoxification processes were investigated. They include: • Wet scrubbing • Spray dry scrubbing • Dual-alkali • Well man-Lord • Activated carbon • Magnesium oxides • Selective catalytic recovery • Circulating fluidised bed combustion • Electromembrane desulphurisation A study was done to show the possible cost implications associated with the wet scrubbing, spray dry scrubbing, selective catalytic recovery, circulating fluidised bed and electromembrane desulphurisation process. A variety of methods were used to calculate cost, due to costs being difficult to obtain. Most of the information was based on European, Asian and American installations. The objective of this economic analysis was to compare the different technologies. Because of the assumptions used, costs were always "order of magnitude" estimates. Capital and operating costs were calculated for these technologies, but they can only be used as an indication of costs and to allow for comparisons between the technologies. The costs were converted using the January 2000 exchange rates. Due to this, costs may be more inflated than what would normally be expected due to equipment being purchased earlier than January 2000. Of the processes investigated, the circulating fluidised bed process was found to be the most economical. There is no inexpensive route for the removal of sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides and particulate matter. The most suitable detoxification process will depend on the legislative requirements per country. South Africa is a signatory of the Montreal Protocol and the Framework for Climatic Change. Legislations for gaseous emissions were not considered a priority. Currently, Eskom's drive is to electrify townships rather than spend money on detoxification processes. However, future legislations may require more stringent control measures. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2000.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bremen, 2009. / Includes bibliographic references (p. [301]-339).

The main objective of idle reduction devices is to reduce the amount of energy wasted by idling trucks, decrease exhaust emissions and save in fuel use and maintenance costs and vehicle life extension. To achieve reductions emissions from vehicle idling in heavy-duty trucks, strategies and actions have been employed through the use of various technologies, namely auxiliary power units (APUs), direct-fire heaters (DFHs), truck stop electrification (TSE) and advanced truck stop electrification (ATSE). Little quantitative data exists on the amount of emissions that are emitted by heavy-duty trucks during idling. In general, diesel engines emit less CO and hydrocarbons (HC) when compared to gasoline engines since fuel-lean mixtures tend to reduce CO and HC emissions. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review that illustrates the status of data present in literature for costs and emissions reduced for APUs, DFHs, TSEs and ATSEs. From the review process, a cost calculator was devised from the synthesis of literature data to measure cost-effectiveness of these technologies in dollars per year per ton per year of emissions reduced over a 30 year investment period. Data on capital costs, maintenance and operational costs, and fuel costs were reported in order to calculate net present values, payback periods and fuel savings from each technology. Given the relevant data available from various studies that compute the efficiency of competing technologies, TSEs were the most cost-effective for the investor and the truck owner in regards to NOx emissions reduction. Cost-effectiveness measured for investors at $1,707.57 and $1,473.27 per ton of NOx reduced, and $16,799.91, $22,261.44, and $20,583.79 per ton of NOx reduced for truck owners. The calculator also served as a tool to illustrate insufficient data currently present in the body of literature. Limited quantitative data and unknown variability of costs as a function of time over the 30-year investment period was used to assess best practices. Thus, policymakers and other stakeholders can benefit from this review in order to conduct future studies that would enlighten greater understanding of data points from specifications of the operating context and devise more robust models for the sake of comparing these technologies based on impact and risk

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