Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1989. / "April 1989." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

We study the employment gap between immigrants and natives in 16 European countries and the effect of integration policies and country of origin. In this paper, we want to answer 3 main questions. First, is there employment gap between natives and immigrants? Using the European Social Survey, we found that employment gap exists for both male and female immigrants compare to natives because of their characteristics are different from natives. Second, how do various integration policies affect the employment probability of immigrants? Using Migration Integration Policy Index, the result shows that some integration policies are beneficial to immigrants but some are not. Lastly, how do various countries of origin characteristics affect the employment probability of immigrants? Using data from the World Bank and the United Nation Development Program, we found that Human development index and labor force participation rate of the origin country affects immigrants in positive effects of probability of being employed.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Women’s employment has been discussed from many different points of view. Economists stress the reasons for hiring women and the economic consequences of such an act. Their books show; the relation of women’s employment to the profit motive,stress the significance of women as a vast potential labour supply, indicate such problems as arise because of the unorganized state of the female labour market,and discuss the incidence of their entrance into industry upon male employment. Other books have been written from a humanitarian standpoint. These attempt to show certain working conditions experienced by women which call for a remedy. They discuss hours of work, sanitary conditions,wage scales,and other problems in an attempt to arouse interest and bring about social reform and legislative measures. Still other books, frequently statistical and sociological, deal with the social problems which the entrance of women into industry have created in the institution of the home. These may question the advisability of mothers working and take stands as to the effect of employment on child birth, the marriage rate and age, the amount of divorce,and other problems, or they may discuss the effect upon the marriage relationship or the bringing up of children. They may refer to the manner in which the functions of the home are being taken over by outside agencies,or the diminishing parental control. Those written by the feminists state the social and economic aspects which justify the employment of women. They usually raise such issues as the effect of employment upon freedom. They suggest possible future developments to minimize the present problems raised by women working. Books written with an eye to vocational guidance attempt to describe careers and work possibilities. [...]

Advocacy is an expectation in health delivery services including occupational therapy (OT) services. Advocacy in health care has been related to assisting vulnerable individuals in protecting them from social exclusion and accessing opportunities. Employment is one of the most valued roles among individuals diagnosed with depression (IDDs), yet unemployment rates are high. The disparity between unemployment rates and desire for IDDs to be employed makes it imperative to investigate advocacy in ameliorating the barriers to employment. Furthermore, advocacy practices need to be clearly defined as lack of clarity in advocacy roles and processes contribute to challenges with implementing advocacy. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of the advocate role and the advocacy process among IDDs and OTs regarding employment related goals. IDDs were interviewed individually and OTs participated in a focus group to explore their perceptions of the advocate role and how the advocacy process is carried out. The recovery model and Canadian Model of Occupational Performance Model & Engagement (CMOP-E) were used as practice models to inform the topic choice. Study results indicate significant differences in expectations of the advocate role and how the advocacy process is carried out. However, there were some similarities in perception, such as the relationship established the foundation of the advocacy process, the advocate role addresses both health and employment issues, and advocacy processes yields outcomes. IDDs and OTs agreed that the advocacy process facilitated change by considering the dynamic interaction between the person, the occupations the IDDs wished to engage in, and the individual’s environments, which is consistent with core elements of the CMOP-E. OTs’ perception of the advocate role was consistent with the core elements of the recovery model of enhancing individual autonomy, facilitating client empowerment, and increasing client responsibility. On the other hand, IDDs felt that the advocacy process was having the advocate speak to others on their behalf, which is not consistent with the core elements of the recovery model. A number of complex issues contributed to why IDDs relied significantly on their advocates, such as 1) mental health stigma 2) previous negative experiences, 3) poor self-esteem and 4) fears related to disclosure of their depression. This study contributes to the existing body of literature as this study describes the advocacy process and advocate role as perceived by IDDs and OTs. The study is unique in design that it is one of the only studies that explores the concept of advocacy from two different perspectives (health providers and health users). Future research is indicated to establish a consistent definition of advocacy and establish a framework for carrying out the advocacy process. A consistent definition and advocacy framework would provide OTs a frame of reference in implementing the advocacy process. Furthermore, advocacy processes at all levels should be integrated into OT scope of practices to further enhance the practice of advocacy.

The purpose of the study was to secure perceived judgments of immediate supervisors toward student employees and the student employment program at Ball State University. A secondary purpose was to compare perceived judgments of immediate supervisors relative to ten selected characteristics of college work-study student employees and regular student employees.A Student Employment Questionnaire was developed to supervisors of student employees. Two hundred and ninety-five individuals participated in the study.Response data from study participants indicated general satisfaction with the performance of student employees supervised. Supervisors expressed agreement that a training program for student employees was desirable while responses were about evenly divided on whether supervisors have adequate input into the evaluation of the student employment program. Supervisors expressed disagreement that a training program for supervisors is needed. No significant differences were discovered in judgments of immediate supervisors when comparing college work-study student employees gather data from the 513 individuals identified as immediate and regular student employees relative to ten hypotheses statements.It was concluded that good supervisory practices are essential to the success of student employment programs, student employment is a justified way of helping students attend college, and periodic evaluation of student employment programs should be made, involving student employees, immediate supervisors and administrators in the process. To insure dollars are effectively spent, screening of students for particular jobs, having written job descriptions, providing orientation to the job and evaluation and feedback to student employees must be accomplished.It was recommended that the study be replicated in other collegiate settings to compare findings and secure additional data. It was recommended that a study be conducted to secure judgments of student employees relative to supervisory practices and the total student employment program. It was further suggested that a supervisory handbook be developed by institutional personnel, incorporating the philosophy of the institution, the role of work in the educational setting and the shared judgments of supervisors of student employees. State and national organizations were urged to focus attention on the duties and responsibilities, role and importance of immediate supervisors during meetings and in journals and newsletters.

Despite dramatic increases in female participation rates, a notable and persistent feature of the Canadian labour market is the highly unequal distribution of men and women across occupations. The focus of the current paper is how to explain the observed occupational distribution of women across occupations. In particular, we assess the evidence put forward in support of the standard view within the economics profession--the human-capital notion of 'occupational choice'--and compare its explanatory power with a non-competitive approach to women's labour market opportunities, based on the notion of a labour market characterised by job rationing. / While occupational decision-making remains ill-understood, there are several reasons for believing that the subject will become more noteworthy in coming decades, not least the rumblings of the 'comparable-worth' lobby. Our investigation points to a lack of economic research in this important area, both at the aggregate level and the level of individual occupations, and suggests that greater attention should be paid not simply to empirical validation of existing theories of occupational decision-making, but also that more detailed scrutiny might be given to the few results which are available. We argue that 'discrimination' is still a powerful force within the labour market, and that women's sudden access to non-traditional occupations owes far more to shortages of men in individual markets than is typically acknowledged.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Köln.