The most widespread evidence of environmental endocrine disruption in aquatic wildlife is from the feminising effects of oestrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. However, very little is known of the effects of these chemicals (and others) upon freshwater molluscs found in our river and lakes. This thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of treated sewage effluent upon the reproductive and developmental cycle of a range of commonly found European freshwater gastropod molluscs. Initial mesocosm experiments were undertaken to test a range of mollusc species for their the suitability to the experimental system, and to test adult snails for their reproductive and developmental responses during spring to summer time. With suitable species chosen, P.corneus, a pulmonate species (sequential hermaphrodite), and V. Viviparus a prosobranch species (dioeious; separate sexes), full reproductive output was assessed over summertime and into autumn, along with developmental responses amongst the F1 generation of snails. My results suggest that the affects of effluent upon the reproductive and developmental cycle of P. corneus are strongly mitigated by both day length and water temperature (day length is most important with V. viviparus); results are sensitive to seasonal effects. However, at the peak of reproduction mid summer, P. corneus produced significantly more egg masses in effluent (100% effluent particularly), and more than one parameter of reproduction was affected. Egg masses were significantly smaller in effluent and contained significantly fewer eggs per mass. Further, there were indications that total reproductive output was increased (100% effluent significantly) in effluent compared to the river water control. In the prosobranch species V. viviparus results were less convincing, however, in 100% effluent a second reproductive peak occurred that was not seen in river water. Further, in both species there was a failure of certain reproductive parameters to observe the normal seasonal decline towards winter. In P. corneus there was a failure to stop producing egg masses in effluent, in V. viviparus the second reproductive peak in effluent could also threaten their survival with winter approaching. Developmental effects in the F1 generation were the subject of preliminary investigations, however, F1 V. viviparus demonstrated a higher than normal incidence of intersex (male and female developmental features) in effluent, and P. corneus appeared to have disturbed reproductive function (disturbance of both male and female reproductive function in the ovotestis). Therefore, both of these species of molluscs demonstrated that they are sensitive to the effects of effluent in mesocosm studies. However, we need to understand much more about their responses to effluent; in particular whether these effects could have repercussions for wild mollusc populations, and whether these effects could occur over more than one generation of snail threatening the survival of wild populations of molluscs.

Interferentes endócrinos são substâncias que podem causar efeitos deletérios na saúde, crescimento e capacidade reprodutiva dos organismos, e colocam em risco a continuidade de várias espécies. Suas fontes são as mais variadas possíveis, sendo possível detectá-los em alguns alimentos, produtos farmacêuticos, produtos químicos e seus respectivos subprodutos de degradação. Também vêm sendo detectados em várias matrizes ambientais, tais como o ar, solo, água e sedimentos. Devido as suas capacidades de ação sinérgica, aditiva e antagônica é extremamente complexa a determinação da relação dose-resposta, informação esta necessária para a definição de limites de padrões de qualidade e medidas de controle e monitoramento. A partir da avaliação do estado da arte relativa ao tema foram apresentados os mais atuais instrumentos de gestão ambiental e suas respectivas aplicações. Finalmente, foi realizado teste visando detectar a eventual presença de efeito estrogênico em amostras de dois sistemas de grande importância para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: a água da Represa Guarapiranga e o efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos Barueri. Os testes realizados foram do tipo in vivo, onde peixes machos da espécie Cyprinus carpio foram expostos a amostras destes dois sistemas e foi investigada a presença da proteína vitelogenina no plasma sanguíneo em concentrações anômalas. Verifica-se a necessidade premente de maiores estudos que foquem o efeito dos interferentes endócrinos na saúde e no meio ambiente, através de ensaios biológicos, de forma a municiar a sociedade de informações que permitam definir medidas estratégicas de atuação para minimização do impacto desta poluição. / Endocrine disrupters are substances that can play a role of deleterious efects in organisms health, growth and reproductive capability. They can be found in food, pharmaceuticals, chemical products and by-products and in diverse environmental matrixes, as air, soil, water and sediments. Because their ability to sinergistic, additive and antagonistic action, it is difficulty to determine the dose-response relationship, which is necessary for establishment of quality standards and monitoring measures. From the assessment of state-of-art about endocrine disrupters were present the most current environmental tools and applications. Finally, one test was performed to detect the possible presence of estrogenic effect in samples of two systems located in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, from Guarapiranga Reservoir and the effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Barueri. The tests in vivo were with male fish of the species Cyprinus Carpio, and investigated the presence of protein vitellogenin in blood plasma and in anomalous concentrations. There is a need for more studies that focus on the effect of endocrine disrupters on human health and the environment, by means of biological tests, in order to arm the society with informations to set strategic measures of performance for minimizing the impact of this kind of pollution.

Interferentes endócrinos são substâncias que podem causar efeitos deletérios na saúde, crescimento e capacidade reprodutiva dos organismos, e colocam em risco a continuidade de várias espécies. Suas fontes são as mais variadas possíveis, sendo possível detectá-los em alguns alimentos, produtos farmacêuticos, produtos químicos e seus respectivos subprodutos de degradação. Também vêm sendo detectados em várias matrizes ambientais, tais como o ar, solo, água e sedimentos. Devido as suas capacidades de ação sinérgica, aditiva e antagônica é extremamente complexa a determinação da relação dose-resposta, informação esta necessária para a definição de limites de padrões de qualidade e medidas de controle e monitoramento. A partir da avaliação do estado da arte relativa ao tema foram apresentados os mais atuais instrumentos de gestão ambiental e suas respectivas aplicações. Finalmente, foi realizado teste visando detectar a eventual presença de efeito estrogênico em amostras de dois sistemas de grande importância para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: a água da Represa Guarapiranga e o efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos Barueri. Os testes realizados foram do tipo in vivo, onde peixes machos da espécie Cyprinus carpio foram expostos a amostras destes dois sistemas e foi investigada a presença da proteína vitelogenina no plasma sanguíneo em concentrações anômalas. Verifica-se a necessidade premente de maiores estudos que foquem o efeito dos interferentes endócrinos na saúde e no meio ambiente, através de ensaios biológicos, de forma a municiar a sociedade de informações que permitam definir medidas estratégicas de atuação para minimização do impacto desta poluição. / Endocrine disrupters are substances that can play a role of deleterious efects in organisms health, growth and reproductive capability. They can be found in food, pharmaceuticals, chemical products and by-products and in diverse environmental matrixes, as air, soil, water and sediments. Because their ability to sinergistic, additive and antagonistic action, it is difficulty to determine the dose-response relationship, which is necessary for establishment of quality standards and monitoring measures. From the assessment of state-of-art about endocrine disrupters were present the most current environmental tools and applications. Finally, one test was performed to detect the possible presence of estrogenic effect in samples of two systems located in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, from Guarapiranga Reservoir and the effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Barueri. The tests in vivo were with male fish of the species Cyprinus Carpio, and investigated the presence of protein vitellogenin in blood plasma and in anomalous concentrations. There is a need for more studies that focus on the effect of endocrine disrupters on human health and the environment, by means of biological tests, in order to arm the society with informations to set strategic measures of performance for minimizing the impact of this kind of pollution.

System identification finds nowadays application in various areas of biological research as a tool of empiric mathematical modeling and model individualization. A fundamental challenge of system identification in biology awaits in the form of response variability. Furthermore, biological systems tend to exhibit high degree of nonlinearity as well as significant time delays. This thesis covers system identification approaches developed for the applications within two particular biomedical fields: neuroscience and endocrinology. The first topic of the thesis is parameter estimation of the classical Elementary Motion Detector (EMD) model in insect vision. There are two important aspects to be taken care of in the identification approach, namely the nonlinear dynamics of the individual EMD and the spatially distributed structure of multiple detectors producing a measurable neural response. Hence, the suggested identification method is comprised of two consecutive stages addressing each of the above aspects. Furthermore, visual stimulus design for high spatial excitation order has been investigated. The second topic is parameter estimation of mathematical model for testosterone regulation in the human male. The main challenges of this application are in the unavailability of input signal measurements and the presence of an unknown pulsatile feedback in the system resulting in a highly nonlinear closed-loop dynamics. Semi-blind identification method has been developed based on a recently proposed pulse-modulated model of pulsatile endocrine regulation. The two system identification problems treated in the thesis bear some resemblance in the sense that both involve measured signals that can be seen as square-integrable functions of time. This property is handled by transforming the signals into the Laguerre domain, i.e. by equivalently representing the functions with their infinite Laguerre series.