Toxic shock events can be detrimental to wastewater treatment systems and can result in long-term losses of system performance. If warned of an impending toxic shock, operators would have the opportunity to implement process controls that could help mitigate the effects of the shock event. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a developed corrective action strategy (involving aerobic endogenous respiration) on an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) shocked with chlorine. Three identical, laboratory-scale systems were designed to mimic one train of the Long Creek Water Resources Reclamation Facility (WRRF, Gastonia, NC). The basis of this study is a comparative performance analysis among the three trains; a negative control (unshocked and operated normally), a positive control (shocked with hypochlorite and operated normally), and the corrective action (shocked with hypochlorite and process controls implemented). Comparative performance analysis among the three trains was based on effluent quality, performance stability, and biomass kinetics as indicated by rates of respiration and phosphate release and uptake. The shock event and corrective action strategy both inhibited EBPR. After an initial perturbation, the positive control matched the performance of the negative control. The corrective action, however, exhibited significant instability in EBPR performance. Regardless of whether aerobic or anaerobic sludge storage conditions are selected, endogenous respiration will still result in system instability. It is recommended, therefore, that measures be taken to avoid imposing endogenous conditions on isolated sludge during a short-term toxic shock event. / Master of Science

Orientador: Ranulfo Monte Alegre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kameyama_Oswaldo_M.pdf: 626173 bytes, checksum: 1cfd056a7e5131b99d1cf82e690e6e65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Têm-se identificado deficiência de vitaminas em estações de tratamento biológico de efluentes, em especial do ácido fólico, que age como micronutriente para certas bactérias e estimulando seu crescimento. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido fólico sobre o lodo em condições fisiológicas normais e em respiração endógena. O sistema foi conduzido em batelada a 25ºC±2ºC, vazão de ar de 0,5 L/min e utilizando água residuária sintética, sendo acompanhado a DQO, pH e Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Totais Fixos, Sólidos Totais Voláteis e visualização em microscópio ótico. Os resultados foram comparados ao controle. Os resultados demonstraram que concentrações de 4,0 e 8,0 mg/L de ácido fólico produzem melhora na microfauna do sistema de lodos ativados, sendo que a concentração de 8,0 mg/L ainda foi capaz de aumentar a velocidade de remoção de DQO nas condições fisiológicas normais do lodo e após a respiração endógena. A concentração de 4,0 mg/L apresentou, estatisticamente, resultado semelhante à concentração de 8,0 mg/L para a condição inicial do lodo em respiração endógena, melhorando a velocidade de remoção de DQO. Quanto ao pH e a remoção de DQO não houve alterações provocadas pela adição do ácido fólico, como era esperado / Abstract: They are deficiency of vitamins in sludge of biological wastewater treatment, especially the folic acid, that acts as micronutrient for certain bacteria and stimulating its growth. This work evaluated the effect of different concentrations of folic acid on the sludge in normal physiologic conditions and in endogenous respiration. The system was carried out batch reactor at 25ºC±2ºC, air flow of 0,5 L/min and using synthetic wastewater, being accompanied COD, pH and Total Solids, Fixed Total Solids, Volatile Total Solids and visualization in optic microscope. The results were compared to the control. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of 4,0 and 8.0 mg/L of folic acid produce improvement in the microfauna of the system of activated sludge, and the concentration of 8,0 mg/L was still capable to increase the speed of removal of COD in the normal physiologic conditions of the sludge and in the endogenous respiration. The concentration of 4,0 mg/L presented similar statistical result to the concentration of 8,0 mg/L for the initial condition of the endogenous respiration sludge, improving the speed COD removal. The pH and the COD removal did not have alterations provoked by the addition of the folic acid / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

<p>This master thesis in energy optimization was made during the autumn of 2006 at Käppala wastewater treatment plant in Lidingö, Stockholm. A preceding thesis, where all electricity consumption was mapped, showed that the aeration in the biological treatment is the single largest consumer in the plant, and it is therefore of interest to reduce this cost. The oxygen control strategy used at Käppala WWTP is working well from a nutrient removal point of view, but not from an economic one. The last aerobic zones have a very low oxygen consumption during low loading periods which give rise to enhanced dissolved oxygen concentrations with excessive costs and reduced denitrification as a result. But also during periods of normal loading unnecessary high oxygen concentration are sometimes given.</p><p>By modifying the aeration control strategy three full-scale experiments have been made, with the intention to reduce the air consumption. The experiments were carried out during week 37-50 in the autumn of 2006 and showed that savings could be made.</p><p>The regular oxygen control at Käppala WWTP controls the oxygen level in the aerobic compartment with two DO-setpoints; one in the first aerobic zone and one in the last. The zones in between are controlled by an airflow fractionation depending on the oxygen level in the first and last zone. In the first strategy to be evaluated, all four zones in the aerated part were individually controlled with its own setpoint. Two different setpoint combinations were tested. By using the fact that the efficiency in the oxygen transfer rate was higher at low airflows, savings of approximately 16 % were achieved. In the second strategy tested, an ammonia-feedback control combined with a DO-feedback controlled the DO-set point in the first aerobic zone. This strategy adjusted the DO- set points to the loading variations, and this gave a decreased airflow of approximately 9 %. Finally the two strategies were combined. All zones were then controlled individually with DO-set points set by an ammonium-feedback and a DO-feedback. The strategy gave savings in the airflow of approximately 18 %. In all three trials the aerated zones were more efficiently used, and the estimated savings are 550 000 SEK/year, and with a preserved nutrient removal efficiency.</p> / <p>Under hösten 2006 har ett examensarbete om energieffektivisering på Käppalaverket på Lidingö utförts. Ett föregående examensarbete där all elenergiförbrukning kartlades visade att blåsmaskinerna i biosteget står för den enskilt största förbrukningen i verket och det är därför av intresse att minska denna kostnad. Syrestyrningsstrategin som används på Käppalaverket fungerar mycket bra ur reningssynpunkt, men är inte optimal ur energisynpunkt. Dels luftas de första aeroba zonerna för mycket vid låg belastning vilket ger upphov till kraftigt förhöjda syrekoncentrationer i de sista aeroba zonerna med höga luftningskostnader och risk för försämrad denitrifikation, men även under normal belastning har det visat sig att onödigt höga syrekoncentrationer ibland ges.</p><p>Tre fullskaliga optimeringsförsök har utförts, med syfte att minska luftförbrukningen med bibehållen reningsgrad. Försöken pågick från vecka 37 till 50 hösten 2006, och visade att det finns möjlighet att spara energi genom att modifiera syrestyrningsstrategin.</p><p>Den reguljära syreregleringen i Käppalaverket styr syrehalten i den aeroba bassängen mot två syrebörvärden; ett i den första luftade zonen och ett i den sista. Luftflödet till de mellanliggande zonerna styrs av luftflödesandelar beroende på syrehalten i dessa två zoner. Den första strategin som utvärderades styrde istället samtliga zoner individuellt med egna börvärden, där två olika strukturer på de satta börvärdena användes. Genom att utnyttja en högre effektivitet i syreöverföringshastigheten vid låga luftflöden uppnåddes luftflödesbesparingar på ca 16 % i första försöket.</p><p>I den andra strategin styrdes syrebörvärdet i den första luftade zonen med hjälp av två återkopplingar, en från utgående ammoniumhalt och en från syrehalten i den sista luftade zonen.</p><p>Tack vare att strategin anpassade syrebörvärdena efter belastningen av syretärande ämnen erhölls luftflödesbesparingar på ca 9 %. Slutligen kombinerades de två strategierna; samtliga zoner styrdes individuellt med börvärden satta av en ammonium-återkoppling och en syre-återkoppling. Strategin medförde luftflödesbesparingar på ca 18 %. I samtliga försök utnyttjades de luftade zonerna bättre, och besparingspotentialen uträknad från 2005 års elpriser blev som mest 550 000 SEK/år, detta med en bibehållen reningsgrad.</p>

This master thesis in energy optimization was made during the autumn of 2006 at Käppala wastewater treatment plant in Lidingö, Stockholm. A preceding thesis, where all electricity consumption was mapped, showed that the aeration in the biological treatment is the single largest consumer in the plant, and it is therefore of interest to reduce this cost. The oxygen control strategy used at Käppala WWTP is working well from a nutrient removal point of view, but not from an economic one. The last aerobic zones have a very low oxygen consumption during low loading periods which give rise to enhanced dissolved oxygen concentrations with excessive costs and reduced denitrification as a result. But also during periods of normal loading unnecessary high oxygen concentration are sometimes given. By modifying the aeration control strategy three full-scale experiments have been made, with the intention to reduce the air consumption. The experiments were carried out during week 37-50 in the autumn of 2006 and showed that savings could be made. The regular oxygen control at Käppala WWTP controls the oxygen level in the aerobic compartment with two DO-setpoints; one in the first aerobic zone and one in the last. The zones in between are controlled by an airflow fractionation depending on the oxygen level in the first and last zone. In the first strategy to be evaluated, all four zones in the aerated part were individually controlled with its own setpoint. Two different setpoint combinations were tested. By using the fact that the efficiency in the oxygen transfer rate was higher at low airflows, savings of approximately 16 % were achieved. In the second strategy tested, an ammonia-feedback control combined with a DO-feedback controlled the DO-set point in the first aerobic zone. This strategy adjusted the DO- set points to the loading variations, and this gave a decreased airflow of approximately 9 %. Finally the two strategies were combined. All zones were then controlled individually with DO-set points set by an ammonium-feedback and a DO-feedback. The strategy gave savings in the airflow of approximately 18 %. In all three trials the aerated zones were more efficiently used, and the estimated savings are 550 000 SEK/year, and with a preserved nutrient removal efficiency. / Under hösten 2006 har ett examensarbete om energieffektivisering på Käppalaverket på Lidingö utförts. Ett föregående examensarbete där all elenergiförbrukning kartlades visade att blåsmaskinerna i biosteget står för den enskilt största förbrukningen i verket och det är därför av intresse att minska denna kostnad. Syrestyrningsstrategin som används på Käppalaverket fungerar mycket bra ur reningssynpunkt, men är inte optimal ur energisynpunkt. Dels luftas de första aeroba zonerna för mycket vid låg belastning vilket ger upphov till kraftigt förhöjda syrekoncentrationer i de sista aeroba zonerna med höga luftningskostnader och risk för försämrad denitrifikation, men även under normal belastning har det visat sig att onödigt höga syrekoncentrationer ibland ges. Tre fullskaliga optimeringsförsök har utförts, med syfte att minska luftförbrukningen med bibehållen reningsgrad. Försöken pågick från vecka 37 till 50 hösten 2006, och visade att det finns möjlighet att spara energi genom att modifiera syrestyrningsstrategin. Den reguljära syreregleringen i Käppalaverket styr syrehalten i den aeroba bassängen mot två syrebörvärden; ett i den första luftade zonen och ett i den sista. Luftflödet till de mellanliggande zonerna styrs av luftflödesandelar beroende på syrehalten i dessa två zoner. Den första strategin som utvärderades styrde istället samtliga zoner individuellt med egna börvärden, där två olika strukturer på de satta börvärdena användes. Genom att utnyttja en högre effektivitet i syreöverföringshastigheten vid låga luftflöden uppnåddes luftflödesbesparingar på ca 16 % i första försöket. I den andra strategin styrdes syrebörvärdet i den första luftade zonen med hjälp av två återkopplingar, en från utgående ammoniumhalt och en från syrehalten i den sista luftade zonen. Tack vare att strategin anpassade syrebörvärdena efter belastningen av syretärande ämnen erhölls luftflödesbesparingar på ca 9 %. Slutligen kombinerades de två strategierna; samtliga zoner styrdes individuellt med börvärden satta av en ammonium-återkoppling och en syre-återkoppling. Strategin medförde luftflödesbesparingar på ca 18 %. I samtliga försök utnyttjades de luftade zonerna bättre, och besparingspotentialen uträknad från 2005 års elpriser blev som mest 550 000 SEK/år, detta med en bibehållen reningsgrad.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WelitonFBF_DISSERT.pdf: 2010897 bytes, checksum: 9145c54f00922f08967d3beb644f5f73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The improper disposal of nitrogen in receiving water courses causes problems such as toxicity to living beings through the consumption of oxygen to meet the nitrogen demand, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of aquifers. For this reason it is often necessary to be carried out complementary treatment of wastewater to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound in the wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological removal of nitrogen compounds using submerged aerated and anoxic filters as post-treatment of an anaerobic system, with low cost and innovative technology, which in previous studies has shown high removal efficiency of organic matter and great potential biological nitrogen compounds removal. The simple design with perforated hoses for air distribution and filling with plastic parts proved to be very efficient in relation to organic matter removal and nitrification. The system presented, in the best stage, efficiency in converting ammonia to nitrate by 71%, and produced a final effluent concentration below 10 mg / L of NH3-N. In addition, carbon concentration was removed by 77%, producing final effluent with 24 mg/L COD. However, denitrification in anoxic filter was not effective even with the addition of an external carbon source. There was a reduction of up to 56% of nitrogen caused by the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The high voids space presented by this type of support material coupled with direct aeration of the sludge, allows the respiration of biomass retained between the endogenous phase, increased cell retention time and sludge retention capacity, producing a final effluent with turbidity less than 5 UT and total suspended solids around 5.0 mg/L / A disposi??o inadequada do nitrog?nio em corpos receptores gera problemas como: toxicidade para seres vivos; consumo de oxig?nio do meio para atender a demanda nitrogenada; eutrofiza??o; e contamina??o dos aqu?feros por nitrato. Por esta raz?o ? muitas vezes necess?rio que seja realizado tratamento complementar dos esgotos para eliminar, ou reduzir, a concentra??o deste composto nas ?guas residu?rias. O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar a remo??o biol?gica dos compostos nitrogenados utilizando filtros aerados submersos como p?s-tratamento de um sistema anaer?bio, com tecnologia inovadora, de baixo custo, que em estudos anteriores demonstrou grande efici?ncia na remo??o de mat?ria org?nica carbon?cea e grande potencial na remo??o biol?gica de compostos nitrogenados. A forma simples como o sistema foi concebido, com mangueiras perfuradas para distribui??o do ar e preenchimento com pe?as pl?sticas - condu?te cortado - mostrou-se bastante eficiente em rela??o ? remo??o de mat?ria org?nica e na nitrifica??o. O sistema apresentou, na melhor fase, efici?ncia na convers?o de nitrog?nio amoniacal em nitrato de 71%, e produziu efluente final com concentra??o de N-NH3 inferior a 10 mg/L. Al?m disso, observou-se uma redu??o de 77% na concentra??o de carbono, produzindo efluente final com 24 mg/L de DQO. Contudo a desnitrifica??o no filtro an?xico n?o se mostrou eficiente mesmo com a adi??o de uma fonte externa de carbono. Mesmo assim observou-se redu??o de at? 56% do nitrog?nio causado pelo processo de Nitrifica??o e Desnitrifica??o Simult?neas (SND). O grande ?ndice de vazios apresentado por este tipo de material suporte aliado ? aera??o direta do lodo, permite que a respira??o da biomassa retida entre na fase end?gena, aumentado o tempo de reten??o celular e a capacidade de reten??o de lodo, produzindo um efluente final com turbidez inferior a 5 UT e SST em torno de 5,0 mg/L