Nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a recently described potent intracellular Ca2+-mobilizing messenger active in a wide range of diverse cell types. In the present study, we have investigated the interaction of NAADP with other Ca2+-mobilizing messengers in the release of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction. We show, for the first time, that NAADP enhances neurosecretion in response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), cADP-ribose (cADPR) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), but not sphingosylphosphorylcholine. Thapsigargin was without effect on transmitter release in response to NAADP, but blocked the responses to subsequent application of IP3, cADPR and S1P and their potentiation by NAADP. Asynchronous neurotransmitter release may therefore involve functional coupling of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores with distinct Ca2+ stores targeted by NAADP.

Wolfram syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by diabetes and neurodegeneration. Two causative genes have been identified so far, WFS1 and WFS2, both encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized transmembrane proteins. Since WFS1 is involved in the ER stress pathway, Wolfram syndrome is considered an ER disease. Despite the underlying importance of ER dysfunction in Wolfram syndrome, the molecular mechanism linking ER to the death of β cells and neurons has not been elucidated. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that forms a network of enclosed sacs and tubes that connect the nuclear membrane and other organelles including Golgi and mitochondria. ER plays critical functions in protein folding, protein transport, lipid metabolism, and calcium regulation. Dysregulation of ER function disrupts normal cell metabolism and activates an array of anti-survival pathways, eventually leading to disease state. Here we show that calpain is involved in both prototypes of Wolfram syndrome. Calpain 2 activity is negatively regulated by WFS2 protein, and hyper-activation of calpain 2 by WFS2-knockdown leads to cell death. Calpain hyper-activation is also present in WFS1 loss of function cells due to the high cytosolic calcium. Extensive calpain activation exists in the Wolfram syndrome mouse model as well as in patient cells. A compound screen targeting ER homeostasis reveals that dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor inhibitor, can prevent cell death in cell models of Wolfram syndrome. Our results demonstrate that the pathway leading to calpain activation provides potential therapeutic targets for Wolfram syndrome and other ER diseases.

The transition between the closed and open conformations of the Sec61 complex permits nascent protein insertion into the translocation channel. A critical event in this structural transition is the opening of the lateral translocon gate that is formed by four transmembrane (TM) spans (TM2, TM3, TM7 and TM8 in Sec61p) to expose the signal sequence-binding (SSB) site. To gain mechanistic insight into lateral gate opening, mutations were introduced into a lumenal loop (L7) that connects TM7 and TM8. The sec61 L7 mutants were found to have defects in both the posttranslational and cotranslational translocation pathways due to a kinetic delay in channel gating. The translocation defect caused by L7 mutations could be suppressed by the prl class of sec61 alleles that reduce the fidelity of signal sequence recognition. The prl mutants are proposed to act by destabilizing the closed conformation of the translocation channel. Our results indicate that the equilibrium between the open and closed conformations of the protein translocation channel maintains a balance between translocation activity and signal sequence recognition fidelity. In the opening of the translocation channel, both the lateral and lumenal gate must open in a coordinated fashion for efficient protein translocation to occur. The lumenal gate is composed of a short helix of the loop preceding the second TM span, referred to as the plug helix, and six hydrophobic pore ring residues which form the constriction ring in the center of the channel. We identified three lateral gate polar residues and three hydrophobic residues from the plug domain that affect channel gating. Mutagenesis of the lateral gate polar cluster residues yields either a gain of function (prl phenotype) or a loss of function (translocation defect) phenotype. The combination of polar cluster mutations with each other or with plug domain mutations which cause a prl phenotype resulted in the mutually suppressive or additive phenotypes in double mutant strains. Cooperation between these residues is made possible through a structural link which connects the two translocation channel gates at their interface. The structural link provides a mechanism for the channel to coordinate the movement of multiple domains in the channel gating conformational change. Translocation assays demonstrated that this mechanism of gating regulation is particularly important for efficient protein translocation of substrates using the posttranslational translocation pathway. Our results indicate that residues from the plug and lateral gate domain form a regulatory cluster of residues responsible for efficient translocation channel gating.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by disordered insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell and chronic hyperglycemia. In order to maintain adequate levels of insulin secretion, the β cell relies on a highly developed and active endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Calcium localized in this compartment serves as a cofactor for key proteins and enzymes involved in insulin production and maturation and is critical for ER health and function. The ER Ca2+ pool is maintained largely through activity of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) pump, which pumps two Ca2+ ions into the ER during each catalytic cycle. The goal of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms through which SERCA2 maintains β cell function and whole body glucose metabolism. Our previous work has revealed marked dysregulation of β cell SERCA2 expression and activity under diabetic conditions. Using a mixture of pro-inflammatory cytokines to model the diabetic milieu, we found that SERCA2 activity and protein stability were decreased through nitric oxide and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, SERCA2 expression, intracellular Ca2+ storage, and β cell death under diabetic conditions were rescued by pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of AMPK. These findings provided novel insight into pathways leading to altered β cell Ca2+ homeostasis and reduced β cell survival in diabetes. To next define the role of SERCA2 in the regulation of whole body glucose homeostasis, SERCA2 heterozygous mice (S2HET) were challenged with high fat diet (HFD). Compare to wild-type controls, S2HET mice had lower serum insulin and significantly reduced glucose tolerance with similar adiposity and systemic and tissue specific insulin sensitivity, suggesting an impairment in insulin secretion rather than insulin action. Consistent with this, S2HET mice exhibited reduced β cell mass, decreased β cell proliferation, increased ER stress, and impaired insulin production and processing. Furthermore, S2HET islets displayed impaired cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while a small molecule SERCA2 activator was able to rescue these defects. In aggregate, these data suggest a critical role for SERCA2 and the maintenance of ER Ca2+ stores in the β cell compensatory response to diet induced obesity.

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Endgültig fehlgefaltete oder anderweitig beschädigte Proteine des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER) werden durch das Proteasom in einem Prozess abgebaut, der als Endoplasmatischer Retikulum Assoziierter Abbau (ERAD) bezeichnet wird. Der Hrd1-Komplex ist ein aus mehreren Komponenten bestehender Transmembran-Proteinkomplex, der die Ubiquitinierung und den Export von Proteinen aus dem ER vermittelt, welche dann im Zytosol abgebaut werden. Trotz erheblicher Anstrengungen in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten führte die biochemische Charakterisierung seiner Architektur und seines Mechanismus zu inkonsistenten und sogar widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen, sodass kein Konsens darüber besteht, wie Hrd1 den Proteintransport realisiert. In diesem Projekt habe ich Fluoreszenz-Mehrfarben-Einzelmolekül-Mikroskopie verwendet, um eine neue Perspektive auf die Architektur, Bildung und Dynamik des Hrd1-Komplexes zu eröffnen. Im Projektverlauf habe ich zellbiologische, experimentelle und analytische Werkzeuge entwickelt, um die Hrd1-Oligomerisierung in vivo robust zu quantifizieren und zu charakterisieren. Durch die Kombination von Mehrfarben-Einzelmolekül-Mikroskopie mit chemischer Inhibierung, der Herunterregulierung anderer Komplexkomponenten und einem neuartigen, auf Bindungswettbewerb basierenden Assay konnte ich nachweisen, dass Hrd1 ein stabiles Homo-Tetramer bildet, das über seine zytosolische Domäne Hrd1480-529 geformt wird. Durch Strukturmodellierung über AlphaFold konnte ich nachweisen, dass sich diese Domäne unabhängig von anderen Komplexkomponenten oder der Aktivität von Hrd1 zu einer kanonischen „coiled-coil“ Domäne zusammensetzt. Während diese Arbeit neue spezifische biologische Einblicke in die Hrd1-Komplexbildung liefert, dient sie auch als allgemeine Blaupause dafür, wie Einzelpartikel-Tracking verwendet werden kann, um Fragen zu beantworten, die mit klassischer Biochemie in der Regel nur begrenzt untersucht werden können. / Terminally misfolded or otherwise damaged proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are degraded by the proteasome in a process termed Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation (ERAD). The Hrd1 complex is a multicomponent transmembrane protein complex that mediates ubiquitination and export of proteins from the ER to be degraded in the cytosol. Despite substantial effort in the past two decades, the biochemical characterization of its architecture and mechanism produced inconsistent and even contradictory results, yielding no consensus on how it mediates protein transport. Its elusive nature is representative of the limitations of classical biochemical approaches, whose often harsh experimental conditions directly interfere with the objects they study. In this project I used fluorescence multi-color single molecule microscopy to offer a new perspective on the architecture, formation and dynamics of the Hrd1 complex. In this process I developed cell biological, experimental and analytical tools to robustly quantify and characterize Hrd1 oligomerization in vivo. Combining live-cell dual-color single-particle tracking with chemical inhibition, downregulation of complex components and a novel, binding-competition based tracking assay, I demonstrated that Hrd1 forms a stable homo-tetramer via its cytosolic domain Hrd1480-529. By structural modeling via AlphaFold, results of which were validated with both single-particle tracking and recombinant protein expression, I showed that this domain assembles into a canonical coiled-coil domain independently of other complex components or Hrd1's activity. While yielding specific novel biological insight into Hrd1 complex formation, it also serves as a general blueprint on how dual-color single particle tracking can be used to address questions that bring classical biochemistry to its limits.

Yes / Protein quality control mechanisms are essential for cell health and involve delivery of proteins to specific cellular compartments for recycling or degradation. In particular, stray hydrophobic proteins are captured in the aqueous cytosol by a co-chaperone, the small glutamine-rich, tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA), which facilitates the correct targeting of tail-anchored membrane proteins, as well as the sorting of membrane and secretory proteins that mislocalize to the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Full-length SGTA has an unusual elongated dimeric structure that has, until now, evaded detailed structural analysis. The Cterminal region of SGTA plays a key role in binding a broad range of hydrophobic substrates, yet in contrast to the well-characterized N-terminal and TPR domains, there is a lack of structural information on the C-terminal domain. In this study, we present new insights into the conformation and organization of distinct domains of SGTA and show that the C-terminal domain possesses a conserved region essential for substrate processing in vivo. We show that the C-terminal domain region is characterized by α-helical propensity and an intrinsic ability to dimerize independently of the N-terminal domain. Based on the properties of different regions of SGTA that are revealed using cell biology, NMR, SAXS, Native MS, and EPR, we observe that its C-terminal domain can dimerize in the full-length protein and propose that this reflects a closed conformation of the substrate-binding domain. Our results provide novel insights into the structural complexity of SGTA and provide a new basis for mechanistic studies of substrate binding and release at the C-terminal region. / MRC New Investigator Research Grant: G0900936; BBSRC grants: BB/L006952/1 and BB/L006510/1; BBSRC grant: BB/N006267/1; Wellcome Trust Investigator Award in Science: 204957/Z/16/Z; BBSRC grant: BB/J014567/1