This study investigates endocytosis and ER export signals of the yeast α-factor receptor and the role that receptor oligomerization plays in these processes. The α-factor receptor contains signal sequences in the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that are essential for ligand-mediated endocytosis. In an endocytosis complementation assay, I found that oligomeric complexes of the receptor undergo ligand-mediated endocytosis when the α-factor binding site and the endocytosis signal sequences are located in different receptors. Both in vitro and in vivo assays strongly suggested that ligand-induced conformational changes in one Ste2 subunit do not affect neighboring subunits. Therefore, the recognition of endocytosis signal sequence and the recognition of the ligand-induced conformational change are likely to be two independent events, where the signal sequence plays only a passive role in the ligand-induced endocytosis. Four amino acid substitutions (C59R, H94P, S141P and S145P) in TM domains I, II and III were identified that resulted in the accumulation of truncated receptors in the ER but did not block ER export of full-length receptors. The two DXE motifs in the C-terminal tail were required for export of the mutant receptors from the ER; however DXE was not essential for proper cell surface expression of wild-type receptors apparently because the receptors contain redundant ER export signals. An assay for oligomerization of receptors in the ER was developed based on the ability of truncated mutant receptors to exit the ER. The four substitutions (C59R, H94P, S141P and S145P) that caused DXE-dependent ER export failed to form homo-oligomers, suggesting that the DXE motifs and receptor oligomerization serve as independent ER export signals. Consistent with this view, two of the substitutions (S141P and S145P), when coexpressed, with wild-type receptors, formed hetero-oligomers that exited the ER. Finally, the full-length oligomer-defective mutant Ste2-S141P was sensitive to α-factor, suggesting that receptor monomers that reach the cell surface are able to activate the heterotrimeric G protein. The potential roles that TM1, 2 and 3 play in receptor oligomerization are discussed.

Na gestação há aumento da proliferação e redução da apoptose das células b pancreáticas. Prolactina (PRL) desencadeia estas mudanças, que são revertidas após o parto mesmo na presença de PRL. In vitro, dexametasona (DEX) se contrapõe a PRL. Avaliamos se o estresse do retículo endoplasmático (ERE) está envolvido na apoptose do pós-parto e se os glicocorticóides (GC) participam deste mecanismo. A fragmentação do DNA aumenta no 3° dia pós-parto (L3), em paralelo com a diminuição de pAKT e aumento do TRB3, indutor da apoptose por ERE. BiP, ATF4, CHOP, e a ligação de CHOP e CHOP-ATF4 no promotor do TRB3 aumentam em L3. O inibidor do ERE PBA restaurou os níveis de pAKT e CHOP e inibiu a apoptose. Células RINm5F tratadas com DEX (24h) têm aumento de BiP e ATF4, de p-eIF2 e do XBP-1 ativo. DEX também induz TRB3, mas inibe a ligação de CHOP ao TRB3. O tratamento por 72h não altera p-eIF2a, diminui XBP-1 ativo e promove apoptose, único evento revertido pela PRL. Concluímos que a apoptose das ilhotas em L3 é desencadeada por ERE, mas os GC não induzem este mecanismo. / During gestation occurs increase on the proliferation and apoptosis reduction of pancreatic b cells. Prolactin (PRL) promotes these changes which are reverted after delivery. Dexametasone (DEX) in vitro opposed to PRL. We evaluate whether endoplasmatic reticulum stress (ERS) was involved on post-delivery apoptosis and glycocorticoids (GC) participate on this mechanism. DNA fragmentation increased on the 3rd day post-delivery (L3), in parallel with pAKT diminution and inductor of apoptosis-TRB3 augment by ERS. BiP, ATF4, CHOP along with binding of CHOP and CHOP-ATF4 to the TRB3 promoter increased in L3. ERS inhibitor-PBA restored pAKT, CHOP levels and inhibited apoptosis. RINm5F cells with DEX (24h) showed increase in BiP, ATF4, p-eIF2 and in active XBP-1. DEX induced TRB3, but inhibited the binding of CHOP to TRB3. The 72h treatment did not alter p-eIF2a, diminished active XBP-1 and promoted apoptosis; the unique event reverted by PRL. We concluded that apoptosis of islets in L3 is generated by ERS; nevertheless this mechanism is not induced by GC.

Orientador: Lício Augusto Velloso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T06:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_AndressaCoopedos_D.pdf: 9572929 bytes, checksum: ce4c4fb2095c6ffe99868ec77f19d5b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A ativação da sinalização através do toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) e a indução de estresse de retículo endoplasmático (ERE) são importantes mediadores da resistência à insulina na obesidade e em outras situações nas quais há um excesso de ácidos graxos saturados. Em um estudo recente, demonstrou-se que sinalização através de TLR4 pode, per se, induzir a ativação de ERE, sugerindo que a ativação do TLR4 é o evento inicial para a indução do estresse celular que contribui para o aumento da expressão de genes de resposta inflamatória. No entanto, os mecanismos que conectam essas duas vias distintas são desconhecidos. As chaperonas GRP78 e GRP94 exercem uma função importante no processamento das moléculas recém-traduzidas do TLR4. Além disso, a chaperona GRP94 é responsável por sua translocação e conteúdo na superfície celular. Durante uma ativação prolongada da via de sinalização do TLR4, a demanda por novas moléculas sintetizadas aumenta, e consequentemente, a demanda por novas chaperonas. Por esta razão, nós aventamos a hipótese de que sob uma ativação extrema da via do TLR4, a síntese de proteínas sobrepujaria a expressão de chaperonas, dessa forma induzindo ERE. Para testar essa hipótese, monócitos da linhagem THP-1 foram incubados com LPS e foi avaliada a expressão e ativação de proteínas responsivas ao ERE por real-time PCR, citometria de fluxo, imunoprecipitado e western blot. Em alguns experimentos, as células foram privadas de glicose ou tratadas com siRNA para aumentar ou diminuir, respectivamente, a expressão das chaperonas. Experimentos de time-course revelaram que o LPS induz um aumento de 2,5 vezes na expressão do TLR4, iniciando após 8 h, com um pico após as 24 h e permanecendo significantemente aumentado após 48 h. A expressão de GRP78 foi aumentada em três vezes com um aumento acentuado após 24 h sem aumento às 8 h, enquanto o GRP94 aumenta apenas 1,5 vezes com um pico após 2 h que retorna aos valores basais após 8 h do estímulo. Não houve aumento da expressão protéica das chaperonas após 48 h. A indução de ERE por LPS foi detectada antes de 4 h do estímulo observado pela avaliação da via da PERK/eIF2a, IRE1 e ATF6 e se mantém ativado após 48 h. Adicionalmente, a privação de glicose em células THP-1 aumenta a expressão de GRP94 e GRP78 em 2,5 e 11 vezes, respectivamente. Na ausência de glicose, o tratamento com LPS não induz ERE. A inibição da expressão das chaperonas por siRNA anula o efeito da privação de glicose em proteger as células do desenvolvimento de ERE induzido por LPS. Portanto, a hiperexpressão das chaperonas GRP78 e GRP94 protegem as células do ERE induzido por LPS. Assim, defeito na expressão das chaperonas induzido por TLR4 é um mecanismo envolvido na integração da sinalização do TLR4 e ERE / Abstract: TLR4 activation and the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are two of the most important mechanisms connecting excessive fat with insulin resistance. Recently, it was shown that activation of TLR4 can, per se, induce ERS, suggesting that TLR4 is a primary event in the induction of the cellular stress that contributes to increased inflammatory gene expression. However, the mechanisms linking these molecular events are unknown. The chaperones GRP78 and GRP94 play an important role during the assembly of newly translated TLR4 molecules. In addition, the chaperone GRP94 escorts the protein to the cell membrane. Under prolonged activation, the demand for newly synthesized TLR4 molecules increases, and thus, the demand for new chaperones. Therefore, we hypothesized that under increased activation of TLR4, the synthesis of the protein would not be matched by the expression of chaperones, thus, triggering ERS. To test this hypothesis, the monocyte cell line THP-1 was incubated with LPS and the expression/activation of proteins involved in ERS was determined by real-time PCR, flow-cytometry, immunoprecipitation and immunoblot. In some experiments, cells were deprived of glucose or treated with siRNA to increase or decrease, respectively, the expression of the chaperones. Time-course experiments revealed that LPS led to a 2.5-fold increase of TLR4 expression starting as early as 8h, peaking after 24h and remaining significantly increased after 48h. The expression of GRP78 underwent a 3-fold increase with a sharp rise at 24h (no increase at 8h), while GRP94 increased by only 1.5-fold with a peak at 2h and an early return to base-line levels. None of the chaperones were increased after 48h. LPS-induced ERS was detected as early as 4h after stimulus as detected by the evaluation of PERK/eIF2?, IRE1 and ATF6 pathways. Strong signals of ERS were still present after 48h. The pre-incubation of THP-1 in glucose-deprived medium produced 2.5 and 11-fold increases of GRP94 and GRP78, respectively. Upon glucosedeprivation, LPS could no longer induce ERS. Inhibition of chaperone expression by siRNA completely abrogated the effect of glucose deprivation to protect cells from LPS-induced ERS. Thus, the hyperexpression of GRP78 and GRP94 protect cells from LPS-induced ERS. Defective TLR4-induced chaperone expression is a mechanism involved in the integration of TLR4 signaling and ERS / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

A via Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) é uma via de sinalização ativada pelo estresse do Retículo endoplasmático (ER). Anteriormente descrevemos um Paciente com Imunodeficiência Comum Variável (CVID) que apresenta um atraso na ativação da via UPR associado com o acumulo de imunoglobulinas dentro do ER e uma taxa de proliferação diminuída. Nossos resultados demonstram que a ativação crônica da UPR interrompe o ciclo celular de EBV-B através da quebra da natureza cíclica da ciclina A1. Essa parada é depende da linhagem EBV-B estudada e da droga utilizada. Além disso, a ativação crônica da UPR aumenta a apoptose através da ativação do braço da PERK da via UPR. Células ex-vivo e EBV-B do Paciente P apresentaram uma taxa metabólica muito baixa e numero aumentado de células em apoptose. A deficiência da resposta do paciente P frente a ativação da via UPR parece ser somente no reconhecimento de proteínas não dobradas. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proliferação deficiente observada em diversos paciente com CVID pode ser resultado de uma ativação deficiente da via UPR. / The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling pathway activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previously we described a patient (Patient P) with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) whose delayed activation of the UPR associates with accumulation of immunoglobulins and slower rate of proliferation. Our results showed that chronic UPR stress interrupted cell cycling of EBV-B cells through dysruption of the cyclic nature of cyclin A1. This interrption is depend of the cell type and drug. Furthermore, chronic ER stress triggered early apoptosis through activation of the PERK branch of the UPR. EBV-B and ex vivo cells from patient presented low metabolic rate and a high apoptosis rate even in the absence of ER stressors.. We noted that the deficiency of UPR pathway activation by Patient P apears to be on the recognition of unfolded proteins. Our results support the hypothesis that deficient proliferation observed in some CVID patients might be the result of deficient UPR activation.

Diante da ausência de dados prévios, foi pretendido estabelecer uma correlação entre as possíveis modificações metabólicas e moleculares na resistência insulínica e inflamação em modelos animais de obesidade, induzida pela dieta, recebendo a suplementação de ômega 3/ALA. Além disto, pretendeu-se obter dados que permitam uma melhor elucidação dos mecanismos envolvidos na resistência insulínica neste modelo e um possível efeito preventivo da administração de ALA sobre este processo, podendo, desta forma, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas terapias. O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar que a suplementação ALA reduz a resistência à insulina e a inflamação em modelo animal de obesidade. Foram divididos 40 camundongos machos (C57/BL6) em 4 grupos: controle (C), controle + ômega 3/ALA (CW), obesos (O) e obesas + ômega 3/ALA (OW). Por um período de oito semanas, os grupos O e OW receberam uma dieta hiperlipídica com 60% de lipídeos, enquanto o C e CW receberam ração padrão. Depois, os grupos CW e OW receberam suplementação de 10% de ômega 3/ALA liofilizado, extraído de semente de linhaça, diariamente, por mais 8 semanas. Observando os resultados, todos os grupos de animais tiveram o mesmo ganho de peso, assim como consumo alimentar, eficiência enérgica e eficiência alimentar. O uso do ALA diminuiu o peso da gordura subcutânea no grupo OW comparado ao O e manteve os valores semelhantes entre os outros grupos, no entanto, as comparações do peso do fígado, gordura epididimal, pâncreas e músculo gastrocnemio, foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos. Observou-se uma diminuição na resistência insulínica nos animais OW comparado ao O pelo teste de IPGTT, sendo a área sob a curva de glicose similar entre C e CW. Além disso, os níveis totais de gordura no fígado foram significativamente menores no CW e OW, em comparação com C e O, estes resultados são reforçados pela análise dos tecidos em avaliação histopatológica. Os níveis séricos de glicemia e insulina, ao final do estudo, mostraram uma redução importante em OW comparado a CW, porém, não foi observado diferenças entre os animais obesos suplementados ou não com ômega-3/ALA. Entretanto, quanto à avaliação de resistência insulínica pelo cálculo do HOMA IR, este mostrou-se menor comprando-se OW com O. Os níveis séricos de colesterol total e HDL foram maiores no grupo CW comparados ao C, sendo que os níveis de colesterol total foram menores, também, no grupo OW comparados ao O. No entanto, os valores de triglicérides séricos foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos, assim como valores de triglicérides hepáticos. Colesterol total hepático teve um aumento significativo entre OW e O. As dosagens séricas de IL1, IL6 e MCP1 mostraram uma redução importante em O comparadas com OW. Já quanto a IL17 e TNF, ambas foram equivalentes, nas comparações entre diferentes grupos. A avaliação da ativação do estresse do retículo endoplasmático mostrou que a proteína BIP teve um aumento importante tanto na comparação entre C e CW e também entre O e OW. A também chaperona HSP70 mostrou aumento significativo em ambas as comparações entre grupos, tanto em C e CW quanto em O e OW. GRP94 e IRE1 tiveram resultados semelhantes, sem diferenças entre os grupos, assim como a DAPK1. CHOP teve diminuição importante comparando-se C e CW, e O e OW. Em contrapartida, XBP1 teve diminuição importante na comparação entre os grupos C e CW. Por fim, a suplementação de ômega 3/ALA mostrou ser eficaz na prevenção de esteatose hepática, redução de resistência insulínica, diminuição do processo inflamatório, e redução da ativação do estresse do retículo endoplasmático em tecido hepático. / Given the absence of previous data, it is intended to establish a possible correlation between metabolic and molecular changes in insulin resistance and inflammation in animals receiving supplementation of -linoleic acid (ALA) found in flaxseeds oil. Furthermore, we intend to obtain data for an elucidation of the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and preventive effect of administration of ALA on this process and may thus aid the development of new therapies. The aim of study was prove the ALA supplementation reduces insulin resistance and inflammation in an obesity animal model. 40 male mice (C57/BL6) were divided into 4 groups: control (C), control + omega 3/ALA (CW), obese (O) + omega 3/ALA and obese (OW). For a period of eight weeks, the groups O and OW received a high-fat diet with 60% fat, while the C and CW received regular chow. Then, the CW and OW groups were supplemented with 10% omega 3/ALA lyophilized, extracted from flaxseed daily, for another 8 weeks. Analyzing the results, all groups of animals had the same weight gain, and food consumption, food efficiency and energetic efficiency. The use of ALA decreased subcutaneous fat weight in group OW compared to O and remained similar values between the other groups, however, comparisons of the size of liver tissue, epididymal fat, pancreas and gastrocnemius muscle were similar among all groups. There was a decrease in insulin resistance in animals OW compared to O by GTT test, with an area under the curve of glucose similar between C and CW. Moreover, the total liver fat levels were significantly lower in CW and OW compared to C and O, these results are reinforced by histopathological tissues analysis. Serum glucose and insulin levels, at the end of the study, showed a significant reduction in OW compared to CW, however, no differences were observed between the obese animals supplemented or not with omega 3/ALA. Meanwhile, about the valuation of insulin resistance calculating by HOMA IR, this was lower in OW compared with O. Serum total cholesterol and HDL levels were higher in CW compared to the group C, and total cholesterol levels were also lower in the OW group compared to O. However, the serum levels of triglyceride were similar among all groups as well as hepatic triglycerides values. Hepatic total cholesterol increased significantly between OW and O. Serum levels of IL1, IL6 and MCP1 showed a significant reduction in O compared to OW. As for IL17 and TNF were similar for both comparisons between different groups. The evaluation of endoplasmic reticulum stress activation showed the BIP protein had a significant increase in the comparison between CW and C and also between OW and O. The also chaperone HSP70 showed a significant increase in both comparisons between groups, both in C and CW as for O and OW. GRP94 and IRE1 had similar results, with no differences between groups, as well as DAPK1. CHOP had significant decrease comparing CW and C, and O and OW. In contrast, XBP1 had significant reduction in the comparison between groups C and CW. Finally, omega 3/ALA supplementation showed to be effective in preventing hepatic esteatose, the reduction of insulin resistance, inflammation decrease, and reduction of activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver tissue.

Orientador: Gabriel Forato Anhê / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_ThiagoMatosFerreirade_D.pdf: 1239554 bytes, checksum: 87d5fc958173ca83a217021c9d866455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A obesidade é caracterizada pela deposição ectópica de gordura no fígado. Este acúmulo de gordura hepática (NAFLD) pode gerar consequências graves, como a hepatite não alcoólica (NASH), fator de ricos para carcino hepatocelular (HCC). A morte de hepatócitos, evento chave na evolução da NAFLD para NASH, é causada pelo excesso de nutrientes e é dependente do estresse de retículo endoplasmático (RE). O estresse no RE resulta no acúmulo de proteínas não processadas desencadeia a "unfolded protein response" (UPR), podendo gerar apoptose. A mTOR é formada basicamente por dois complexos: mTOR1 e mTOR2; ambos são sensíveis a nutrientes, a insulina e a rapamicina. O complexo mTOR2/Rictor catalisa a fosforilação da AKT, aumentando a sinalização da insulina. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre ativação da mTOR, do estresse de RE e da apoptose em hepatócito expostos a ácidos graxos livres. Observamos que a apoptose causada pelo palmitato ativa o estresse de RE de maneira tempo dependente. Não observamos alterações na fosforilação de proteínas alvo específicas para o complexo mTOR1. No entanto, a fosforilação geral da mTOR foi estimulada pelo palmitato. Altas doses de rapamicina inibiram a apoptose e do estresse de RE causado pelo palmitato, sugerindo a participação do complexo mTOR2. Estes resultados ainda foram confirmados pelo silenciamento gênico da Rictor. A fosforilação em serina 473 da AKT apresenta um caráter transitório, elevando-se em tempos que precedem morte e o estresse de RE, e diminuindo em tempos prolongados concomitantemente à apoptose. A inibição da AKT pelo "AKT inhibitor" gerou diminuição da apoptose, do estresse de RE e da incorporação lipídica na linhagem de hepatoma. Estes dados sugerem que a AKT, como alvo preferencial da mTOR2 é necessária para geração de morte e da UPR. A glicose (33.3mM) gera morte as células HepG2 e esta é inibida com baixas doses de rapamicina, mostrando possível atividade via mTOR1 nesta resposta. De outro modo, a frutose (4.5mM) que também desencadeia apoptose das células de hepatoma, tem seu efeito inibido por doses maiores de rapamicina, indicando atividade mTOR2 neste processo. No entanto, a possibilidade de diferentes monossacarídeos recrutarem complexos diferentes de mTOR para desencadear apoptose ainda precisa ser melhor explorada / Abstract: Obesity is characterized by fat ectopic deposition in liver. This hepatic fat accumulation our non-alcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) can have serious consequences such as non-alcoholic hepatitis (NASH), that is a factor to liver cancer. The cell death of hepatocytes is an important event in the development to NAFLD to NASH, all that are caused by excess nutrients and dependent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ER stress is caused by accumulation of unfolded proteins triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which mau cause apoptosis. mTOR is basically formed by two complexes: mTOR1 and mTOR2, both are sensitive to nutrients, insulin and rapamycin. The mTOR2/Rictor complex catalyse AKT phosphorylation increasing the insulin pathway. All together, the aim of this study was evaluate the relationship between mTOR, ER stress and apoptosis in liver cells exposed to free fatty acids. We observed that apoptosis caused by palmitate activates ER stress in a manner dependent on time. We din¿t observed changes in phosphorylation of specific target proteins to mTOR1 complex. However, a general phosphorylation of mTOR was stimulated by palmitate. High doses of rapamycin inhibited apoptosis and ER stress caused by palmitate, suggesting the participation of the mTOR2 complex. These results were further confirmed by gene silencing of Rictor. The AKT phospholylation in serine 473 has a transitional character, rising in times that preceding cell death and ER stress, and decreasing concomitantly apoptosis in prolonged times. Inhibition of AKT by AKT inhibitor caused a decrease in apoptosis, ER stress and lipid incorporation in hepatoma cell line. These data suggest that AKT, preferential targets of mTOR2 is required for generation death and UPR. Glucose (33.3mM) generates HepG2 cell death and this is inhibited by low doses on rapamycin, showing possible mTOR1 activity. Otherwise, fructose (4.5mM) also triggers apoptosis of hepatoma cells; its effect is inhibited by higher doses of rapamycin, indicating mTOR2 activity in this process. However, the possibility of different monosaccharide recruit different complexes of mTOR to trigger apoptosis should be further explored / Doutorado / Farmacologia / Doutor em Farmacologia

Orientador: Marcio Alberto Torsoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_ArinedeMattos_M.pdf: 2027179 bytes, checksum: 2320e20506f524d224919f97ec6056eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: É conhecido que a obesidade materna durante a gestação e lactação expõe a prole a condições inflamatórias e leva a distúrbios metabólicos e obesidade na vida adulta. Porém, não é conhecido se o evento celular relacionado aos danos da sinalização hipotalâmica, como o estresse de retículo endoplasmático (ERE) e resistência à insulina, poderia estar presente na prole. Para responder essa questão, nós avaliamos o tecido hipotalâmico e hepático em camundongos recém desmamados (d28) e o hipotálamo de camundongos recém nascidos (d0) de mães alimentadas com dieta rica em gordura (HFD-O) e dieta controle (SC-O) durante a gestação e lactação. Peso corpóreo, massa do tecido adiposo, e ingestão alimentar foram mais acentuados em camundongo HFD-O que em camundongo SC-O. Além disso, intolerância a glicose (GTT) e insulina (ITT) foram maior em HFD-O que em SC-O. Comparado com SC-O, os níveis de RNAm de IL1-?, expressão proteica de NF?B e p-JNK no hipotálamo foram aumentados em HFD-O. Além disso, comparado ao SC-O, a fosforilação da AKT hipotalâmica após estímulo com insulina foi reduzida, enquanto os marcadores de ERE (p-PERK, p-eIF2?, XBP1s, GRP78 e GRP94) foram aumentados no tecido hipotalâmico de HFD-O com d28 mas não com d0. A fosforilação hipotalâmica da AMPK estava aumentada em HFD-O comparado a SC-O com d28. Esses danos na sinalização hipotalâmica foram acompanhados de alterações hepáticas evidenciadas pelo aumento de depósito de triglicérides, ativação de proteínas próinflamatórias (NF?B, p-IKK e p-JNK), e marcadores de ERE (p-PERK e p-eIF2?). Esses resultados indicam fortemente que o período de lactação é importante para as mudanças metabólicas. Essas mudanças podem ocorrer precocemente na prole de mães obesas e contribuir para a obesidade e patologias associadas / Abstract: It is known that maternal obesity during pregnancy and lactation exposes offspring to inflammatory conditions and leads to metabolic disturbances and obesity in adult offspring. However, it is unknown whether the cellular events related to the damage to hypothalamus signaling, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and insulin resistance, could be present early in the offspring. To address this question, we evaluated the hypothalamic and hepatic tissues in recently weaned mice (d28) and the hypothalamus of newborn mice (d0) from dams fed HFD (HFD-O) or standard chow diet (SC-O) during pregnancy and lactation. Body weight, adipose tissue mass, and food intake were more accentuated in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. In addition, intolerance to glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) was higher in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. Compared with SC-O mice, levels of hypothalamic IL1-? mRNA, NF?B protein, and p-JNK were increased in HFD-O mice. Furthermore, compared with SC-O mice, hypothalamic AKT phosphorylation after insulin challenge was reduced, while markers of ERS (p-PERK, p-eIF2?, XBP1s, GRP78, and GRP94) were increased in the hypothalamic tissue of HFD-O at d28 but not at d0. Hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation was higher in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice at d28. These damages to hypothalamic signaling were accompanied by hepatic alterations evidenced by increased triglyceride deposits, activation of proinflammatory proteins (NF?B, p-IKK, and p-JNK), and markers of ERS (p-PERK and p-eIF2?). Taken together, these results strongly indicate that the lactation period is important for metabolic changes. These changes may occur early in offspring from obese dams and contribute to obesity and associated pathologies / Mestrado / Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

La réponse au stress oxydatif joue un rôle important dans de nombreux processus d’adaptation biologique. Les sélénoprotéines jouent un rôle clef dans le contrôle du stress oxydatif. Des mutations du gène codant pour la sélénoproteine N (SelN) sont la cause de différentes formes de dystrophies musculaires chez l’Homme mais la fonction moléculaire de SelN reste inconnue. Au cours de ma thèse j’ai cherché à déterminer la fonction moléculaire de SelN, et son rôle dans les mécanismes de régulation Rédox. Le modèle de souris Sepn1-/- a constitué l’outil central permettant de répondre à ces objectifs.Les principaux résultats ont révélé une sensibilité particulière des souris Sepn1-/- à certains agents inducteurs de stress oxydatif ou réticulaire. J’ai également caractérisé le modèle Sepn1-/- par séquençage haut débit, en comparant les muscles paravertébraux d’animaux Sepn1-/- et sauvages. Les résultats montrent que malgré l’absence de phénotype musculaire, il y a activation de 580 gènes codant pour des protéines secrétées et mettent en avant l’activation d’un certain nombre de voies métaboliques. Ces résultats participent à une meilleure caractérisation du rôle de la sélénoprotéine N dans le réticulum endoplasmique. / Oxidative stress response plays a major function in the adaptation of biological systems. Selenoproteins have a main role in oxidative stress control. Mutations in the gene coding for the selenoprotein N (SelN) cause different muscular dystrophies in Humans but the molecular function of SelN is still unknown. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the molecular function of SelN, and its role in Redox regulation mechanisms. The Sepn1-/- mouse model was a central tool to reach those objectives.The key results revealed a higher sensibility of Sepn1-/- mice to specific oxidative or reticular stress inducers. Moreover, the Sepn1-/- mouse model was characterized by high throughput sequencing, comparing gene expression of paravertebral muscle of Sepn1-/- and wild type animals. Results showed activation of 580 genes in Sepn1-/- mice despite the absence of muscular phenotype in those conditions. Activated genes are coding for secreted proteins and indicated the activation of several metabolic pathways. Those results participated to Sel N function determination in the endoplasmic reticulum.

La biogénèse des ribosomes consiste à assembler les ARN ribosomiques (ARNr) et les protéines ribosomiques de la petite sous unité (RPSs) ou de la grande sous unité (RPLs) afin de former les sous unités 40S et 60S du ribosome. Ce processus est l’un des plus complexes des cellules dont il utilise une grande quantité des ressources. Un taux élevé de biogénèse des ribosomes est une caractéristique de la prolifération cellulaire dans les conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques. L’inhibition de la biogénèse des ribosomes active un checkpoint du cycle cellulaire qui induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire, et selon le contexte, l’apoptose. L’activation de ce checkpoint est due au facteur suppresseur de tumeur p53 qui s’accumule lorsque la biogénèse des ribosomes est inhibée grâce à l’inhibition de son facteur de dégradation, l’ubiquitine ligase E3 MDM2. Cette inhibition de MDM2 se fait par la fixation d’un complexe formé par les protéines ribosomiques RPL11 et RPL5 et l’ARNr 5S. Des études ont montré le potentiel thérapeutique de l’activation de ce checkpoint dans des cancers caractérisés par une biogenèse ribosomique élevée. Par contre l’activation de p53 semble avoir un rôle pathologique dans les ribosomopathies, un ensemble de pathologies causées par un défaut dans la biogénèse des ribosomes comme l’anémie macrocytaire de Diamond-Blackfan (ABD). p53 est clairement impliqué dans les effets anti-prolifératifs de l’inhibition de la biogénèse des ribosomes, cependant de nombreuses évidences montrent l’existence de mécanismes indépendants de p53 qui affectent l’homéostasie cellulaire. On observe par exemple dans l’ABD, des mutations de RPL11/RPL5 dont la déplétion in-vitro n’induit pas p53. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à élucider les mécanismes mis en place par les cellules pour répondre à l’inhibition de la biogénèse des ribosomes, dans un modèle in-vitro de lignées cellulaires. Dans ces lignées, nous avons inhibé la biogénèse des ribosomes par déplétion des RPs de la grande ou de la petite sous unité, indépendamment de l’induction ou pas de p53, à savoir, RPs6, RPL7a et RPL11. Nous avons mis en évidence des liens entre l’inhibition de la biogénèse des ribosomes et l’homéostasie du réticulum endoplasmique, ou la régulation de l’expression de gènes du métabolisme tels que l’enzyme oncogénique PHGDH. / Ribosome biogenesis is the process that leads to the assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins of the small (RPS) or the large (RPL) subunit into ribosomal 40S and 60S subunits. This is a highly complex process in the cells which uses a large amount of energy and resources. High rate of ribosome biogenesis is a trait of cell proliferation in physiological or pathogenic conditions. Inhibition of ribosome biogenesis activates a cell cycle checkpoint which induces a cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Activation of this checkpoint is due to the inhibition of ubiquitin ligase E3 MDM2, which does not anymore address the tumor suppressor factor p53 to proteasome. The p53 tumor suppressor factor then accumulates in cells and blocks the cell cycle progression. The inhibition of MDM2 is caused by the binding of a complex formed by RPL11, RPL5 and rRNA 5S. Few studies reveal that activation of this checkpoint has a therapeutic effect on cancer cells characterized by high rate of ribosome biogenesis. However, p53 activation seems to have pathogenic effects in ribosomopathies, a set of disorders characterized by ribosome biogenesis impairment, like Diamond-Balckfan macrocytic anemia (DBA). It is clear that p53 has anti-proliferative effects when ribosome biogenesis is inhibited, but evidences show that p53independants mechanisms also exist. In DBA for example, mutations in RPL5 and RPL11 that do not lead to p53 activation are observed. The goal of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanisms induced in response to inhibition of ribosome biogenesis. These investigations have been performed in an in-vitro system of cell lines. In those cell lines, ribosome biogenesis has been inhibited by depletion of RPs of the 40S or 60S ribosomal independently of p53 status. We brought out links between inhibition of ribosome biogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, or metabolic genes expression regulation like oncogene PHGDH.

Le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) est le premier compartiment intracellulaire traversé par la voie de sécrétion des protéines. Au sein de cet organite, les protéines destinées à la sécrétion, à la membrane ou les protéines résidentes de la voie de sécrétion acquièrent une conformation native, et subissent une multitude de modifications post-traductionnelles incluant la glycosylation et la formation de ponts disulfures intra et intermoléculaires. Généralement, seules les protéines bien conformées sont véhiculées hors du RE grâce à un système de surveillance très fin dont le rôle est de vérifier la conformation correcte des protéines, de retenir les protéines mal conformées jusqu’à ce qu’elles atteignent une conformation adéquate ou de les adresser à la dégradation. Malgré le nombre important de protéines traversant la voie de sécrétion et de pathologies affectant le processus de repliement, seul un petit nombre de protéines ont été décrites dans le système de surveillance du RE et le système de repliement/dégradation qui lui est associé. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai participé à la mise en place d’une stratégie expérimentale permettant d’isoler des facteurs impliqués dans le système de surveillance du repliement des protéines. Cette méthodologie nous a permis d’identifier et de caractériser la protéine AGR2 (Anterior Gradient 2), un membre putatif de la famille des Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) qui semble interagir très précocement avec les polypeptides en voie de synthèse. Les résultats de notre étude fonctionnelle suggèrent qu’AGR2 joue un rôle dans l’homéostasie basale du RE et intervient spécifiquement dans la régulation de la dégradation des protéines mal conformées. L’étude du rôle moléculaire ce nouvel acteur du système de surveillance du RE pourrait permettre de progresser dans la compréhension de ce processus crucial pour l’homéostasie cellulaire. / The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the first intracellular compartment encountered by secretory proteins. In this organelle, secretory proteins and integral membrane proteins acquire their correct conformation and undergo many post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation or disulfide bond formation. To ensure that proteins are properly folded, the ER has evolved a quality control system achieving surveillance on the protein folding status. Partially folded or misfolded proteins are not allowed to escape this compartment and remain in the ER or are taken in charge by the degradation machinery. About one third of the genome products mature in the ER, however thus far an apparently small number of quality control actors have been identified as being responsible for the survey of these proteins’s conformation. The importance of understanding principles regulating this mechanism is highlighted by the number of protein-misfolding human diseases. During my PhD thesis, I participate to a study aiming at discovering novel constituents of the ER quality control system. Our approach led to the identification and the characterization of Anterior Gradient 2 protein (AGR2) a potential member of the PDI-like family that interacts with nascent translocating polypeptides. The results of a functional study show that AGR2 is implicated in basal ER homeostasis and participates in the quality control capacity of the ER by specifically regulating the degradation of terminally misfolded proteins.