Residential building sector accounts for significant share of primary energy demand in Sweden. Worldwide, generation from photovoltaic (PV) distributed energy resources is increasing, yet their potential in Sweden has been underdeveloped, in particular due to high system costs. Recent drop in module prices could however trigger more interest in such systems. In this thesis, the financial performance of residential PV plant utilizing the most recent data is carried out. The specific aim is to determine whether private investment into a PV system can be cost-effective. In the analysis, a grid-connected PV microgenerator with nominal power of 5.5 kWp, 34 m2 of arrays and 6 kW inverter is assessed. Expected lifetime of the system is 25 years, where 80% of the electricity output is self-consumed and 20% fed back to the main grid. Discount and escalation rates are utilized to calculate simple payback period, net present value, benefit-cost ratio, cost of conserved energy and internal rate of return (IRR) of the investment. Further, a scenario analysis is worked out to determine the change in the microgenerator’s performance outside of baseline set of parameters. The results are presented both under the default market conditions and with the inclusion of government support mechanisms. The PV plant did not financially perform well under the default conditions. State rebates and tax credit significantly enhanced the results and contributed to the cost-effectiveness of the investment. In the baseline scenario with government support, significant positive results in all the metrics used in the financial appraisal were yielded. The IRR also indicated that loans at various interest rates could be obtained to finance the PV system. The study emphasized the necessity of government support if a faster uptake of distributed PV systems is desired in Sweden. The results of this thesis can be utilized by potential investors (consumers) in their decision-making process, especially when they face an opportunity cost of investment. / COMPLEX - Knowledge Based Climate Mitigation Systems for a Low Carbon Economy, a EU FP7 project (2012-2016)

As regras de operação adotadas para cada reservatório de um sistema hidroelétrico composto por várias usinas em cascata podem alterar de forma significativa a quantidade total de energia produzida. A regra de operação de reservatórios (ROR) mais adotada atualmente é a da operação em paralelo, segundo a qual os reservatórios mantêm o mesmo percentual em volume de armazenamento. Esta regra é reconhecidamente inconveniente, não refletindo a realidade operativa das usinas. No sistema brasileiro adota-se também a regra de operação em paralelo por faixas, onde agora os reservatórios são divididos em faixas e dentro destas opera-se em paralelo. Este método gera o problema de se determinar faixas convenientes para as usinas, de acordo com suas posições na cascata, o que ainda não foi feito de forma eficiente. A determinação das ROR para usinas hidroelétricas em cascata tem uma grande importância para o planejamento da operação energética de sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência. Ela é necessária no procedimento de agregação para obtenção do reservatório equivalente de energia assim como para estabelecer políticas de defluência utilizadas nos modelos de simulação, tendo um papel importante na metodologia de operação do Sistema Brasileiro. Neste trabalho, faz-se uma análise do comportamento ótimo dos reservatórios em cascata através de um modelo determinístico de otimização não-linear a usinas individualizadas. A seguir propõe-se um método para a obtenção de regras de operação otimizadas de reservatórios que estabelece uma relação entre o estado individual de armazenamento dos reservatórios e o estado agregado de armazenagem do sistema. Estas regras são representadas por curvas ou equações que procuram refletir, em média, as condições de operação ótima do sistema, reproduzindo desta forma uma operação mais próxima da real. Finalmente, faz-se uma comparação das ROR\'s assim obtidas e a regra de operação em paralelo, através da simulação da operação de um subsistema do Sistema Sudeste Brasileiro, e também pela montagem de reservatórios equivalentes de energia com as duas regras, mostrando-se em ambos os casos a melhor adequação das novas regras. / The operation rules adopted for each reservoir of a hydroelectric system, compound by several power plants in cascade, can modify, in a significant way, the total quantity of produced energy. The parallel operation is nowadays the most used reservoir operation rule (ROR). By this all the reservoirs maintain the same percentage of the total volume. This is a recognized improper rule that does not represent the operation reality of the power plants. The determination of the ROR\'s for cascade hydroelectric power plants is of great importance for the energetic operation planning of the hydroelectric power systems. The ROR\'s are necessary in the aggregation process for obtaining the composite representation of a multireservoir hydroelectric system ad also to give the flow down decision in the simulation models. Therefore, these rules are very important in the Brazilian System operation methodology. In this work the optimal behavior of cascade reservoirs is analyzed through a deterministic non-linear optimization model with individual representation of the power plant. Then, a method for this acquisition of optimized ROR\'s is proposed. In these rules a relationship between the reservoirs\' storage individual state and the system storage aggregate state is found. These rules are represented by curves or equations that aim to reflect, in average, the conditions of the system optimal operation, in this way representing an operation closer to reality. Finally, using a subsystem of the Brazilian Southeast System, a comparison of the obtained ROR\'s and parallel rule is made. Also, a composite representation is made with the two rules. In both cases the better behavior of the new rules is demonstrated.

Governments and utility organizations around the world have mandated and provided incentives for new distributed renewable energy generation (DREG) capacity, and market projections indicate strong growth in distributed renewable energy generation installations in the coming years. New distributed renewable energy generation utilities, by definition, will be primarily located in built environments near consumers; these utilities are often planned and designed by landscape architects, yet no evidence-based, distributed renewable energy generation research is explicitly done by landscape architects or recognizes the role landscape architects play in planning and designing these spaces. The research and analysis provided by this study indicates that distributed renewable energy generation lacks a strong foundation as an independent concept which could benefit from clear broad phraseology linked to organized sub-terms/phrases for specific forms of DREG, that there has been some research done on topics familiar to landscape architects, that more needs to be done to meet important research questions and recommendations already posed, and that landscape architects are positioned to contribute to future distributed renewable energy generation research.

In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable environment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power has been established as the fastest growing alternative energy source in the world. This extremely fast growth is brought about, mainly, by government policies and support mechanisms world-wide. Solar PV technology that was once limited to specialized applications and considered very expensive, with low efficiency, is becoming more efficient and affordable. Solar PV promises to be a major contributor of the future global energy mix due to its minimal running costs, zero emissions and steadily declining module and inverter costs. With the expanding practice of managing decentralized power systems around the world, the role of private investors is increasing. Thus, the perspective of all stakeholders in the power system, including private investors, has to be considered in the optimal planning of the grid. An abundance of literature is available to address the central planning authority’s perspective; however, optimal planning from an investor’s perspective is not widely available. Therefore, this thesis focuses on private investors’ perspective. An optimization model and techniques to facilitate a prospective investor to arrive at an optimal investment plan in large-scale solar PV generation projects are proposed and discussed in this thesis. The optimal set of decisions includes the location, sizing and time of investment that yields the highest profit. The mathematical model considers various relevant issues associated with PV projects such as location-specific solar radiation levels, detailed investment costs representation, and an approximate representation of the transmission system. A detailed case study considering the investment in large-scale solar PV projects in Ontario, Canada, is presented and discussed, demonstrating the practical application and usefulness of the proposed methodology and tools.

In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable environment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power has been established as the fastest growing alternative energy source in the world. This extremely fast growth is brought about, mainly, by government policies and support mechanisms world-wide. Solar PV technology that was once limited to specialized applications and considered very expensive, with low efficiency, is becoming more efficient and affordable. Solar PV promises to be a major contributor of the future global energy mix due to its minimal running costs, zero emissions and steadily declining module and inverter costs. With the expanding practice of managing decentralized power systems around the world, the role of private investors is increasing. Thus, the perspective of all stakeholders in the power system, including private investors, has to be considered in the optimal planning of the grid. An abundance of literature is available to address the central planning authority’s perspective; however, optimal planning from an investor’s perspective is not widely available. Therefore, this thesis focuses on private investors’ perspective. An optimization model and techniques to facilitate a prospective investor to arrive at an optimal investment plan in large-scale solar PV generation projects are proposed and discussed in this thesis. The optimal set of decisions includes the location, sizing and time of investment that yields the highest profit. The mathematical model considers various relevant issues associated with PV projects such as location-specific solar radiation levels, detailed investment costs representation, and an approximate representation of the transmission system. A detailed case study considering the investment in large-scale solar PV projects in Ontario, Canada, is presented and discussed, demonstrating the practical application and usefulness of the proposed methodology and tools.

We all take for granted that if we press the switch, the lights turn on; that to charge our phone we just need to plug-in the charger and that food is always safely stored in our fridge. but what would happen in the event of a blackout? are we really conscious of how much we rely on electricity? could we survive without it, even for a few days?The current electricity network is strongly centralised, with electricity generated in large power plants and distributed through transmission networks to the final consumers. With increasing energy demand and renewable energies entering the scene, centralised systems have proven to be very stiff: lacking the flexibility to adapt to sudden demand fluctuations and being unable to deal with strong peaks, with the consequent risk of blackouts.Small, decentralised energy systems can be placed closed to the consumers, avoiding distribution losses and adding flexibility to the network. In particular, small cogeneration units can simultaneously generate heat and electricity; thus, also fulfilling our heating requirements and increasing energy efficiency. However, when there is no or little heat demand (e.g. during the summer), the heat produced by the cogeneration engines cannot be utilised and they need to be shut down. This is the reason why small-scale cogeneration cycles are rarely seen and have not been widely adopted yet.This PhD focuses on the injection of water in a specific small-scale cogeneration technology, the micro gas turbine (mGT) cycle. Thanks to water injection, the production of heat and electricity is decoupled; therefore, the operation of the units is not anymore dependant on the heating demand and they can be used any time during the year. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the numerical, experimental and economic aspects of the so-known micro Humid Air Turbine cycle. The aim is to bring mGTs closer to the market so as to contribute to a more secure, future energy network, where blackouts are avoided at all times. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

As regras de operação adotadas para cada reservatório de um sistema hidroelétrico composto por várias usinas em cascata podem alterar de forma significativa a quantidade total de energia produzida. A regra de operação de reservatórios (ROR) mais adotada atualmente é a da operação em paralelo, segundo a qual os reservatórios mantêm o mesmo percentual em volume de armazenamento. Esta regra é reconhecidamente inconveniente, não refletindo a realidade operativa das usinas. No sistema brasileiro adota-se também a regra de operação em paralelo por faixas, onde agora os reservatórios são divididos em faixas e dentro destas opera-se em paralelo. Este método gera o problema de se determinar faixas convenientes para as usinas, de acordo com suas posições na cascata, o que ainda não foi feito de forma eficiente. A determinação das ROR para usinas hidroelétricas em cascata tem uma grande importância para o planejamento da operação energética de sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência. Ela é necessária no procedimento de agregação para obtenção do reservatório equivalente de energia assim como para estabelecer políticas de defluência utilizadas nos modelos de simulação, tendo um papel importante na metodologia de operação do Sistema Brasileiro. Neste trabalho, faz-se uma análise do comportamento ótimo dos reservatórios em cascata através de um modelo determinístico de otimização não-linear a usinas individualizadas. A seguir propõe-se um método para a obtenção de regras de operação otimizadas de reservatórios que estabelece uma relação entre o estado individual de armazenamento dos reservatórios e o estado agregado de armazenagem do sistema. Estas regras são representadas por curvas ou equações que procuram refletir, em média, as condições de operação ótima do sistema, reproduzindo desta forma uma operação mais próxima da real. Finalmente, faz-se uma comparação das ROR\'s assim obtidas e a regra de operação em paralelo, através da simulação da operação de um subsistema do Sistema Sudeste Brasileiro, e também pela montagem de reservatórios equivalentes de energia com as duas regras, mostrando-se em ambos os casos a melhor adequação das novas regras. / The operation rules adopted for each reservoir of a hydroelectric system, compound by several power plants in cascade, can modify, in a significant way, the total quantity of produced energy. The parallel operation is nowadays the most used reservoir operation rule (ROR). By this all the reservoirs maintain the same percentage of the total volume. This is a recognized improper rule that does not represent the operation reality of the power plants. The determination of the ROR\'s for cascade hydroelectric power plants is of great importance for the energetic operation planning of the hydroelectric power systems. The ROR\'s are necessary in the aggregation process for obtaining the composite representation of a multireservoir hydroelectric system ad also to give the flow down decision in the simulation models. Therefore, these rules are very important in the Brazilian System operation methodology. In this work the optimal behavior of cascade reservoirs is analyzed through a deterministic non-linear optimization model with individual representation of the power plant. Then, a method for this acquisition of optimized ROR\'s is proposed. In these rules a relationship between the reservoirs\' storage individual state and the system storage aggregate state is found. These rules are represented by curves or equations that aim to reflect, in average, the conditions of the system optimal operation, in this way representing an operation closer to reality. Finally, using a subsystem of the Brazilian Southeast System, a comparison of the obtained ROR\'s and parallel rule is made. Also, a composite representation is made with the two rules. In both cases the better behavior of the new rules is demonstrated.

Orientador: Alberto Luiz Francato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deantoni_VictordeBarros_M.pdf: 2817178 bytes, checksum: 1c05a50aa818606a82c052b88f62c14d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O planejamento da operação do setor elétrico brasileiro é realizado com base em modelos que por meio de otimização determinam a geração de energia de fontes térmicas e hidráulicas. Utilizando a técnica de otimização estocástica robusta possibilita-se a análise com um conjunto de cenários históricos, com o objetivo de determinar a operação do primeiro intervalo de tempo do horizonte de planejamento, e assim obter uma solução que não necessariamente seja a melhor para um determinado cenário, mas sim uma solução que seja interessante para qualquer um dos cenários que possam ocorrer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi criar uma nova versão do modelo SolverSIN com um módulo de otimização estocástica robusta, chamado de SolverSINR, esse novo modelo permite o planejamento da operação considerando um conjunto de cenários históricos. As séries históricas são obtidas do relatório do programa mensal de operação, que é um arquivo de saída do NEWAVE. Para organização dessas séries foi desenvolvido um aplicativo chamado SHENA. O novo modelo apresentou resultados coerentes em comparação com o modelo SolverSIN determinístico e mostrou valores viáveis para a operação de reservatórios. A ferramenta permite a otimização assumindo a hipótese de repetição de uma série histórica. O modelo SolverSINR vem a contribuir como mais uma alternativa de avaliação crítica às políticas operacionais do SIN implementadas pelos modelos oficiais do SEB. Durante a avaliação de resultados notou-se que uma restrição de geração hidráulica mínima para o subsistema Nordeste causava infactibilidade em alguns cenários, adotou-se uma variável de folga para solucionar esse problema. Destaca-se que houve factibilidade nos procedimentos de operação em tempo de processamento compatível com otimização estocástica de processos em equipamentos usais para tal tarefa / Abstract: The operation planning of the interconnected power generation Brazilian system is carried out based on models through deterministic optimization power generation from thermal and hydraulic sources. Using the robust stochastic optimization technique enables the analysis grounded in a set of historical scenarios, in order to determine the operation of the first time interval of the planning horizon, and thus obtain a solution that is not necessarily the best for a selected scenario, but a solution that is interesting for any of the scenarios that might happen. The objective of this work was to create a new version of the model SolverSIN with a robust stochastic optimization module, called SolverSINR , this new model allows for the operation planning considering a set of historical scenarios . The time series is obtained from the monthly report called "pmo.dat" that is an output file from NEWAVE model. For organizing these series was developed an application called SHENA. The new model showed consistent results in comparison with the deterministic model (SolverSIN) and showed feasible values for reservoir operation. The tool allows the optimization under the assumption of repetition of a historical series. The model SolverSINR comes to contribute as an alternative assessment to critical operational policies implemented by SIN official models of SEB. During the evaluation of results was noted that a restriction of minimum hydraulic generation on Northeast subsystem caused infeasible answer in some scenarios, we adopted a penalty variable to solve this problem. It is noteworthy that there was feasibility in operating procedures in processing time compatible with stochastic optimization of processes in usual equipment for this task / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correia_JosedeCastro_D.pdf: 30507439 bytes, checksum: cbc0520f9c5d1ad8d9edfc60b70de14d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: O presente trabalho de tese de doutorado objetiva, essencialmente: determinar a viabilidade econômica da geração de energia elétrica em comunidades isoladas da Reserva Extrativista do Médio Juruá, no Município de Carauarí/AM, com emprego de óleos vegetais extraídos de oleaginosas nativas da região, utilizando o óleo de andiroba como estudo de caso; e apresentar a disponibilidade desta energia como meio para melhorar as condições de vida dos moradores destas comunidades...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: This present doctoral thesis essentially aims at determining the economical viability of electric energy generation in isolated communities of the Rio-Jurua Extractivist Reservation, in the municipal district of CarauarV AM, with the use of vegetal oils extracted from native oleaginous species of the area, using the andiroba oil as case study and present the availability of such energy as way to improve the life conditions of these communities...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Engenharia Mecanica / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

[pt] O efeito magnus é verificado experimentalmente em túnel de vento, para escoamentos com números de Reynolds variando de 1,3 x 10 elevado 4 a 4,3 x 10 elevado a 4. Os resultados são avaliados em termos absolutos e adimensionalizados. Levando-se em conta as incertezas provenientes do método de ensaio, são feitas comparações com da dos obtidos por outros pesquisadores. São avaliadas as possibilidades de utilização do efeito em captação de energia eolica, e é também realizado um estudo da influência da forma de Magnus na trajetória de projetis estabilizados giroscopicamente. / [en] The Magnus effect is experimentally studied in a wind tunnel for Reynolds number range from 1,3 x 10 (to) 4 to 4,3 x 10 (to) 4. The results are analysed and compared for both dimensionless and dimensionalized parameters. The uncertainties are estimated and the results compared to those of other investigators. The possibilities of utilization of Magnus effect in wind power generation are analyzed together with its influence in trajectories of spin-stabilized projectiles.