The promotion of sustainable development is an objective shared by African Union (AU) member states and the pursuance thereof is expressly mandated by the Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2000 and the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 1992. Lack of access to modern energy sources, such as electricity and the heavy reliance on traditional biomass as primary energy source are factors contributing to the non-achievement of the promotion of sustainable development. These factors are collectively referred to as energy poverty. The African Continent as a whole has limited, and in some instances, lack access to modern energy sources while the majority of its population relies heavily on traditional biomass as primary energy source. Africa can accordingly be classified as an energy poor region–a situation which does not bode well for the promotion of sustainable development. Access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services and resources is fundamental to socio-economic development. Mitigating the impacts of energy poverty and more specifically lack of access to modern energy sources on the sustainable development of Africa depends upon ensuring increased access to modern energy sources. The above-mentioned instruments furthermore contain provisions which link regional cooperation on the formulation of coordinated regional law and policy on areas/matters of common concern with the achievement of the objective of promoting sustainable development in Africa. One of the areas of common concerns listed is that of energy. Regional cooperation must accordingly be geared towards the effective development of the continent‘s energy and natural resources; promoting the development of new and renewable energy in the framework of the policy of diversification of sources of energy; and establishing an adequate mechanism of concerted action and coordination for the collective solution of the energy development problems within the AU. The formulation of coordinated energy law and policy should take place with reference to the specific sources of energy to be regulated. In this regard, the provisions of the Abuja Treaty and other sub-regional energy access initiatives list various sources of energy as forming part of a diversified AU energy mix – one of which is nuclear energy. In this study recommendations are made as to what should be embodied in a coordinated AU regional nuclear legal framework aimed at regulating increased access to nuclear energy capable of contributing towards the promotion of sustainable development. The recommendations are based on an examination of relevant international, regional and sub-regional legal instruments and other initiatives. / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The promotion of sustainable development is an objective shared by African Union (AU) member states and the pursuance thereof is expressly mandated by the Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2000 and the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 1992. Lack of access to modern energy sources, such as electricity and the heavy reliance on traditional biomass as primary energy source are factors contributing to the non-achievement of the promotion of sustainable development. These factors are collectively referred to as energy poverty. The African Continent as a whole has limited, and in some instances, lack access to modern energy sources while the majority of its population relies heavily on traditional biomass as primary energy source. Africa can accordingly be classified as an energy poor region–a situation which does not bode well for the promotion of sustainable development. Access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services and resources is fundamental to socio-economic development. Mitigating the impacts of energy poverty and more specifically lack of access to modern energy sources on the sustainable development of Africa depends upon ensuring increased access to modern energy sources. The above-mentioned instruments furthermore contain provisions which link regional cooperation on the formulation of coordinated regional law and policy on areas/matters of common concern with the achievement of the objective of promoting sustainable development in Africa. One of the areas of common concerns listed is that of energy. Regional cooperation must accordingly be geared towards the effective development of the continent‘s energy and natural resources; promoting the development of new and renewable energy in the framework of the policy of diversification of sources of energy; and establishing an adequate mechanism of concerted action and coordination for the collective solution of the energy development problems within the AU. The formulation of coordinated energy law and policy should take place with reference to the specific sources of energy to be regulated. In this regard, the provisions of the Abuja Treaty and other sub-regional energy access initiatives list various sources of energy as forming part of a diversified AU energy mix – one of which is nuclear energy. In this study recommendations are made as to what should be embodied in a coordinated AU regional nuclear legal framework aimed at regulating increased access to nuclear energy capable of contributing towards the promotion of sustainable development. The recommendations are based on an examination of relevant international, regional and sub-regional legal instruments and other initiatives. / PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Submitted by Filipe Ortiz Falsete (filipefalsete@gmail.com) on 2014-01-13T02:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O IMPACTO DO PROGRAMA DE ELETRIFICAÇÃO NO BRASIL NA REDUÇÃO DE HOMICÍDIOS.docx: 2012954 bytes, checksum: b7c5190cae29830f6bcbfd5f41762c4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2014-01-13T12:27:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 O IMPACTO DO PROGRAMA DE ELETRIFICAÇÃO NO BRASIL NA REDUÇÃO DE HOMICÍDIOS.docx: 2012954 bytes, checksum: b7c5190cae29830f6bcbfd5f41762c4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-13T13:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O IMPACTO DO PROGRAMA DE ELETRIFICAÇÃO NO BRASIL NA REDUÇÃO DE HOMICÍDIOS.docx: 2012954 bytes, checksum: b7c5190cae29830f6bcbfd5f41762c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / This paper analyzes benefits acquired by a higher level of electricity access, evaluating if the natural experiment “Luz Para Todos”, a Brazilian social program may effect crime reduction. Among the many befits provided by electrification, it is noticed a improvement in health, income and information access. Criminality is one of the most concerning issues in Brazilian politics, in spite of much effort to lower criminal rates they are still high. Homicide rates, analyzed variable in this study, is comparable to countries in civil war, situating in approximately 27 murders per a 100,000 inhabitants in this decade. Considering the importance of this subject, aiming to increase society well-being, searching for efficient alternatives in which significant results can be achieved at lower costs is essential. Thus, central idea consists in the fact of widening electricity energy access may give an additional option to policy makers seeking for crime reduction and this policy is able to be included in already formulated ones. Using panel models with fixed effects and later a more adequate methodology of instrumental variable, results achieved demonstrates that an increase in electricity energy access to households in one city, affects a significant reduction in crime rates for North and Northeast Brazilian regions the poorest and most affected by the program. In detailed analysis, dividing crimes by place of death register, it was noticed a reduction in public street crimes, indicating a benefit caused for public lighting as a preventive factor working as a crime combative effect. / Este trabalho analisa os benefícios que podem ser obtidos por meio de um maior acesso à rede elétrica e avalia através do programa 'Luz Para Todos' se entre uma das vantagens pode ser verificada uma redução na atividade criminosa. Entre os benefícios já verificados pelo aumento na eletrificação estão: a melhora na saúde, na renda e no acesso à informação. Quanto à criminalidade, trata-se de um dos temas que mais preocupa os brasileiros e, embora exista esforço para reduzi-la, seus índices continuam altos. A taxa de homicídios, variável a ser analisada neste estudo, se assemelha a países em guerra civil, situando-se ao longo desta década no patamar de aproximadamente 27 homicídios por cem mil habitantes. Dada a importância do tema, buscar alternativas eficientes com efeitos significativos e custos menores em tecnologias de combate ao crime é fundamental, tendo em vista o aumento do bem-estar da sociedade. Assim, a ideia central consiste em que a ampliação do acesso à energia elétrica pode fornecer uma ferramenta adicional aos formuladores de política para redução na criminalidade e pode ser vinculada a outras ferramentas já existentes de combate ao crime. Por meio de regressões em painel com efeitos fixos e pela metodologia mais adequada de variáveis instrumentais com efeitos fixos, um resultado encontrado é que o aumento no acesso à energia elétrica nos domicílios de um município gera uma redução significativa na taxa de homicídio das regiões Norte e Nordeste, as mais carentes do país que também são as mais propensas a possuírem municípios elegíveis ao programa. Também em análise mais detalhada em que foram seccionados os crimes por local de registro da morte, é verificada uma redução naqueles registrados em vias públicas, indicando que a iluminação pública pode ser um fator preventivo no combate ao crime. Por meio de regressões em painel com efeitos fixos e pela metodologia mais adequada de variáveis instrumentais com efeitos fixos, um resultado encontrado é que o aumento no acesso à energia elétrica nos domicílios de um município gera uma redução significativa na taxa de homicídio das regiões Norte e Nordeste, as mais carentes do país que também são as mais propensas a possuírem municípios elegíveis ao programa. Também em análise mais detalhada em que foram seccionados os crimes por local de registro da morte, é verificada uma redução naqueles registrados em vias públicas, indicando que a iluminação pública pode ser um fator preventivo no combate ao crime.

Problems in the public policy decision-making environments are typically complex and continuously evolve. In a resource-constrained environment, several alternatives, criteria, and conflicting objectives must be considered. As a result, solutions to these types of problems cannot be modelled solely using single-criteria techniques. It has been observed that most techniques used to shape energy policy and planning either produce sub-optimal solutions or use strong assumptions about the preferences of decision-maker(s). This difficulty creates a compelling need to develop novel techniques that can handle several alternatives, multiple criteria and conflicting objectives to support public sector decision-making processes. First, the study presents a novel scenario-based multi-objective optimisation framework based on the augmented Chebychev goal programming (GP) technique linked to a value function for analysing a decision environment underlying energy choice among low-income households in isolated rural areas and informal urban settlements in South Africa. The framework developed includes a multi-objective optimisation technique that produced an approximation of a Pareto front linked to an a priori aggregation function and a value function to select the best alternatives. Second, the study used this model to demonstrate the benefits of applying the framework to a previously unknown subject in public policy: a dynamic multi-technology decision problem under uncertainty involving multiple stakeholders and conflicting objectives. The results obtained suggest that while it is cost-optimal to pursue electrification in conjunction with other short-term augmentation solutions to meet South Africa's universal electrification target, sustainable energy access rates among low-income households can be achieved by increasing the share of clean energy generation technologies in the energy mix. This study, therefore, challenges the South African government's position on pro-poor energy policies and an emphasis on grid-based electrification to increase energy access. Instead, the study calls for a portfolio-based intervention. The study advances interventions based on micro-grid electrification made up of solar photovoltaics (PV), solar with storage, combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) and wind technologies combined with either bioethanol fuel or liquid petroleum gas (LPG). The study has demonstrated that the framework developed can benefit public sector decision-makers in providing a balanced regime of technical, financial, social, environmental, public health, political and economic aspects in the decision-making process for planning energy supply interventions for low-income households. The framework can be adapted to a wide range of energy access combinatorial problems and in countries grappling with similar energy access challenges.