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Globaler Institutionenwandel und nachhaltige globale öffentliche Gütersicherung:Ausgewählte globale institutionelle Arrangements im Vergleich und globale Förderinstrumentempfehlung für grünen Energietechnologiewandel beispielsweise in Nigeria / Global Institutional Change and Sustainable Safeguard of Global Public Goods: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Global Institutional Arrangements and Global Instrument for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technological Change - A Case Study of Nigeria.Onyeche, Jude Chima 14 May 2013 (has links)
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Relação peso-comprimento para 22 espécies de peixes do Reservatório de Salto Santiago, Rio Iguaçu, Paraná / Weight-length relationship for 22 fish species of the Salto Santiago Reservoir, Iguaçu, River, BrazilHorlando, Solange da Silva 10 August 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / In this study, we analyzed the length-weight relationship of 22 fish species Reservoir Salto Santiago, Rio Iguaçu, Paraná. For 10 of the species studied, was pronounced sexual dimorphism in weight-length relationships, where fêrmeas grew more than males, due to their greater investment in reproduction. For 12 of the remaining species did not differ between sexes (the ANCOVA was not significant), so a relationship was present only for the species, encompassing both sexes, there was no difference in allometric growth between males and females. The value of b for 15 species was greater than 3, indicating a higher investment than in wt growth. As for seven species the value of b was less than 3, indicating a greater increase in growth by weight. / Neste trabalho foram analisados a relação peso-comprimento de 22 espécies de peixes do Reservatório de Salto Santiago, Rio Iguaçu, Paraná. Para 10 das espécies estudadas, houve dimorfismo sexual pronunciado nas relações peso-comprimento, onde as fêrmeas cresceram mais que os machos, conseqüência de seu maior investimento em reprodução. Para 12 das espécies restantes não houve diferenças entre os sexos (a ANCOVA não foi significativa), dessa forma foi apresentado somente uma relação para a espécie, englobando ambos os sexos; não houve diferença no crescimento alométrico entre machos e fêmeas. O valor de b para 15 espécies foi maior que 3, indicando um investimento maior em peso do que em crescimento. Já para 7 espécies o valor de b foi menor que 3, indicando maior aumento em crescimento que em peso.
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Stochastic Modeling of Electricity Prices and the Impact on Balancing Power Investments / Stokastisk modellering av elpriser och effekten på investeringar i balanskraftRuthberg, Richard, Wogenius, Sebastian January 2016 (has links)
Introducing more intermittent renewable energy sources in the energy system makes the role of balancing power more important. Furthermore, an increased infeed from intermittent renewable energy sources also has the effect of creating lower and more volatile electricity prices. Hence, investing in balancing power is prone to high risks with respect to expected profits, which is why a good representation of electricity prices is vital in order to motivate future investments. We propose a stochastic multi-factor model to be used for simulating the long-run dynamics of electricity prices as input to investment valuation of power generation assets. In particular, the proposed model is used to assess the impact of electricity price dynamics on investment decisions with respect to balancing power generation, where a combined heat and power plant is studied in detail. Since the main goal of the framework is to create a long-term representation of electricity prices so that the distributional characteristics of electricity prices are maintained, commonly cited as seasonality, mean reversion and spikes, the model is evaluated in terms of yearly duration which describes the distribution of electricity prices over time. The core aspects of the framework are derived from the mean-reverting Pilipovic model of commodity prices, but where we extend the assumptions in a multi-factor framework by adding a functional link to the supply- and demand for power as well as outdoor temperature. On average, using the proposed model as a way to represent future prices yields a maximum 9 percent overand underprediction of duration respectively, a result far better than those obtained by simpler models such as a seasonal profile or mean estimates which do not incorporate the full characteristics of electricity prices. Using the different aspects of the model, we show that variations of electricity prices have a large impact on the investment decision with respect to balancing power. The realized value of the flexibility to produce electricity in a combined heat and power plant is calculated, which yields a valuation close to historical realized values. Compared with simpler models, this is a significant improvement. Finally, we show that by including characteristics such as non-constant volatility and spiky behavior in investment decisions, the expected value of balancing power generators, such as combined heat and power plants, increases. / I takt med att fler intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor tillför el i dagens energisystem, blir också balanskraftens roll i dessa system allt viktigare. Vidare så har en ökning av andelen intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor även effekten att de bidrar till lägre men också mer volatila elpriser. Därmed är även investeringar i balanskraft kopplade till stora risker med avseende på förväntade vinster, vilket gör att en god representation av elpriser är central vid investeringsbeslut. Vi föreslår en stokastisk flerfaktormodell för att simulera den långsiktiga dynamiken i elpriser som bas för värdering av generatortillgångar. Mer specifikt används modellen till att utvärdera effekten av elprisers dynamik på investeringsbeslut med avseende på balanskraft, där ett kraftvärmeverk studeras i detalj. Eftersom huvudmålet med ramverket är att skapa en långsiktig representation av elpriser så att deras fördelningsmässiga karakteristika bevaras, vilket i litteraturen citeras som regression mot medelvärde, säsongsvariationer, hög volatilitet och spikar, så utvärderas modellen i termer av årlig prisvaraktighet som beskriver fördelningen av elpriser över tid. Kärnan i ramverket utgår från Pilipovic-modellen av råvarupriser, men där vi utvecklar antaganden i ett flerfaktorramverk genom att lägga till en länkfunktion till tillgång- och efterfrågan på el samt utomhustemperatur. Vid användande av modellen som ett sätt att representera framtida priser, fås en maximal över- och underprediktion av prisvaraktighet om 9 procent, ett resultat som är bättre än det som ges av enklare modellering såsom säsongsprofiler eller enkla medelvärdesestimat som inte tar hänsyn till elprisernas fulla karakteristika. Till sist visar vi med modellens olika komponenter att variationer i elpriser, och därmed antaganden som används i långsiktig modellering, har stor betydelse med avseende på investeringsbeslut i balanskraft. Det realiserade värdet av flexibiliteten att producera el för ett kraftvärmeverk beräknas, vilket ger en värdering nära faktiska realiserade värden baserade på historiska priser och som enklare modeller inte kan konkurrera med. Slutligen visar detta också att inkluderandet av icke-konstant volatilitet och spikkarakteristika i investeringsbeslut ger ett högre förväntat värde av tillgångar som kan producera balanskraft, såsom kraftvärmeverk.
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