Relations between the EU and its neighbour countries and regions are very important for either side. One of the topics which joins them is the energy resource issue. Daily, millions of barrels of oil and billions of cubic meter of natural gas flow through this area into Europe. This diploma thesis deals exactly with this matter, e.i. European Union's energy security. It is a very topical, discussed but above all for the EU important theme. The purpose of this thesis is to connect the conception of EU's energy security through the European Neighbourhood Policy, e.i. the policy which the EU has established to create stability and prosperity with the neighbour regions of North Africa, Near East, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus states. The outcome of this paper should be to evaluate the potential of the countries in the European neighbourhood and the potential of the neighbourhood policy for strengthening the EU security policy, that means to summarize the possibilities for effective co-operation in the field of energy and to say if this co-operation could strengthen European Union's energy security.

In this study, it was investigated how individual households could manage security of supply during an outage by installing a local energy system that could operate independently from the electricity grid. By installing local renewable off-grid energy systems, households could guarantee an uninterrupted supply of energy even during an outage on the electricity grid, while also increasing their energy autonomy during normal circumstances. The results showed that managing an outage during summer was fairly easy. Due to high electricity production, a small energy storage was enough to manage an outage during summer. However, managing an outage during winter was more critical. During winter, the systems needed to be almost fully reliant on the energy storage. This significantly increased the cost of these systems. Due to the high cost for the energy systems today, it was not considered a feasible solution to improve energy security at a national level. However, at a local level, this was considered to have the potential to improve energy security. First, it could to be of interest for people who already have installed solar panels, who could add a battery and thereby be able to manage an outage during summer. Second, it could be of interest for people who are more exposed to outages or have a low trust in the system to work properly. Lastly, this could be of interest for actors for whom backup energy is important, for instance for the industry.

Essa dissertação pretende contribuir para despertar na sociedade brasileira a percepção da necessidade de um sistema de segurança energético robusto para assegurar a capacidade de pleno desenvolvimento das potencialidades da Nação e do bem-estar da sociedade, no presente e no futuro. Esse trabalho assevera que a ausência da cultura de prevenção, ao longo de nossa história, já provocou prejuízos econômicos significativos e ao não ser desenvolvida uma cultura proativa poder-se-á ter sérias consequências em face de novas ameaças que surgem no mundo. São definidos conceitos de segurança energética e as infraestruturas críticas relativas ao setor de energia. São apresentadas as iniciativas de muitos países em relação à garantia de fornecimento contínuo de energia e os caminhos adotados para solução do problema que fica mais complexo na medida em que se aumenta a interdependência. Geopolítica e segurança do Estado são colocados em evidência para fundamentar uma visão mais abrangente e profunda do problema de garantir acesso contínuo aos recursos energéticos de forma economicamente viável. Apresenta um panorama do setor energético no Brasil, abordando os subsetores que mais contribuem na matriz energética nacional - eletricidade, petróleo e energia nuclear, esta por ser importante do ponto de vista tecnológico. Relata contingências que levaram a mudanças no tratamento das questões de segurança energética e a proteção de infraestruturas críticas ao redor do mundo, identifica diferentes tipos de ameaças e discute os riscos e a gestão integrada dos mesmos. Enfatiza que o gestor público precisa considerar medidas de mitigação de riscos acompanhadas de ações no sentido de proteção das infraestruturas críticas. Defende a aplicação de solução tecnológica em plataforma orbital por meio de uma constelação de microssatélites de monitoramento. / This dissertation aims to contribute to the awakening of the Brazilian society to the need for a robust energy security system to ensure the capacity to fully develop the potential of the Nation and the welfare of society, both now and in the future. This work asserts that the absence of a culture of prevention throughout our history has already caused significant economic losses and, if a proactive culture is not developed, serious consequences can arise in face of new threats. Concepts of energy security and critical infrastructures relating to the energy sector are defined. Initiatives of many countries are presented regarding the guarantee of continuous supply of energy and the ways of solving problems, which becomes more complex as interdependence increases. Geopolitics and state security are highlighted to provide a broader and deeper vision of the problem of ensuring continued access to energy resources, in an economically viable way. The text presents an overview of the energy sector in Brazil, addressing the subsectors that contribute most to the national energy matrix - electricity, petroleum and nuclear energy, this last one due to its technological importance. Several contingencies that brought changes in the treatment of energy security issues and in the protection of critical infrastructures around the world are described. Different types of threats and discussing risks and their integrated management are discussed. The text emphasizes that the public officials have to consider risk mitigation measures accompanied by actions to protect critical infrastructures. It suggests the development of a solution based on an orbital platform with a constellation of monitoring microsatellites.

The issue of the energy security became widely discussed in the expert community and on several levels of the European policy during the recent years. The aim of this thesis is finding suitable tools of the energy policy of the EU and sketching of possible appearance of the energy mix in the next few decades. The first part describes the chosen methodology of the risk management. This is followed by the analysis of the current energy position of the EU. In the third part there are closely analyzed the particular factors of the risk, which enables a structured sight of the issue. The following chapter investigates current political struggle in energy questions on the European level. The consequences between the particular risk factors are evaluated in the last chapter using three scenarios of the possible future development. This analysis leads to prognosis of the energy mix in both the mid-term and the long-term horizon.

Energy is crucial for economic development of a country. It is very important for the Chinese leadership to ensure energy security of the country. China is the largest consumer of energy. Oil demand is surging and China imports more than a half of its consumption. Peking tries to get adequate supplies from abroad at reasonable prices. However, China faces serious dangers that could disrupt the imports. In order to avoid this risk, Peking builds strategic reserves, diversifies oil suppliers and transfer routes. The thesis examines in what measure diplomacy (through bilateral negotiations, development aid, economic incentives and military cooperation) helps China ensure its energy security.

The European Union has committed itself to a goal of reaching 20 % share of renewable energy in its total energy consumption by 2020. A corresponding goal is to reach a certain share of renewables in the sector of electricity generation. This paper examines whether the EU is able to reach its goals through its current public policy. First, obstacles preventing renewables from better market integration are identified. Then union soft- and hard-law legislative support of renewable sources of energy is discussed. Last chapter analyses the EU's response to the identified obstacles and its public policy in the field of renewables.

The aim of my thesis is to analyze the energy policy in Germany and its future development. There are many external and internal factors influencing the way how the energy policy is going to evolve. One of these factors is the common European energy policy. In order to cover its energy demand, EU is forced to establish a comprehensive energy policy on the European level. The increasing pressure caused by the combination of external and internal factors calls for better cooperation on this field. The key element of the future energy policy in EU will be the renewable sources of energy.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-14T18:13:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Fabiana Martins Santos.pdf: 8383121 bytes, checksum: f7d16bab97af00a7337e46522cf3712c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T18:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Fabiana Martins Santos.pdf: 8383121 bytes, checksum: f7d16bab97af00a7337e46522cf3712c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10 / CAPES / This study aims to clarify weather the Brazilian and Chinese energy policies respectively influence the energy security of both countries. In this perspective the research was divided in four sections: in the first section the concepts of politics and energy security were presented. The concepts used in this study were developed from the historic and theoretical data available in the literature through the analysis of security theories drawn from Barry Buzan studies. Sections two and three focus on the internal and external energy policies implemented in Brazil and in the People`s Republic of China (PRC). Both countries went through scarce electricity while facing great demand of this resource for their development in the first years of the 21st century. In the fourth section a comparison of these policies is presented aiming to comprehend if they influence the conception of security of these countries. The research was conducted using the mixed approach, through a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In addition to that, the comparative method was used to elaborate the discussion presented. The data showed that the internal and external politics used in Brazil and in the China are part of the energy security of the countries, both through the improvement of the energy sector and the increase in the access of the energy sources. / O presente trabalho objetiva esclarecer em que medida as políticas energéticas elaboradas pelo Brasil e pela República Popular da China influenciam na segurança dos seus setores energéticos. Para tanto, a pesquisa divide-se em quatro seções: na primeira foi realizada a conceituação de política e segurança energética utilizando-se do aparato histórico e teórico, por meio da análise das teorias de segurança da perspectiva de Barry Buzan, para compreender a formação de tais conceitos. Em seguida, nas seções dois e três, foram apresentadas as políticas energéticas, interna e externa, implantadas no Brasil e na RPC, após vivenciarem uma escassez de energia elétrica nos primeiros anos do século XXI e em virtude da crescente demanda. Na quarta e última seção, realizou-se a comparação dessas políticas no sentido de compreender se elas influenciam na concepção de segurança desses países. Para tal fim, a metodologia adotada norteia-se no enfoque misto, isto é, utilizando-se da análise qualitativa e quantitativa, além de aplicar o método comparativo para o embasamento da pesquisa. Deste modo, conclui-se que as políticas internas e externas do Brasil e China, utilizadas para o aperfeiçoamento do setor e maior acesso as fontes de energia, atuam na formação da segurança energética em ambos os países.

Essa dissertação pretende contribuir para despertar na sociedade brasileira a percepção da necessidade de um sistema de segurança energético robusto para assegurar a capacidade de pleno desenvolvimento das potencialidades da Nação e do bem-estar da sociedade, no presente e no futuro. Esse trabalho assevera que a ausência da cultura de prevenção, ao longo de nossa história, já provocou prejuízos econômicos significativos e ao não ser desenvolvida uma cultura proativa poder-se-á ter sérias consequências em face de novas ameaças que surgem no mundo. São definidos conceitos de segurança energética e as infraestruturas críticas relativas ao setor de energia. São apresentadas as iniciativas de muitos países em relação à garantia de fornecimento contínuo de energia e os caminhos adotados para solução do problema que fica mais complexo na medida em que se aumenta a interdependência. Geopolítica e segurança do Estado são colocados em evidência para fundamentar uma visão mais abrangente e profunda do problema de garantir acesso contínuo aos recursos energéticos de forma economicamente viável. Apresenta um panorama do setor energético no Brasil, abordando os subsetores que mais contribuem na matriz energética nacional - eletricidade, petróleo e energia nuclear, esta por ser importante do ponto de vista tecnológico. Relata contingências que levaram a mudanças no tratamento das questões de segurança energética e a proteção de infraestruturas críticas ao redor do mundo, identifica diferentes tipos de ameaças e discute os riscos e a gestão integrada dos mesmos. Enfatiza que o gestor público precisa considerar medidas de mitigação de riscos acompanhadas de ações no sentido de proteção das infraestruturas críticas. Defende a aplicação de solução tecnológica em plataforma orbital por meio de uma constelação de microssatélites de monitoramento. / This dissertation aims to contribute to the awakening of the Brazilian society to the need for a robust energy security system to ensure the capacity to fully develop the potential of the Nation and the welfare of society, both now and in the future. This work asserts that the absence of a culture of prevention throughout our history has already caused significant economic losses and, if a proactive culture is not developed, serious consequences can arise in face of new threats. Concepts of energy security and critical infrastructures relating to the energy sector are defined. Initiatives of many countries are presented regarding the guarantee of continuous supply of energy and the ways of solving problems, which becomes more complex as interdependence increases. Geopolitics and state security are highlighted to provide a broader and deeper vision of the problem of ensuring continued access to energy resources, in an economically viable way. The text presents an overview of the energy sector in Brazil, addressing the subsectors that contribute most to the national energy matrix - electricity, petroleum and nuclear energy, this last one due to its technological importance. Several contingencies that brought changes in the treatment of energy security issues and in the protection of critical infrastructures around the world are described. Different types of threats and discussing risks and their integrated management are discussed. The text emphasizes that the public officials have to consider risk mitigation measures accompanied by actions to protect critical infrastructures. It suggests the development of a solution based on an orbital platform with a constellation of monitoring microsatellites.

Energy access has gained a lot of attention following the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which under Goal 7 emphasizes the access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Energy is central in addressing the major global challenges of the 21st century, including poverty, climate change, famine to mention but a few; and yet a large number of people especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) still lack access to modern energy, such as electricity, natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) for lighting and cooking respectively. Initiatives have been taken at an international, regional and national level to address the issue of energy access, however, the problem continues to escalate in SSA. SSA countries have common energy challenges which could be tackled with common efforts through regional cooperation. Achieving cooperative outcomes can be difficult among countries on a bilateral basis. In this regard, the employment of a broader multi-country framework which can be utilized through the existing regional organizations and international organizations might be expected to lead to greater cooperation in the energy sector. This possibility is the springboard for the present research. In this thesis, I identify the key regional energy cooperative mechanisms employed by SSA regional organizations and ask whether these are efficient for tackling the challenge of energy access. The primary contribution of this work is to establish and propose a new method which could be employed by SSA regional bodies in both regulatory and infrastructural energy cooperative mechanisms to ensure that regional efforts are enhanced at the national level to tackle energy access and climate change challenges. I also propose a new definition of energy access which could be employed by regional and international organizations. This is much more than a matter of improving stipulative definitions: it is intended to contribute positively to an ongoing debate on the meaning of energy access and what such access entails.