INTRODUCTION Professional jockeys are considered elite sportsmen competing in a sport with certain weight restrictions. Horse racing is categorized as a “weight-making” sport where jockeys can benefit from attaining and/or maintaining a specific weight for competition. The minimum riding weight for professional jockeys and apprentice jockeys who are race riding is currently 52 kg. The lighter the jockey (i.e. the closer he can remain to the minimum weight of 52 kg) the more rides may be allocated to him (and the more money he will earn). This places a great deal of pressure on the jockey to maintain a low body weight, in order to attain rides. Unlike other weight category sports, horse riding does not have an “off season”, therefore jockeys are constantly pressured to maintain a minimal weight. Consequently this may result in unhealthy eating habits, dangerous weight control practices and compromised health. Research on the weight making practices of apprentice jockeys is scarce. In fact, there is currently no published data available on the South African apprentice jockey. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the dietary intake, energy availability and weight control practices of male apprentice jockeys residing at the South African Jockey Academy. METHODS Twenty one male flat jockey apprentices of different race groups, between the ages of 16 and 20 years were recruited to take part in this cross sectional observational study. Height, weight and body composition (body fat percentage and fat free mass) were measured. The apprentices completed a 59-item nutrition, health and lifestyle questionnaire including questions on weight control and weight making practices. Dietary intake was recorded with a 24-hour dietary recall on four non-consecutive days including a rest day, two training days, and a race day. On these days, exercise energy expenditure was also recorded with Actiheart© monitors with the aim to calculate energy availability. MAIN FINDINGS Total mean reported energy intake of the participants was 7088±2337kJ (35.5±12.5kcal/kg fat free mass [FFM]) and below the recommendations for athletes exercising several hours per day for most days of the week. The micronutrient intakes of the majority of these jockeys were also low (i.e. <67% of recommended intake). Mean calculated energy availability (EA) over two training days and one rest day was 27.1±16.7 kcal/kg FFM and regarded as low (i.e.<30kcal/kg/FFM). Furthermore, the majority of apprentices (88%) had a low EA on the training days. Ninety one percent of the jockeys reported the use of one or more weight control method including food avoidance (81%), restricting food intake and skipping meals (67%), exercising to sweat (48%) and using the sauna (43%). The top three reported side effects from making weight included thirst (80%), hunger (75%) and tiredness (75%). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that the majority of South African apprentice jockeys are practicing weight control methods, specifically restricting energy and food intake, to control their weight. This was supported by the mean low dietary energy intake and sub-optimal mean energy availability. These apprentice jockeys are therefore at risk for long-term health consequences including low bone mineral density. / MSc (Nutrition), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

INTRODUCTION Professional jockeys are considered elite sportsmen competing in a sport with certain weight restrictions. Horse racing is categorized as a “weight-making” sport where jockeys can benefit from attaining and/or maintaining a specific weight for competition. The minimum riding weight for professional jockeys and apprentice jockeys who are race riding is currently 52 kg. The lighter the jockey (i.e. the closer he can remain to the minimum weight of 52 kg) the more rides may be allocated to him (and the more money he will earn). This places a great deal of pressure on the jockey to maintain a low body weight, in order to attain rides. Unlike other weight category sports, horse riding does not have an “off season”, therefore jockeys are constantly pressured to maintain a minimal weight. Consequently this may result in unhealthy eating habits, dangerous weight control practices and compromised health. Research on the weight making practices of apprentice jockeys is scarce. In fact, there is currently no published data available on the South African apprentice jockey. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the dietary intake, energy availability and weight control practices of male apprentice jockeys residing at the South African Jockey Academy. METHODS Twenty one male flat jockey apprentices of different race groups, between the ages of 16 and 20 years were recruited to take part in this cross sectional observational study. Height, weight and body composition (body fat percentage and fat free mass) were measured. The apprentices completed a 59-item nutrition, health and lifestyle questionnaire including questions on weight control and weight making practices. Dietary intake was recorded with a 24-hour dietary recall on four non-consecutive days including a rest day, two training days, and a race day. On these days, exercise energy expenditure was also recorded with Actiheart© monitors with the aim to calculate energy availability. MAIN FINDINGS Total mean reported energy intake of the participants was 7088±2337kJ (35.5±12.5kcal/kg fat free mass [FFM]) and below the recommendations for athletes exercising several hours per day for most days of the week. The micronutrient intakes of the majority of these jockeys were also low (i.e. <67% of recommended intake). Mean calculated energy availability (EA) over two training days and one rest day was 27.1±16.7 kcal/kg FFM and regarded as low (i.e.<30kcal/kg/FFM). Furthermore, the majority of apprentices (88%) had a low EA on the training days. Ninety one percent of the jockeys reported the use of one or more weight control method including food avoidance (81%), restricting food intake and skipping meals (67%), exercising to sweat (48%) and using the sauna (43%). The top three reported side effects from making weight included thirst (80%), hunger (75%) and tiredness (75%). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that the majority of South African apprentice jockeys are practicing weight control methods, specifically restricting energy and food intake, to control their weight. This was supported by the mean low dietary energy intake and sub-optimal mean energy availability. These apprentice jockeys are therefore at risk for long-term health consequences including low bone mineral density. / MSc (Nutrition), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

No description available.

Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

No description available.

No description available.

Physically active females, or female athletes, are at risk for the condition knownas the female athlete triad (Triad). The Triad is made up of three components that are distinctly separate, but intertwined: consuming inadequate energy for how much they are exercising, poor bone health, and problems with their menstrual periods. When female athletes don’t consume enough energy for how much they exercise, there can be hormonal imbalances, causing the body to conserve energy from some important functions including menstruation, and increased bone turnover resulting in a higher risk of stress fractures and early osteoporosis. Female athletes at risk for the Triad have ahigher risk of being injured, and don’t have the energy that they need to perform physically. To combat the Triad, we performed assessments to see how many female athletes were at risk for the Triad in Division I female athletes, and were surprised at the high number that were at risk for the Triad. We provided nutrition information and interventions aimed to decrease female athlete’s risk for the Triad. We also developed anew, quick method for female athletes, or busy individuals, to track their diet using the video feature on their cell phones. The benefits of providing nutrition information to the female athletes included: increasing their knowledge about the Triad, and things that they could do to prevent the Triad. The interventions did cause behavior change in some female athletes to increase how much energy they were consuming, decreasing their risk for the Triad.

Submitted by CAROLINE bernardino (caa.bernardino@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-15T12:29:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final do mestrado.doc: 1321984 bytes, checksum: 7fcacdb7836c48ce12b4302acd7ed79a (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. Por favor, corrija o formato do arquivo e realize uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-09-19T20:42:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by CAROLINE bernardino (caa.bernardino@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-01T13:18:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Bernardino Mestrado.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-03T12:49:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardino_c_me_bot.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T12:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardino_c_me_bot.pdf: 1776975 bytes, checksum: 634e6060780785a6707896f1d1e9307a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / A baixa disponibilidade energética, apresenta direta relação com problemas de saúde, podendo afetar desde sistema imunológico, muscular, ósseo, endócrino e reprodutor. Geralmente a preocupação com peso corporal por atletas, freqüentemente verificada em dançarinas, leva a mudanças no comportamento alimentar, sendo este considerado como principal fator desencadeador desde quadro. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ingestão alimentar, composição corporal e indicadores bioquímicos sobre disponibilidade energética em dançarinas de ballet. MÉTODOS: Em estudo de delineamento transversal, 17 dançarinas de ballet (19,1+7,1 anos) foram inicialmente submetidas a avaliação do consumo alimentar, de forma quantitativa e qualitativa (Recordatório de 24 horas e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar), para posterior cálculo dietético e da disponibilidade energética. Adicionalmente foram submetidas a avaliação de composição corporal (Impedância Bioelétrica), do gasto energético de repouso (Fitmate) e análise de indicadores sanguíneos-bioquímicos. Os dados contínuos foram apresentados em média, mediana e desvio padrão e os categóricos em frequências e percentual. Para análise estatística foi utilizada correlação de Pearson e Regressão Múltipla Stepwise. (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As dançarinas relataram auto percepção do estado de saúde classificada como boa, sendo que 52,9% já apresentaram quadros de amenorréia. Em relação a composição corporal apresentaram % de gordura elevado para dançarinas (24,5%) e sarcopenia (IMM=6,62kg/m²). 50% da amostra apresentou preocupação com o corpo, sujeitas a transtornos alimentares. A ingestão energética (1248±385 kcal/d) equivaleu a 56% do gasto energético total e a disponibilidade energética inadequada em 82,3% delas (22,48±13,1 kcal/kgMLG/d). A ingestão de carboidrato e a proteína apresentaram as maiores inadequações (94,8% e 83,2% respectivamente), a dieta pode ser considerada como variada (12,3) e de baixa qualidade (67,9 pontos pelo IAS). A disponibilidade energética apresentou correlação positiva com Massa muscular (kg), Valor calórico total (kcal), carboidrato, gorduras e proteína (p<0,05). As variáveis dietéticas mais influentes na disponibilidade energética foram carboidrato e proteína (g/kg) (r²= 0,88 e 0.95; p<0,05). Das variáveis bioquímicas, houve correlação positiva entre densidade calórica com ferro e colesterol (p<0,005), enquanto a variedade da dieta apresentou correlação negativa com Alanina aminotransferase e Índice de Alimentação Saudável com Aspartato aminotransferase (p<0.05). Assim, temos que a adequação nutricional, para suporte a modalidade esportiva, é de extrema importância. O ajuste na ingestão de macronutrientes, principalmente carboidrato e proteína, bem como na qualidade global da dieta, apresentam influencia direta na melhoria da disponibilidade energética e indicadores bioquímicos, otimizando desempenho físico e saúde das dançarinas. / The low energy availability status is directly related to health problems, affecting immune system, muscular, skeletal, endocrine and reproductive systems. Now a days, the athletes used to control the body weight focused on sports performance, commonly verified in dancers, and this behavior is often related to eating disorders. This practice is considered the most important trigger to the worst clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the influence of food intake, body composition and biochemical indicators on energy availability in ballet dancers. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 17 ballet dancers (19.1+ 7.1 years) were submmited to food consumption assessment, quantitatively and qualitatively (24-hour dietary recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire) followed by diet composition calculation and energy availability determination. The subjects were submitted to Body composition analysis (Bioelectrical Impedance) and resting energy expenditure measurement (Fitmate®). After night fasting period, blood samples was collected to biochemistry indicators analysis. Continuous data were presented as mean, median and standard deviation and categorical data as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analysis was perfomed by Pearson's correlation and Multiple Stepwise Regression. (p <0.05). RESULTS: The dancers reported self-perception of health status rated as good, and 52.9% already had amenorrhea's episodes. In relation to body composition they presented high %fat to dancers (24.5%) and sarcopenia's diagnosis (MMI= 6,62kg/m²). 50% of the sample showed concern with the body, suggesting eating disorders development. Energy intake (1248 ± 385 kcal/d) were equivalent to 56% of total energy expenditure and was detected 82.3% of inadequate energy availability (22.48 ± 13.1 kcal/kgFFM/d). The carbohydrate and protein intake presented the highest inadequacies (94.8% and 83.2% respectively), the diet can be considered as varied (12.3) and low quality (67.9 points by HEI). Energy availability was positively correlated with muscle mass (kg), total caloric intake (kcal), carbohydrate, fat and protein (p <0.05). The dietary energy availability were most influencied by carbohydrate and protein (g/kg) (r²=0.88 and 0.95; p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between caloric density and iron with cholesterol (p <0.005), while dietary variety were negatively correlated with Alanine aminotransferase, as well as Healthy Eating Index with Aspartate aminotransferase (p <0.05). So, we known that food adequacy, based on sports modality, is the major key point. The adjustment of macronutrient intake, especially carbohydrates and protein, as well as the overall quality of the diet, promotes the energy availability and biochemical indicators improvement, optimizing exercise performance and health of the ballet dancers.