The emerging general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU) computing has tremendously speeded up a great variety of commercial and scientific applications. The GPUs have become prevalent accelerators in current high performance clusters. Though the computational capacity per Watt of the GPUs is much higher than that of the CPUs, the hybrid GPU clusters still consume enormous power. To conserve energy on this kind of clusters is of critical significance. In this thesis, we seek energy conservative computing on the GPU accelerated servers. We introduce our studies as follows. First, we dissect the GPU memory hierarchy due to the fact that most of the GPU applications are suffering from the GPU memory bottleneck. We find that the conventional CPU cache models cannot be applied on the modern GPU caches, and the microbenchmarks to study the conventional CPU cache become invalid for the GPU. We propose the GPU-specified microbenchmarks to examine the GPU memory structures and properties. Our benchmark results verify that the design goal of the GPU has transformed from pure computation performance to better energy efficiency. Second, we investigate the impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), a successful energy management technique for CPUs, on the GPU platforms. Our experimental results suggest that GPU DVFS is still promising in conserving energy, but the patterns to save energy strongly differ from those of the CPU. Besides, the effect of GPU DVFS depends on the individual application characteristics. Third, we derive the GPU DVFS power and performance models from our experimental results, based on which we find the optimal GPU voltage and frequency setting to minimize the energy consumption of a single GPU task. We then study the problem of scheduling multiple tasks on a hybrid CPU-GPU cluster to minimize the total energy consumption by GPU DVFS. We design an effective offline scheduling algorithm which can reduce the energy consumption significantly. At last, we combine the GPU DVFS and dynamic resource sleep (DRS), another energy management technique, to further conserve the energy, for the online task scheduling on hybrid clusters. Though the idle energy consumption increases significantly compared to the offline problem, our online scheduling algorithm still achieves more than 30% of energy conservation with appropriate runtime GPU DVFS readjustments.

This study presents a framework for the introduction of energy considerations into the design of office buildings. The method of research and development of this study has been through a literature search combined with personal design experience in the field of commercial buildings, and the previous participation in the national competition for low energy building design. The thesis is in two parts. The first part investigates the historical development of offices up to now and shows that current office design practice establishes a pattern of high energy consumption that is carried forward for decades. It is shown how and where energy is used in office buildings and their urban context. The need to rethink settlement patterns is outlined and the concept of decentralization and mixed use developments is suggested to improve overall energy efficiency in the urban context. The second part presents energy conservation strategies, from a designer's point of view, that improve energy efficiency of office buildings. Five basic strategies are introduced and examined at the planning levels of site, lay-out, form and fabric: i) to control internal heat gains ii) to control solar heat gains iii) to minimize heat losses iv) to optimize natural ventilation v) to maximize daylight capabilities of buildings The thesis shows that the implementation of these strategies presents the architect with considerable scope for innovation rather than imposition. However, it is emphasized that the architect must be aware of the consequences of his design decisions. The factors causing the energy use in office buildings are interrelated. Therefore, once a particular strategy is adopted its consequences have to be recognized and dealt with on all planning levels. The thesis concludes that energy conservation offers architects the opportunity to design offices in a way they need less energy and provide a better working environment than it is the case today. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

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Energy efficiency in the operation of buildings is becoming increasingly important with a growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing environmental impacts of irresponsible energy usage. Improvements have been made both on the technology side of energy efficiency and on the human behavior side. However, when changing human behavior, it is critical to find energy conservation measures that will maintain comfort for occupants. This paper analyzes how this can be done by implementing a modulating temperature schedule based on the concept of alliesthesia, which states that pleasure is observed in transient states. EnergyPlus simulations were used to show that in cooling applications, this type of scheduling can produce significant energy savings. However, energy savings are not predicted for the same type of scheduling for heating applications. Thermal comfort was examined with a cooling experiment and a separate heating experiment, each lasting 45 minutes and taking place during the corresponding season. The experiments showed that modulating temperatures can cause occupants to experience more pleasure than if the temperature remained constant in a cooled space, whereas modulating temperatures had a negative impact on comfort relative to the constant temperature in the heated space. This presents evidence for an ideal opportunity for cooling applications by implementing modulating temperature schedules: an increase in thermal pleasure accompanied by a decrease in cooling energy.

Computer disk in pocket attached to back cover. / Bibliography: leaves 159-170. / System requirements for accompanying computer disk: Macintosh or IBM compatible computer. Other requirements: Microsoft Excel V 5.0 or later. / ix, 228 leaves : ill., map ; 30 cm + 1 computer disk (3.5") / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / In addressing the identification of the scope of energy-efficient goals within the broader design problem, the conceptions of the energy-efficient dwelling are examined, along with how published advice for the design of energy-efficient houses is derived from these conceptions, and the adequacy of this published advice as a basis for good design decisions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 1997

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 S24 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 D65 / Master of Arts