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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Influência da dose de energia sobre o grau de conversão, tensão de polimerização, propriedades mecânicas e microinfiltração in vitro de restaurações em compósito / Influence of the radiant exposure on the degree of conversion, polymerization stress, mechanical properties and in vitro microleakage of composite restorations

Calheiros, Fernanda Calabró 02 February 2007 (has links)
Proposição: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da dose de energia aplicada a um compósito resinoso sobre seu grau de conversão (GC), tensão de polimerização (TP), velocidade máxima de reação (Rp max), propriedades mecânicas (resistência à flexão/RF, módulo de elasticidade/ME, dureza Knoop/KHN) e microinfiltração de restaurações in vitro confeccionadas com dois tipos de sistema adesivo. Material e métodos: Um compósito experimental foi manipulado na proporção em peso de 1:1 de BisGMA e TEGDMA e 75% de carga inorgânica. O compósito foi submetido a doses de 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 J/cm2 com irradiância constante de 500 mW/cm2. GC e Rp max foram monitorados durante 10 min após o início da fotoativação através de FTIR-ATR em filmes com 150 ?m de espessura (simulando a superfície irradiada) e na base de discos com 2 mm de altura. Após 48 h de armazenamento a seco em temperatura ambiente, novas medidas de GC foram feitas nesses espécimes. TP foi monitorada durante 10 min em espécimes com 1 ou 2 mm de altura construídos entre dois bastões de vidro (Ø=5 mm) presos às garras de uma máquina de ensaios universal. RF e ME em espécimes com 10x2x1 mm foram determinados através de ensaio de flexão em três pontos. Fragmentos dos espécimes do teste de RF foram utilizados para análise de KHN (topo e base) após 48 h. KHN aos 10 min foi determinada no topo e na base dos corpos-de-prova com 1 ou 2 mm de espessura e 5 mm de diâmetro. A microinfiltração foi avaliada em cavidades cilíndricas (Ø=5 mm e 2 mm profundidade) com término em esmalte confeccionadas na face vestibular de incisivos bovinos preenchidas em incremento único. Foram utilizados os sistemas adesivos Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) e Adper Prompt (PR). Após armazenamento em água destilada por 48 h a 37oC, os dentes foram submetidos ao protocolo de microinfiltração com solução de 50% de AgNO3. As cavidades foram seccionadas com dois cortes perpendiculares entre si para análise da microinfiltração máxima, média (em mm) e do número de faces apresentando a solução traçadora na interface. Dados foram avaliados através de ANOVA de fator único ou fator duplo (microinfiltração). GC e KHN entre topo e base foram avaliados utilizando o teste ?t? de Student. Resultados: Para GC aos 10 min, foram encontradas diferenças significantes no GC/topo entre todos os grupos, exceto entre 24 e 48 J/cm2. Para GC/base, houve diferenças significantes entre todos os grupos. Para GC/topo 48 h, houve diferença entre todos os níveis, exceto entre 6 e 12 J/cm2 e entre 24 e 48 J/cm2. Para GC/base 48 h, foram verificados aumentos significantes entre todos os níveis de energia. O teste ?t? revelou existir diferenças significantes entre topo e base em todos os níveis de energia para GC 10 min, enquanto que para GC 48 h não houve diferença entre topo e base em nenhum dos níveis. Para os resultados de TP, houve diferenças significantes nos espécimes de 1 mm, exceto entre 12 e 24 J/cm2. Nos espécimes com 2 mm foi observada diferença significante entre todos os níveis de energia. Não foi possível obter dados de TP para 48 J/cm2 devido à ocorrência de fratura nos bastões de vidro. Rp max foi estatisticamente semelhante para todos os grupos no topo e na base do compósito. O teste ?t? não revelou diferenças entre topo e base para nenhuma das doses. RF e ME mostraram diferenças significantes entre os grupos, exceto entre 12 e 24 J/cm2 e entre 24 e 48 J/cm2 para RF. KHN aos 10 min mostrou diferenças significantes entre os grupos, exceto entre 3 e 6 J/cm2 na superfície não-irradiada de espécimes com 2 mm. Houve diferença entre dureza topo e base aos 10 min em espécimes com 2 mm para 3 e 6 J/cm2. KHN/topo 48 h mostrou diferenças entre todos os grupos. Para a base houve semelhança estatística entre 3 e 6 J/cm2. Diferenças significantes entre topo e base foram detectadas para 3, 6 e 12 J/cm2. A microinfiltração média foi influenciada pelo tipo de sistema adesivo (SB<PR) e pela dose. A infiltração máxima foi influenciada apenas pela dose. Foi verificada uma forte correlação entre TP e microinfiltração para SB. Conclusões: Resultados sugerem que a melhor solução de compromisso entre o máximo desempenho (grau de conversão e propriedades mecânicas) e a menor ocorrência de microinfiltração e menor desenvolvimento de tensões de polimerização foi obtida com doses não superiores a 24 J/cm2. / Proposition: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of radiant exposure applied to a composite on the degree of conversion (DC), polymerization stress (PS), maximum rate of reaction (Rp max), mechanical properties (flexural strength/FS, elastic modulus/E, Knoop hardness/KHN) and microleakage of in vitro restorations using two adhesive systems. Methods: An experimental composite 1:1 (wt%) of BisGMA and TEGDMA and 75 wt% of inorganic filler was subjected to radiant exposures of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 J/cm2 under constant irradiance of 500 mW/cm2. DC and Rp max were monitored for 10 min after photoactivation by FTIR-ATR in 150-?m thick films (simulating the irradiated surface) and at the bottom of 2 mm thick disks. After 48 h dry storage at room temperature, a new set of DC measurements was undertaken. PS was recorded for 10 min in specimens 1 or 2 mm high built between two glass rods (Ø=5 mm) attached to the clamps of an universal testing machine. FS and E were determined by three-point bending test in 10x2x1 mm specimens. Fragments from FS specimens were used to determine KHN (top and bottom) after 48. KHN at 10 min was determined at the top and bottom of specimens 1 or 2 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter. Microleakage was evaluated in cylindrical preparations (Ø=5 mm and 2 mm deep) on the buccal aspect of bovine incisors with enamel margins, restored in bulk. The adhesive systems used were Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and Adper Prompt (PR). After 48 h storage in water at 37oC, teeth were submitted to the 50% AgNO3 microleakage protocol. Restorations were sectioned in two planes, perpendicular to each other to determine the maximum and mean microleakage (in mm) and the number of surfaces presenting dye penetration at the interface. Results were submitted to one-way ANOVA for all tests, except for microleakage, where a two-way ANOVA was performed. DC and KHN at top and bottom were compared using Student?s t-test. Results: For DC at 10 min, significant differences were found for DC/top, except between 24 and 48J/cm2. For DC/bottom at 10 min there were significant differences among all groups. For DC/top at 48 h, differences were observed among all radiant exposure levels, except between 6 and 12 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2. For the bottom, significant increases in DC were verified among all energy levels. T-test showed statistical differences between top and bottom at all radiant exposure levels for DC at 10 min, while for DC at 48 h no difference was observed between top and bottom in neither of the levels. PS showed differences when the 1 mm specimens were considered, except between 12 and 24 J/cm2. In the 2 mm specimens, significant differences were observed among all energy levels. It was not possible to obtain PS data at 48 J/cm2 due to fracture of the glass rods. Rp max was statistically similar for all groups on the top and bottom of the specimens. T-test did not show differences at the top and bottom for none radiant exposures applied. FS and E showed significant differences among all groups, except between 12 and 24 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2 for FS. KHN at 10 min showed significant differences among groups, except between 3 and 6 J/cm2 on the non-irradiated surface of 2 mm specimens. T-test showed differences for KHN on the top and bottom for 3 and 6 J/cm2. KHN/top at 48 h was significantly different for all groups. For the bottom, 3 and 6 J/cm2 were equivalent. T-test showed statistical difference between top and bottom for 3, 6 and 12 J/cm2. Mean microleakage was influenced by the adhesive system (SB<PR) and by the radiant exposure. Maximum microleakage was influenced only by the radiant exposure. A strong correlation was found between PS and microleakage for SB. Conclusions: Results suggest that the best alternative between maximum degree of conversion and mechanical properties and lowest microleakage and polymerization stress development was obtained with radiant exposures not higher than 24 J/cm2. Keywords: composites ?polymerization stress - mechanical properties ? degree of conversion ? energy dose
2

Experimental investigations and theoretical modeling of large area maskless photopolymerization with grayscale exposure

Conrad, Matthew 18 November 2011 (has links)
Large Area Maskless Photopolymerization (LAMP) is a technology being developed to fabricate integrally-cored ceramic molds for the investment casting of turbine airfoils. In LAMP, ultraviolet (UV) light in the form of bitmap images is projected from a spatial light modulator (SLM) onto a photocurable ceramic material system (PCMS). Exposed and unexposed regions are determined through black and white portions of the bitmaps, respectively. UV light induces photopolymerization and the formation of an insoluble solidified network. Three-dimensional structures are built layer-by-layer through sequential application and curing of PCMS layers of 100 micron thickness. To date, ceramic molds fabricated using LAMP have been successfully implemented in investment casting of single-crystal turbine airfoils without internal cooling schemes. Two particularly important challenges for the fabrication of airfoil molds with internal cooling passages are: (a) fabrication of unsupported structures in the mold geometry and; (b) mitigation of internal stresses that arise during layer-by-layer build-up due to volumetric shrinkage during photopolymerization. Unsupported geometries arise in nearly every cored airfoil mold and often in a location where support structures cannot be easily removed after fabrication. Internal stresses generated by volumetric shrinkage can lead to cracking during binder burnout (BBO), sintering and casting. This thesis aims to simultaneously address these challenges through the investigation of grayscale exposure to control the degree of monomer conversion during photopolymerization of single and multiple layers. The effective intensity of the UV light incident on the monomer system can be reduced by selectively turning off pixels within the nominally "white" or "on" regions of the projected bitmaps, effectively producing an exposure with a lower light intensity. In an effort to reduce internal stresses in the mold, the grayscale exposure can be tuned to create regions of uncured or partially cured monomer within the mold geometry to reduce the connectivity between cured regions and thus reduce the net effect of volumetric shrinkage. Grayscale exposure can also be used to generate support structures with a low degree of polymerization to create a gel state beneath and surrounding the unsupported segments of the mold, which can be washed away after completion of mold fabrication. In order to successfully utilize grayscale techniques in LAMP, the cure depth must be predicted. This is accomplished through cure depth measurements at different exposure times to develop a "working curve." In addition, the degree of monomer conversion and its relation to cure depths resulting from grayscale exposure must be understood. Measurements of the degree of conversion are obtained through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Empirical models are developed and compared to theoretical predictions. Also, the scattering length pixelation model is introduced as a technique to predict the light intensity distribution within the PCMS for exposure patterns at multiple length scales. Results from these grayscale investigations are then applied to LAMP and the effectiveness of grayscale to fabricate unsupported geometries and internal stresses from volumetric shrinkage is discussed.
3

Influência da dose de energia sobre o grau de conversão, tensão de polimerização, propriedades mecânicas e microinfiltração in vitro de restaurações em compósito / Influence of the radiant exposure on the degree of conversion, polymerization stress, mechanical properties and in vitro microleakage of composite restorations

Fernanda Calabró Calheiros 02 February 2007 (has links)
Proposição: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da dose de energia aplicada a um compósito resinoso sobre seu grau de conversão (GC), tensão de polimerização (TP), velocidade máxima de reação (Rp max), propriedades mecânicas (resistência à flexão/RF, módulo de elasticidade/ME, dureza Knoop/KHN) e microinfiltração de restaurações in vitro confeccionadas com dois tipos de sistema adesivo. Material e métodos: Um compósito experimental foi manipulado na proporção em peso de 1:1 de BisGMA e TEGDMA e 75% de carga inorgânica. O compósito foi submetido a doses de 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 J/cm2 com irradiância constante de 500 mW/cm2. GC e Rp max foram monitorados durante 10 min após o início da fotoativação através de FTIR-ATR em filmes com 150 ?m de espessura (simulando a superfície irradiada) e na base de discos com 2 mm de altura. Após 48 h de armazenamento a seco em temperatura ambiente, novas medidas de GC foram feitas nesses espécimes. TP foi monitorada durante 10 min em espécimes com 1 ou 2 mm de altura construídos entre dois bastões de vidro (Ø=5 mm) presos às garras de uma máquina de ensaios universal. RF e ME em espécimes com 10x2x1 mm foram determinados através de ensaio de flexão em três pontos. Fragmentos dos espécimes do teste de RF foram utilizados para análise de KHN (topo e base) após 48 h. KHN aos 10 min foi determinada no topo e na base dos corpos-de-prova com 1 ou 2 mm de espessura e 5 mm de diâmetro. A microinfiltração foi avaliada em cavidades cilíndricas (Ø=5 mm e 2 mm profundidade) com término em esmalte confeccionadas na face vestibular de incisivos bovinos preenchidas em incremento único. Foram utilizados os sistemas adesivos Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) e Adper Prompt (PR). Após armazenamento em água destilada por 48 h a 37oC, os dentes foram submetidos ao protocolo de microinfiltração com solução de 50% de AgNO3. As cavidades foram seccionadas com dois cortes perpendiculares entre si para análise da microinfiltração máxima, média (em mm) e do número de faces apresentando a solução traçadora na interface. Dados foram avaliados através de ANOVA de fator único ou fator duplo (microinfiltração). GC e KHN entre topo e base foram avaliados utilizando o teste ?t? de Student. Resultados: Para GC aos 10 min, foram encontradas diferenças significantes no GC/topo entre todos os grupos, exceto entre 24 e 48 J/cm2. Para GC/base, houve diferenças significantes entre todos os grupos. Para GC/topo 48 h, houve diferença entre todos os níveis, exceto entre 6 e 12 J/cm2 e entre 24 e 48 J/cm2. Para GC/base 48 h, foram verificados aumentos significantes entre todos os níveis de energia. O teste ?t? revelou existir diferenças significantes entre topo e base em todos os níveis de energia para GC 10 min, enquanto que para GC 48 h não houve diferença entre topo e base em nenhum dos níveis. Para os resultados de TP, houve diferenças significantes nos espécimes de 1 mm, exceto entre 12 e 24 J/cm2. Nos espécimes com 2 mm foi observada diferença significante entre todos os níveis de energia. Não foi possível obter dados de TP para 48 J/cm2 devido à ocorrência de fratura nos bastões de vidro. Rp max foi estatisticamente semelhante para todos os grupos no topo e na base do compósito. O teste ?t? não revelou diferenças entre topo e base para nenhuma das doses. RF e ME mostraram diferenças significantes entre os grupos, exceto entre 12 e 24 J/cm2 e entre 24 e 48 J/cm2 para RF. KHN aos 10 min mostrou diferenças significantes entre os grupos, exceto entre 3 e 6 J/cm2 na superfície não-irradiada de espécimes com 2 mm. Houve diferença entre dureza topo e base aos 10 min em espécimes com 2 mm para 3 e 6 J/cm2. KHN/topo 48 h mostrou diferenças entre todos os grupos. Para a base houve semelhança estatística entre 3 e 6 J/cm2. Diferenças significantes entre topo e base foram detectadas para 3, 6 e 12 J/cm2. A microinfiltração média foi influenciada pelo tipo de sistema adesivo (SB<PR) e pela dose. A infiltração máxima foi influenciada apenas pela dose. Foi verificada uma forte correlação entre TP e microinfiltração para SB. Conclusões: Resultados sugerem que a melhor solução de compromisso entre o máximo desempenho (grau de conversão e propriedades mecânicas) e a menor ocorrência de microinfiltração e menor desenvolvimento de tensões de polimerização foi obtida com doses não superiores a 24 J/cm2. / Proposition: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of radiant exposure applied to a composite on the degree of conversion (DC), polymerization stress (PS), maximum rate of reaction (Rp max), mechanical properties (flexural strength/FS, elastic modulus/E, Knoop hardness/KHN) and microleakage of in vitro restorations using two adhesive systems. Methods: An experimental composite 1:1 (wt%) of BisGMA and TEGDMA and 75 wt% of inorganic filler was subjected to radiant exposures of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 J/cm2 under constant irradiance of 500 mW/cm2. DC and Rp max were monitored for 10 min after photoactivation by FTIR-ATR in 150-?m thick films (simulating the irradiated surface) and at the bottom of 2 mm thick disks. After 48 h dry storage at room temperature, a new set of DC measurements was undertaken. PS was recorded for 10 min in specimens 1 or 2 mm high built between two glass rods (Ø=5 mm) attached to the clamps of an universal testing machine. FS and E were determined by three-point bending test in 10x2x1 mm specimens. Fragments from FS specimens were used to determine KHN (top and bottom) after 48. KHN at 10 min was determined at the top and bottom of specimens 1 or 2 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter. Microleakage was evaluated in cylindrical preparations (Ø=5 mm and 2 mm deep) on the buccal aspect of bovine incisors with enamel margins, restored in bulk. The adhesive systems used were Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and Adper Prompt (PR). After 48 h storage in water at 37oC, teeth were submitted to the 50% AgNO3 microleakage protocol. Restorations were sectioned in two planes, perpendicular to each other to determine the maximum and mean microleakage (in mm) and the number of surfaces presenting dye penetration at the interface. Results were submitted to one-way ANOVA for all tests, except for microleakage, where a two-way ANOVA was performed. DC and KHN at top and bottom were compared using Student?s t-test. Results: For DC at 10 min, significant differences were found for DC/top, except between 24 and 48J/cm2. For DC/bottom at 10 min there were significant differences among all groups. For DC/top at 48 h, differences were observed among all radiant exposure levels, except between 6 and 12 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2. For the bottom, significant increases in DC were verified among all energy levels. T-test showed statistical differences between top and bottom at all radiant exposure levels for DC at 10 min, while for DC at 48 h no difference was observed between top and bottom in neither of the levels. PS showed differences when the 1 mm specimens were considered, except between 12 and 24 J/cm2. In the 2 mm specimens, significant differences were observed among all energy levels. It was not possible to obtain PS data at 48 J/cm2 due to fracture of the glass rods. Rp max was statistically similar for all groups on the top and bottom of the specimens. T-test did not show differences at the top and bottom for none radiant exposures applied. FS and E showed significant differences among all groups, except between 12 and 24 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2 for FS. KHN at 10 min showed significant differences among groups, except between 3 and 6 J/cm2 on the non-irradiated surface of 2 mm specimens. T-test showed differences for KHN on the top and bottom for 3 and 6 J/cm2. KHN/top at 48 h was significantly different for all groups. For the bottom, 3 and 6 J/cm2 were equivalent. T-test showed statistical difference between top and bottom for 3, 6 and 12 J/cm2. Mean microleakage was influenced by the adhesive system (SB<PR) and by the radiant exposure. Maximum microleakage was influenced only by the radiant exposure. A strong correlation was found between PS and microleakage for SB. Conclusions: Results suggest that the best alternative between maximum degree of conversion and mechanical properties and lowest microleakage and polymerization stress development was obtained with radiant exposures not higher than 24 J/cm2. Keywords: composites ?polymerization stress - mechanical properties ? degree of conversion ? energy dose

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