The current state of Ontario’s electricity system and natural environment has prompted the provincial government to call for the province to adopt a ‘culture of conservation.’ Answering this call will involve the promotion of a variety of solutions. Included in that will be the use of information and communication technology, which encompasses technologies such as home energy management system (HEMS). It is believed that the feedback and home automation features of the HEMS will enable its users to alter their electricity consumption behaviours, via net reductions and/or load shifting. This study has assessed the ability of HEMS to encourage reduction in total and on-peak electricity consumption while in a time-of-use pricing environment. Additional focus was on which consumers had the greatest success using the HEMS to adopt electricity conservation behaviours. Two hundred and sixteen participants of a Milton, Ontario HEMS pilot study were chosen to take part in this case study. These participants were divided into two equal groups: a sample group, those who received a HEMS, and a control group, those who did not receive a HEMS. Participants from both groups were asked to complete two surveys and allow their electricity consumption data to be analyzed. The initial survey was to establish some baseline information about the participants. The second survey was designed to determine if changes had occurred in the household since the initial baseline survey. Through the analysis of the survey and households electricity consumption data, conclusions were drawn on how participants used the HEMS. The study had a 2.9% relative reduction in total electricity consumption and a 13.2% relative reduction in on-peak electricity consumption. However, additional analysis of the results revealed promising findings with regard to the HEMS ability to catalyze conservation and demand management among recent time-of-use pricing adopters.

A method has been developed, Physical Hybrid Model, to investigate the physical large scale electrical effects of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) on a distribution grid by scaling the response from a small size Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) platform. In order to realize the model the control system of an existing RD&D platform was refurbished and stability of components ensured. The Physical Hybrid Model proceeds as follows: Data from a distribution grid are collected. A BESS cycle curve is produced based on analyzed measurements. Required BESS power and capacity in investigated grid is scaled down by factor k to that of the physical test installation of the RD&D platform. The scaled BESS cycle is sent as input to control of the battery cycling of the RD&D platform. The response from the RD&D platform is scaled – up, and used in simulation of the distribution grid to find the impact of a BESS. The model was successfully implemented on a regional distribution grid in southern Sweden.

Abstract This thesis proposes a PC based electric energy management system as well as load control strategies for demand side management in high voltage customer. Besides, this thesis proposes a sequential search method for the decision of optimal demand contract. By the proposed approach, We expect to decrease the basic demand charge and the total electrical cost. The load survey and load characteristics of selected high voltage customers are first fulfilled to derive the load composition and statistic data for large air conditioner. Furthermore,digital power meters are installed at each substation and they are connected in star configuration with telephone network to form automatic meter reading system. Power parameters such as V, I, P, Q, P.F. etc. are periodically collected via telephone network. By inspecting the trend of peak load as well as the load composition, the specification and structure of electric energy management system and their application functions are difined. The proposed PC based electric energy management system is integrated programmable logic controller (PLC) with power meters to form basic Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition ¡]SCADA¡^functions. Besides, advance functions such as demand monitoring/load shedding, periodical load control, clock load control, direct load control, alarm, and real time/historical trending are embedded to enhance the capability of proposed system. By the Visual Function Block in Diamond Control View, automatic meter reading system can be simulated and demonstrated. The academic power system in National Sun Yat-Sen University(NSYSU) are selected for testing to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed system. Finally,the effect of peak load cutting will not only save energy consumption of the customer but also increase the power capacity of substations for Taiwan power system.

Cement production is an energy intensive process. In South Africa the cost of energy increased since 2006, while cement sales have dropped dramatically. It has become important to focus on methods to optimise energy consumption to achieve cost savings in the cement industry. Various methods of reducing production cost by improving energy efficiency are available, but require extended installation periods and high initial capital expenditure. Other methods such as operational optimisation can reduce production cost, but offer limited savings. The aim of this study is to integrate the optimisation of multiple component operations to improve savings and reduce interruption during implementation. Although integrated optimisation models have been developed, no literature could be found on the application of these models in the cement industry. This thesis reports on the development and implementation of an energy management system at four South African cement plants. The total electricity costs were reduced without installing costly infrastructure upgrades. The results summarise the success of the improved production planning. A conclusion regarding the feasibility of this implementation is compiled by comparing the savings achieved by the implementation of the energy management system to other energy saving methods. Recommendations are also made for further study and the implementation of the energy management system in similar industries. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Cement production is an energy intensive process. In South Africa the cost of energy increased since 2006, while cement sales have dropped dramatically. It has become important to focus on methods to optimise energy consumption to achieve cost savings in the cement industry. Various methods of reducing production cost by improving energy efficiency are available, but require extended installation periods and high initial capital expenditure. Other methods such as operational optimisation can reduce production cost, but offer limited savings. The aim of this study is to integrate the optimisation of multiple component operations to improve savings and reduce interruption during implementation. Although integrated optimisation models have been developed, no literature could be found on the application of these models in the cement industry. This thesis reports on the development and implementation of an energy management system at four South African cement plants. The total electricity costs were reduced without installing costly infrastructure upgrades. The results summarise the success of the improved production planning. A conclusion regarding the feasibility of this implementation is compiled by comparing the savings achieved by the implementation of the energy management system to other energy saving methods. Recommendations are also made for further study and the implementation of the energy management system in similar industries. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Este trabalho descreve os requisitos para definição, implantação, manutenção e melhoria de sistemas de gestão de energia no ambiente industrial com um enfoque sistemático no que se refere às rotinas de melhoria contínua para eficiência energética. Para tanto, propôs-se a estruturação de uma plataforma automatizada visando o monitoramento, verificação e gerenciamento de recursos energéticos compatível com um sistema de gestão de energia normatizado, incluindo os requisitos de uso e consumo de energia, além do monitoramento, documentação, comunicação, melhores práticas de projeto, aquisição de equipamentos, sistemas, processos e recursos humanos envolvidos no desempenho energético. A estratégia de análise do uso da energia proposta neste trabalho baseou-se na metodologia de monitoramento e gestão de índices que consiste em uma abordagem sistemática na utilização de recursos energéticos objetivando alcançar o melhor resultado econômico através da gestão permanente do consumo de energia. Além disso, propôs-se a inclusão dessa metodologia como um procedimento na fase de planejamento da norma ISO50001, a qual estabelece os conceitos para a implantação de sistemas de gestão de energia. Visando integrar as ferramentas associadas a este cenário, esta plataforma contempla o uso de um sistema de supervisão associado a um aplicativo (Soft-PLC) que executa a aplicação de controle do uso de energia em um ambiente industrial com automação distribuída compatível com a norma IEC61131. O projeto do aplicativo de controle do uso de energia foi conduzido adotando-se diferentes linguagens de programação definidas na IEC para executar todos os procedimentos de medição, monitoração e gestão exigidos pelo sistema, incluindo análise comparativa com as “melhores práticas”, uso de tecnologias inovadoras, abordagem de produto e serviço, auditoria energética e conformidade com marcos regulatórios. Os resultados decorrentes da adoção de uma plataforma baseada em automação para o gerenciamento energético incluem elevada flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e usabilidade do sistema. Além disso, um projeto de automação neste cenário de plataforma aberta tende a apresentar menores custos de desenvolvimento e implantação. / This work describes the requirements for the definition, implementation, maintenance and improvement of energy management systems in the industrial environment with a systematic approach concerning continuous improvement routines for energy efficiency. For this purpose, it was proposed the establishment of a framework based on automation to implement monitoring, verification and management of energy resources compatible with a standardized energy management system, including requirements for energy use and consumption, in addition to monitoring, documentation, communication, project best practices, equipment acquisition, systems, processes and human resources involved in energy performance. The strategy of energy use analysis proposed in this work is based on the methodology of monitoring and targeting that consists of a systematic approach in the use of energy resources in order to achieve the best economic result through the permanent management of energy consumption. Furthermore, this work includes that system as a procedure in the planning phase of ISO50001 standard which establishes the concepts for energy management systems implementation. In order to aggregate all tools associated to this scenario, this paper proposes the use of a supervisory tool integrated to a real-time software (Soft-PLC) that runs the control application and a factory floor distributed system automation hardware in an IEC61131 compatible environment. The project of the control application of energy use was conducted using different programming languages defined in IEC to perform all the procedures of measurement, monitoring and management required by the system, including comparative analysis with the "best practices", use of innovative technologies, product and service approach, energy audit and compliance with regulatory milestones. The expected results of adopting an automation-based platform for energetic management include system flexibility, adaptability and usability. Besides, a project of automation in this scenario of open platform tends to introduce lower development and deployment costs.

Battery storage devices have been widely utilized for different applications. However, for high power applications, battery storage systems come with several challenges, such as the thermal issue, low power density, low life span and high cost. Compared with batteries, supercapacitors have a lower energy density but their power density is very high, and they offer higher cyclic life and efficiency even during fast charge and discharge processes. In this dissertation, new techniques for the control and energy management of the hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage system are developed to improve the performance of the system in terms of efficiency, power quality and reliability. To evaluate the findings of this dissertation, a laboratory-scale DC microgrid system is designed and implemented. The developed microgrid utilizes a hybrid lead-acid battery and supercapacitor energy storage system and is loaded under various grid conditions. The developed microgrid has also real-time monitoring, control and energy management capabilities. A new control scheme and real-time energy management algorithm for an actively controlled hybrid DC microgrid is developed to reduce the adverse impacts of pulsed power loads. The developed control scheme is an adaptive current-voltage controller that is based on the moving average measurement technique and an adaptive proportional compensator. Unlike conventional energy control methods, the developed controller has the advantages of controlling both current and voltage of the system. This development is experimentally tested and verified. The results show significant improvements achieved in terms of enhancing the system efficiency, reducing the AC grid voltage drop and mitigating frequency fluctuation. Moreover, a novel event-based protection scheme for a multi-terminal DC power system has been developed and evaluated. In this technique, fault identification and classifications are performed based on the current derivative method and employing an artificial inductive line impedance. The developed scheme does not require high speed communication and synchronization and it transfers much less data when compared with the traditional method such as the differential protection approach. Moreover, this scheme utilizes less measurement equipment since only the DC bus data is required.

Este trabalho descreve os requisitos para definição, implantação, manutenção e melhoria de sistemas de gestão de energia no ambiente industrial com um enfoque sistemático no que se refere às rotinas de melhoria contínua para eficiência energética. Para tanto, propôs-se a estruturação de uma plataforma automatizada visando o monitoramento, verificação e gerenciamento de recursos energéticos compatível com um sistema de gestão de energia normatizado, incluindo os requisitos de uso e consumo de energia, além do monitoramento, documentação, comunicação, melhores práticas de projeto, aquisição de equipamentos, sistemas, processos e recursos humanos envolvidos no desempenho energético. A estratégia de análise do uso da energia proposta neste trabalho baseou-se na metodologia de monitoramento e gestão de índices que consiste em uma abordagem sistemática na utilização de recursos energéticos objetivando alcançar o melhor resultado econômico através da gestão permanente do consumo de energia. Além disso, propôs-se a inclusão dessa metodologia como um procedimento na fase de planejamento da norma ISO50001, a qual estabelece os conceitos para a implantação de sistemas de gestão de energia. Visando integrar as ferramentas associadas a este cenário, esta plataforma contempla o uso de um sistema de supervisão associado a um aplicativo (Soft-PLC) que executa a aplicação de controle do uso de energia em um ambiente industrial com automação distribuída compatível com a norma IEC61131. O projeto do aplicativo de controle do uso de energia foi conduzido adotando-se diferentes linguagens de programação definidas na IEC para executar todos os procedimentos de medição, monitoração e gestão exigidos pelo sistema, incluindo análise comparativa com as “melhores práticas”, uso de tecnologias inovadoras, abordagem de produto e serviço, auditoria energética e conformidade com marcos regulatórios. Os resultados decorrentes da adoção de uma plataforma baseada em automação para o gerenciamento energético incluem elevada flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e usabilidade do sistema. Além disso, um projeto de automação neste cenário de plataforma aberta tende a apresentar menores custos de desenvolvimento e implantação. / This work describes the requirements for the definition, implementation, maintenance and improvement of energy management systems in the industrial environment with a systematic approach concerning continuous improvement routines for energy efficiency. For this purpose, it was proposed the establishment of a framework based on automation to implement monitoring, verification and management of energy resources compatible with a standardized energy management system, including requirements for energy use and consumption, in addition to monitoring, documentation, communication, project best practices, equipment acquisition, systems, processes and human resources involved in energy performance. The strategy of energy use analysis proposed in this work is based on the methodology of monitoring and targeting that consists of a systematic approach in the use of energy resources in order to achieve the best economic result through the permanent management of energy consumption. Furthermore, this work includes that system as a procedure in the planning phase of ISO50001 standard which establishes the concepts for energy management systems implementation. In order to aggregate all tools associated to this scenario, this paper proposes the use of a supervisory tool integrated to a real-time software (Soft-PLC) that runs the control application and a factory floor distributed system automation hardware in an IEC61131 compatible environment. The project of the control application of energy use was conducted using different programming languages defined in IEC to perform all the procedures of measurement, monitoring and management required by the system, including comparative analysis with the "best practices", use of innovative technologies, product and service approach, energy audit and compliance with regulatory milestones. The expected results of adopting an automation-based platform for energetic management include system flexibility, adaptability and usability. Besides, a project of automation in this scenario of open platform tends to introduce lower development and deployment costs.

abstract: An optimal energy scheduling procedure is essential in an isolated environment such as naval submarines. Conventional naval submarines include diesel-electric propulsion systems, which utilize diesel generators along with batteries and fuel cells. Submarines can charge the batteries by running diesel-electric generators only at the surface or at snorkeling depth. This is the most dangerous time for submarines to be detectable by acoustic and non-acoustic sensors of enemy assets. Optimizing the energy resources while reducing the need for snorkeling is the main factor to enhance underwater endurance. This thesis introduces an energy management system (EMS) as a supervisory tool for the officers onboard to plan energy schedules in order to complete various missions. The EMS for a 4,000-ton class conventional submarine is developed to minimize snorkeling and satisfy various conditions of practically designed missions by optimizing the energy resources, such as Lithium-ion batteries, Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, and diesel-electric generators. Eventually, the optimized energy schedules with the minimum snorkeling hours are produced for five mission scenarios. More importantly, this EMS performs deterministic and stochastic operational scheduling processes to provide secured optimal schedules which contains outages in the power generation and storage systems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica / Se define una microrred como una agrupación de cargas y recursos energéticos distribuidos que funciona como un único sistema controlable, capaz de operar en paralelo o aislado de la red eléctrica. Las microrredes son proveedores de energía locales que pueden reducir los gastos de energía, reducir las emisiones, aumentar la confiabilidad y son alternativas de energización emergentes. El correcto uso de sus recursos energéticos disponible permite lograr una operación más eficiente en una microrred, por ejemplo; reducir sus costos, mejorar ingresos, alargar la vida útil de los equipos y limitar el impacto ambiental. Algunos de estos objetivos se contraponen y es por esto que es necesario compensarlos para obtener el mejor despacho energético. Por esta razón el uso de un sistema de gestión de energía para microrredes cobra gran importancia. En este trabajo se desarrollaron modelos matemáticos y luego se implementaron en una herramienta computacional para el despacho energético óptimo de microrredes, con énfasis en tres aspectos. Primero, los servicios complementarios que una microrred puede ofrecer: arbitraje de energía, reducción de emisiones, reducción de potencia punta, reserva de potencia en giro y ofertas de reducción de consumo. Segundo, un modelo de almacenamiento de baterías enfocado en seis fenómenos: envejecimiento cíclico y calendario, la ley de Peukert, la pérdida de capacidad, autodescargas y la limitación de carga/descarga. Tercero, se incluye un módulo maestro-esclavo para lidiar con la estocasticidad ante problemas intempestivos en la red, manteniendo así la confiabilidad de la microrred cuando se aísla, aun si esta ofrece servicios. Estos tres aspectos son integrados en un modelo de programación lineal entera mixta para el despacho óptimo de una microrred, minimizando los costos de operación y reinversión. En el presente trabajo, se simulan la operación de tres microrredes reales bajo diferentes escenarios cada uno. El primer caso es la microrred aislada de Huatacondo, el segundo es la microrred conectada de CIGRE y el tercero es la microrred conectada de la cárcel de Santa Rita. Los resultados obtenidos muestran reducción en los costos de hasta 4.3% en la microrred de Huatacondo, hasta 2.9% para CIGRE y hasta 7% para Santa Rita al considerar servicios y utilizando un modelo detallado de almacenamiento. En el caso de la microrred aislada de Huatacondo, la reducción se basó principalmente en la extensión de la vida útil del banco de baterías. Para las dos microrredes conectadas los servicios más atractivos fueron ofrecer sus capacidades flexibles no utilizadas a la red. Esto considera servicios como reducción de consumo, reducción de demanda punta o reserva en giro. Servicios enfocados en transferencia de altos volúmenes de energía, como el arbitraje de energía, no fueron atractivos dado el costo asociado al uso de equipos de almacenamiento.