Legal aspects of Energy business Summary The aim of this master thesis is to give an overview of the development of the energy market. The first big changes occurred in 1990s when it became necessary to make energy sector owned by the state more efficient. The main reasons for its restructuring were an incompatible infrastructure, standardised services and high prices. State with the lack of financial resources leave the monopolistic system and open the market for new potential investors. Some another changes are connected with the accession to the European Union. The process of liberalization was used like an instrument for changes which impose requirements not only on market participants but also on state, which is obliged to provide an independent supervisor. Currently the main legislative source is an act No. 436/2008 Coll., Energy Act. It provides information about basic rights and obligations of the market participants, their relationships and the ways of regulations of their activities. The energy sector is regulated on national level. But recently an Energy union has been formed on international level. To ensure energy independence is the main goal of the Energy union. Member states will have to abandon their authority and give way to this newly established community. This master thesis analyse the...

THE TITLE OF THE DIPLOMA THESIS AND ABSTRACT TITLE: The Legislation Governing Energy Efficiency in the European Union ABSTRACT: The European Union's energy policy has undergone a major transformation over the last few years. The interest in ensuring sustainability, self-sufficiency, competitiveness and secure energy supplies leads to deeper energy integration among Member States. High energy efficiency is an ideal tool for achieving these particular objectives because its basic principle is to provide more services while using the same or even less energy. As a result, a variety of conceptual instruments and relevant legislation have been revised over the last few years, which was accompanied by a conflict of interest between various stakeholders and the adoption of less than ideal compromise solutions. This diploma thesis aims to evaluate the current legislation on energy efficiency in the European Union, including its development. The thesis is divided into three parts, the first of which represents the initial theoretical basis that aims to define the basic concepts and indicators of energy efficiency. The second part deals with the strong link between environmental protection and energy efficiency while emphasizing the importance of fundamental environmental principles that are reflected in the...

This paper examines the possibilities for further integration of day-ahead electricity market in Central Europe. The contemporary situation is locked due to the existence of the German-Austria bidding zone. However, compliance of this bidding zone with European legislative is questionable. Therefore, the author makes a thorough legal analysis to assess the compatibility of both analysed projects for market coupling with the recent legal development in the European Union. Further, the examined projects are technically deconstructed in order to evaluate their conformity or differences between each other as well as in relation towards the EU Target Model. It is assessed, that both projects are relatively well technically compatible, however, their merger is not possible until the definite and binding decision on the issue of German-Austrian bidding zone will be found.

This Master Thesis deals with the issue of transition to low-carbon energy in the European Union, with an example of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The topic is divided into three parts. Firstly, the energy sector in the EU is described in the context of environmental targets, institutional framework, international Paris agreement and electricity price factors. Secondly, the British concept of transition to low-carbon energy is described, following a similar line from the first chapter. Last but not least, the third section uses the data and information provided in the first two sections to create a complex picture. Compatibility of the British concept with the EU policies is discussed, furthermore the meaning of Paris agreement for the British model is described, then the consequences of the British concept on the electricity prices are shown, finally the challenges for the British energy sector are considered. The main contribution of this thesis is statistical comparison of energy in the EU and UK and finding the connection between international events (Paris agreement), regional priorities (EU), national political representation and national interest groups in terms of creating energy policy in the UK.

The thesis focuses on current diversification scenarios in the field of gas supply the Visegrad Group (V4) and the Russian Federation relying on the model of asymmetrical interdependence. Russian Federation, the main supplier of natural gas to this region, has lost its status of a reliable partner due to the gas wars with Ukraine in 2006 and 2009, which have negatively affected the supply of natural gas to the EU countries. The research focuses on the current diversification options of V4 countries related to their suppliers and supply routes with respect to their relationship with the Russian Federation; the diversification options for the purchasing markets of the Russian Federation are also analyzed. The author validates the hypothesis that energy relations among the Visegrad countries and the Russian Federation in the field of gas supply are largely controlled by the asymmetric interdependence that is currently exacerbating tensions among the set actors. Current diversification scenarios are presented and evaluated, with the aim of assessing the importance of the projects with regard to actors' energy security. Keywords: interdependence, energy security, diversification, gas supply, gas interconnector, V4, Energy Union, Russian Federation, Nord Stream II, LNG

This Master's thesis analysed integration process of national energy markets through non- legislative and legislative EU documents. The aim was to study integration of national energy markets and aspects that had influence on the integration process through interpretative content analysis. Additionally, the definition of internal energy market was augmented. The internal energy market requires not only competitiveness, market-based approach, customer orientation and flexibility, but it is also necessary to ensure security of supplies, diversification of suppliers, sustainability, and transparency. Four aspects were analysed. It was partially proven, that several initiatives and proposals made by the European Commission were implemented by the member states in binding EU legislation (energy packages) in the period from 2000 to 2019. The initiatives presented by the European Commission were far more ambitious. However, as it was pointed out several times in Commission's publications that progress was rather slow in transposition of EU legislation into national laws by the member states which significantly prolonged integration process. Main problems were deregulation of gas prices for end users, ownership unbundling and independence of national regulatory authorities. Next, geopolitics within the EU...

La libéralisation des marchés énergétiques est un objectif primordial pour tous les Etats membres et candidats à l'Union européenne. Dans le but d'arriver à un marché de l'énergie, la Commission européenne a mis en place trois paquets énergie pour l'ouverture complète des marchés électriques et gaziers à la concurrence étape par étape. Pour mieux comprendre les législations et les politiques énergétiques en France et en Turquie, il est indispensable d'avoir une connaissance principale sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement de leurs marchés électriques et gaziers dès l'origine en élaborant les institutions et entreprises monopolistiques en tant que EDF, TEK, GDF BOTAS, et leur évolution historique jusqu'à la mise en place des directives énergétiques européennes. Par la suite, il est important d'examiner chronologiquement chaque étape de libéralisation imposé par les paquets énergie (mise en place du marché intérieur 1996-2000, le deuxième paquet énergie 2000-2007, le troisième paquet énergie 2007-2011,prochaine étape Energy 2020), et comparer la procédure juridique du procès de la libéralisation des marchés énergétiques en examinant leurs législations en vigueur et leurs modifications pendant l'implémentation des directives énergétiques européennes. / The liberalization of energy markets is primary objective for each member and candidate State of the European Union. In order to achieve an internal energy market, European Commission set up three energy packages for electricity and gas market complete opening up to the competition step by ste^p. For a better understanding of the energy legislations and policies in France and in Turkey, it is essential to have a main knowledge related to the organisation and operation of their electricity and gas markets from the beginning by examining the institutions and monopolistic companies such as EDF, TEK, GDF, BOTAS, and their historical evolution period until the european energy directives implementation. Thereafter, it is prominent to examine chronologically every step of the liberalisation enforced by the energy packages (internal energy market 1996-2000, second energy package 2000-2007, third energy package 2007-2011, next step Energy 2020), and compare the legal procedure of the energy market liberalization process by analyzing their legislations in place and modifications during the european energy directives implementation process.