Product-oriented environmental improvement is a great challenge for SMEs. There are two main reasons for this; firstly, a contradictory situation exists because SMEs lack the knowledge and competence to adopt the mainstream principle holistic approach of environmental product policy and regulations, and, secondly, there is a growing demand to incorporate environmental management system (EMS) and product dimension via ecodesign. To address these issues, this research focused on a product-oriented environmental management system (POEMS) that has been specifically developed to solve these problems. However, POEMS studies so far lack methodological development and focus more on how to incorporate EMS and eco-design rather than how to interpret the contents and improve POEMS as a standard tool. This research aimed to develop a new model, namely, component-based POEMS (CPOEMS). The C-POEMS model is a first attempt to define a potential standardised form of POEMS in its contents and structure, and form the basis for a useable self-help format for SMEs. A C-POEMS model, comprising stages of process, categories of functional areas/units, and elements, and a diagnosis template, as a component-based application, are developed and formulated. Through primary research, the C-POEMS conceptual model was verified and applicability of a C-POEMS component to SMEs was validated. C-POEMS made major contributions of two aspects: (1) methodological development of POEMS; (2) improvement of the format applicable for SMEs incorporating mainstream principles. Regarding methodological development of POEMS, arguments of existing POEMS methods were revealed, and the suggestions as well as analytical information in this research would provide benefit for further research in this field. The C-POEMS improved POEMS by providing clear contents and structure with predefined prior and iii correlated categories of functional area/units, which are helpful for SMEs. In addition, a diagnostic approach would help SMEs recognise their own problems and focus areas. As a result, SMEs can reduce the initial time to identify a structure of product-related environmental management, and increase opportunities to focus on major targets and product aspect for environmental improvements. Because of time constraint and underdevelopment of POEMS, there remain problems, in particular, to fully integrate EMS and eco-design, and the asymmetric situation between maintaining the broad scope of POEMS and focusing upon specific areas and user demand. However, this C-POEMS model provides a foundation for the development of EMS for SME’s and for ongoing development of POEMS.

The purpose of this report is to investigate how Örebrobostäder (ÖBO) can decrease their energy use in the residential area of Oxhagen. Oxhagen is as mentioned a residential area located west from Örebro center and have about 690 apartments in different sizes. ÖBO needs to do this survey because they obey from the law of energy mapping in large companies, this law is produced from the EU directive, energy efficiency directive with its purpose to reduce the energy using in the country so the imported energy decreases. Energy statistics have been handed from ÖBO, this energy data has been analyzed and the data have been put in respective calculations, using Excel. Also, a model of a real estate has been made in the simulation program IDA ICE, in this simulation program energy calculations are made. There has also been a technical inspection of the reference real estate. The result shows that the biggest decrease in energy will happen with a decrease in the heating of the building. It also shows that a change of windows can reduce energy use significantly. Therefor the conclusion is that a combination of heat decrease, and window change can make an enormous difference in energy using for the reference real estate and the combination can also apply on other real estate in the area Oxhagen.

This thesis focuses on the connectivity problems of the new sources to the electrical network. The first part of the thesis deals with the description of the new source and the method of its connection to the electrical network. Furthermore, in work, there are elaborated the blocking conditions for substation TR Neratovice expanded distribution point. A distribution network operator must receive an attachment application for connecting before the actual connection. The attachments consist of study cases of conjunction that values the inverse influence on the distributional network and informs the operator about the required measures for the reliable service with the new source. PSS Sincal computer software was used to survey the inverse influences on the distributional network. Based on processed data, the evaluation of conjunction of the synchronous generator to the grid at TR Neratovice substation was reconsidered.