A determinação da morfologia e dimensões da traqueia são imprescindíveis para o diagnóstico de hipoplasia e definição do tamanho de stent e escolha de sonda endotraqueal apropriada. O buldogue inglês é o principal representante da hipoplasia traqueal e também da síndrome obstrutiva respiratória do cão braquicefálico (SORB). Assim, o conhecimento dos parâmetros da normalidade nesta raça é essencial para o auxílio diagnóstico destas afecções. O exame radiográfico tem sido a modalidade de eleição, entretanto, com a facilidade de acesso à tomografia computadorizada (TC) e melhor resolução espacial, a padronização dos parâmetros da TC se tornou igualmente importante. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos revisar a literatura quanto as principais modalidades de diagnóstico por imagem para avaliação da traqueia, aplicar de métodos de mensuração traqueal já descritos por meio do exame radiográfico, sugerir o estudo da avaliação morfológica e morfométrica da traqueia e da faringe em cães buldogue inglês por meio da (TC), comparar os achados obtidos pela TC com os radiográficos, e correlacioná-los com as manifestações clínicas da SORB. Incluíram-se cães da raça buldogue inglês com graus I e II da SORB, os quais foram submetidos ao exame de TC (n=31) e de radiografia computadorizada (n=37) da faringe e traqueia. Ao exame radiográfico, avaliouse a traqueia pelo uso de métodos morfométricos previamente estabelecidos pela literatura, e pela análise morfológica. Pela TC e pelo exame radiográfico, avaliou-se o diâmetro e área transversal da traqueia, assim como sua morfologia. Ainda, avaliou-se pela TC e pelo exame radiográfico, o diâmetro e área transversal da nasofaringe e a espessura e comprimento do palato mole. Por meio do método de Bland-Altman, analisou-se a comparação estatística entre as modalidades de imagem, e por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, testou-se a correlação entre os achados morfométricos com as manifestações clínicas da SORB. Para tanto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em quatro capítulos, e a metodologia detalhada, resultados, discussões e conclusões estão apresentados individualmente em cada capítulo / Determination of the morphology and dimensions of the trachea are essential for the hypoplasia diagnosis, for stent size definition and appropriate endotracheal tube selection. The English Bulldog is the most affected breed with the tracheal hypoplasia and also brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Thus, knowledge of the normal range in this breed is essential to aid diagnosis of these diseases. Radiographic analysis has been the method of choice, however, the increased access to computed tomography (CT) and better spatial resolution, the standardization of CT parameters became equally important. This study aimed to review the literature of the main modalities of diagnostic imaging for evaluation of the trachea, apply tracheal measurement methods already described by radiographic examination, suggest the study of morphological and morphometric evaluation of the trachea and pharynx in English Bulldog by (CT), compare the CT and radiographic results, and correlate them with the clinical manifestations of BOAS. English Bulldog classified as BOAS grade I and II were included and underwent to CT scan (n = 31) and computed radiography (n = 37) of the pharynx and trachea. Radiographic examination evaluated the trachea with morphometric methods previously established in the literature, and with morphological analysis. Diameter and cross-sectional area of the trachea, as well as their morphology was evaluated by CT and the radiograph. Also, the diameter and crosssectional area of the nasopharynx, as well as the thickness and length of the soft palate was evaluated by CT and radiographic examination. Bland-Altman method, was used to analyzed the statistical comparison between imaging modalities, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to test morphometric findings with the clinical signs of SORB. Therefore, this study was divided into four chapters, and detailed methodology, results, discussion and conclusions are presented individually in each chapter

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Mémoire en neurologie vétérinaire / Plusieurs bouledogues anglais (BA) présentaient des tremblements de tête. Les 3 objectifs de ce projet étaient de déterminer la prévalence du syndrome de tremblements épisodiques de la tête (STET) chez les BA du Québec, caractériser la sémiologie du syndrome et déterminer s’il y a une cause sous-jacente. L’étude de prévalence a été complétée en contactant tous les propriétaires de BA présentés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire vétérinaire entre 2005 et 2012. Vingt-deux des 116 répondants ont confirmé la présence d’épisodes de STET, affirmant une prévalence de 19% (CI 95% 12.3-27.3%) de STET chez les BA québécois. Le mâle est prédisposé au STET (p=0.017). Une étude rétrospective par questionnaire effectuée en ligne auprès des propriétaires de BA atteints a ensuite été complétée. Les 71 questionnaires retenus ont été analysés au moyen de statistiques descriptives. Le STET est caractérisé par un tremblement rapide de la tête débutant à 1.7 an d’âge (médiane), d’une durée de moins de trente minutes, de fréquence variable, occasionnellement déclenché par un stress et qui peut parfois être interrompu. Les tremblements causent de l’anxiété, mais sont autrement bénins et disparaissent spontanément dans 40% des cas. L’investigation diagnostique détaillée incluant des examens neurologique, sanguins, urinaires, de fonctions endocriniennes, d’imagerie par résonance magnétique du cerveau, d’électroencéphalographie, d’électromyographie et d’analyse du liquide céphalorachidien chez 5 BA atteints n’a pas révélé d’anomalie métabolique ou anatomique significative. En conclusion, le STET est une condition fréquente, mais bénigne chez le BA, dont la physiopathologie demeure indéterminée. Il est nécessaire de reconnaitre ce syndrome afin d’éviter des traitements inutiles et potentiellement néfastes. / Many English bulldogs (EB) were presenting head tremors. The 3 objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Episodic Head Tremor Syndrome (EHTS) in Quebec’s EB, to characterize the semiology of the syndrome and to determine if there is an underlying cause to this syndrome. The prevalence study was completed by contacting all the owners of EB presented to the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire between 2005 and 2012. Twenty-two of 116 owners confirmed the presence of EHTS episodes, resulting in a prevalence of 19% (CI 95% 12.3-27.3%) of EHTS in Quebec’s EB. A male sex predisposition was identified (p=0.017). The retrospective study was conducted using an online detailed survey submitted to affected EB’s owners that voluntarily enrolled in the study. The 71 retained surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics. EHTS is characterized by rapid head tremors that start at approximately 1.7 years of age (median), are less than 30 minutes in duration, of variable frequency, occasionally triggered by stress, and can sometimes be interrupted. The tremors cause anxiety but are otherwise benign and have a spontaneous resolution rate of 40%. Amongst the 5 affected EB that underwent diagnostic testing (neurological examination, bloodwork, urinalysis, endocrine function testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, electromyography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis), no underlying anatomical or metabolic abnormality was identified. In conclusion, EHTS is a common but benign condition in EB. The pathophysiology is still undetermined. This syndrome needs recognition to avoid useless and potentially harmful treatment.