The present study is a narrative inquiry into the experience of 9 international graduate students' critical reflection on the practices of their TESOL graduate discourse community, participation modes, and the negotiation process. This study created a space for the NNESs to reflect and articulate their own inquiries about the discourse and their socialization process in The TESOL field. This study also describes the multitude of obstacles NNES ESL teachers overcome in developing the power of their minds. / The importance of this study is that it explores the TESOL discourse community as one of the sources that may contribute to empower/disempowered NNEST in the TESOL field. In other words, it is looking at the TESOL discourse community of prospective teachers as a potential locus for in interactions that can be observed influencing their socialization process. / Data collected during the year of 2009 included one in depth individual interview with 6 of my participants, and two rounds of interviews with a focus group which include 3 of my participants. The benefit of having two interviews in this study was to generate collective dialogue in order to support participants in reconstructing their experiences. / The findings of this study reveal that the international graduate students' perceptions of their respective TESOL graduate programs were varied, depending on the availability of assistance, support, and equal opportunities. Furthermore, when they could relate what they learned, based on their personal experiences and their future teaching environments, their perceptions of their discourse communities were positive, and their academic discourse socialization processes progressed. Academic discourse socialization processes, however, were not only social and political, but also personal and individual. Nevertheless, this study found that international graduate students in the U.S.-based TESOL discourse communities do not simply embrace the practices and knowledge of their discourse communities; rather, they negotiate, resist, and strategize.

We know little about how English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) preservice teachers' prior experiences and beliefs shape their learning process in teacher preparation programs, particularly in the area of second language (L2) reading instruction although research on preservice teachers' antecedents has offered insights into our understanding of how they learn to become teachers (Johnson, 1992, 1994; Wilson, Floden, & Ferrini-Mundy, 2001). This inquiry was designed to contribute to such knowledge. / The participants were nine ESOL pre-service teachers enrolled in an ESOL program of a large urban university in the southeastern region of the United States. Using modified versions of Language Teaching/Learning Beliefs Questionnaire (Brown & Rogers, 2002), of Multidimensional TESL Theoretical Orientation Profile (Johnson, 1992) and of the Theoretical Orientation of Reading Profile (Deford, 1985), reflective essays submitted during admission, observations, interviews, videotapings, and focus group, the study explored answers to questions regarding the influence of ESOL preservice teachers' antecedents on their learning in coursework and field experiences over three semesters. The inquiry stemmed from the framework of constructivism (Crotty, 1998), of introspection and retrospection (Scarino, 2005), and of How People Learn (Donovan & Bransford, 2005). Data were analyzed using grounded theory and constant comparative techniques (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1985). / Findings indicated that faculty used various strategies to address teacher candidates' background for conceptual change and development of professional dispositions. Programmatic decisions to select teacher candidates with specific background in learning an L2 were beneficial but teacher preparation programs may need additional instruments to tap candidates' entering beliefs more effectively. Although some aspects of the participants' prior experiences were not beneficial, these experiences generally contributed to their understanding of ESOL education, visions of L2 instruction, and the development of professional dispositions as related to culturally responsive and socially just teaching in important ways. Also, participants' views of reading, visions of reading instruction, reading instruction in field experiences, and their understanding of literacy theory and pedagogy were primarily influenced by their first language reading experiences. Finally, participants were less confident in articulating a vision of L2 reading instruction because of limited L2 reading prior experiences.

English language education officially started in Japanese elementary schools in 2009. Homeroom teachers, whether experienced or not, are responsible for teaching the subject to students. Additionally, teachers are often required to team-teach with a native English speaker. It is plausible that Japanese teachers are anxious about teaching English. This study investigated Japanese teachers' English anxiety and its sources. Teachers' anxiety-coping strategies were also examined. English anxiety includes (a) anxiety about a teacher's own English proficiency and (b) anxiety about teaching English. There were 133 Japanese elementary school teachers participating in the present study, as well one native English teacher, and three in-service teacher trainers. The Teacher Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, 2008), the Situational Teaching Anxiety Scale, follow-up interviews, and a survey were used in this study. Data showed that 77.4% of teachers were anxious about their own English proficiency, and 90.2% of them were anxious about teaching English. The sources of anxiety included lack of experience and training for teaching English and lack of confidence in English communication. Teachers experienced two phases of anxiety, depending on their English teaching experience. The study also has educational implications for less-experienced teachers who have to understand that there are two phases of anxiety. Furthermore, support by the city board of education is important for diminishing teachers' anxiety. / Keywords: English language education, anxiety, elementary school, teacher

This study examined the oral language abilities of 100 English as-a-second-language (ESL) and 50 English as-a-first-language (EL1) students in grade 5 with and without reading disabilities. Students with reading disabilities were further divided into two groups: poor decoders and poor comprehenders. A MANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of language group and reading group on the students’ cognitive and linguistic skills. The ESL students demonstrated delays in receptive vocabulary as measured by the PPVT, but were comparable to EL1 students on all other measures. Significant differences were found between reading groups for both language groups. Normal readers performed significantly better than poor decoders and poor comprehenders on all of the oral language measures. The poor decoders performed significantly better than poor comprehenders on an oral language task assessing listening comprehension. This research demonstrates that students with reading difficulties also have difficulties in oral language proficiency, regardless of second language status.

This study examined the oral language abilities of 100 English as-a-second-language (ESL) and 50 English as-a-first-language (EL1) students in grade 5 with and without reading disabilities. Students with reading disabilities were further divided into two groups: poor decoders and poor comprehenders. A MANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of language group and reading group on the students’ cognitive and linguistic skills. The ESL students demonstrated delays in receptive vocabulary as measured by the PPVT, but were comparable to EL1 students on all other measures. Significant differences were found between reading groups for both language groups. Normal readers performed significantly better than poor decoders and poor comprehenders on all of the oral language measures. The poor decoders performed significantly better than poor comprehenders on an oral language task assessing listening comprehension. This research demonstrates that students with reading difficulties also have difficulties in oral language proficiency, regardless of second language status.

The purpose of my dissertation was to explore whether a virtual world could be a suitable platform for second language assessment. It specifically looked at the validity evidence of a virtual-world group oral test compared to that of a face-to-face group oral test by means of test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, face validity, and discourse features in the two testing modes. A total of 64 ESL students who were enrolled in a large language institution in the southwestern part of the United States participated in the study. Thirty students served as a control group and took two sets of face-to-face and virtual-world tests. Thirty-four students served as an experimental group and took two sets of face-to-face and virtual-world tests after receiving familiarity training in the virtual-world setting. Data were drawn from the students’ group oral test scores, a survey asking for their perceptions on the two testing modes, interviews, and speech samples from their group oral tests. The findings showed that students produced similar scores when tested again in the virtual world, confirming the test-retest validity. The results also revealed that the students’ group oral test scores in the virtual world were comparable to their face-to-face group oral scores, providing concurrent validity of the virtual-world testing mode. It is noteworthy that students produced comparable scores in the virtual world only after they experienced the virtual world. Students’ perceptions on the virtual-world testing mode were promising in terms of anxiety, ease of the testing mode, and ease of turn-taking. Qualitative analyses of interviews showed that virtual worlds have some benefits, including interesting, relaxing testing conditions as well as a feeling of co-presence in the virtual world. Conversation analysis of the students’ interactions revealed four interactional features unique to the two testing modes: 1) different strategies to start the conversation in each testing mode, 2) more scaffolding in face-to-face, 3) more successful instances of showing agreement and disagreement in face-to-face mode, and 4) different turn-taking patterns in each testing mode. / text

<p> Each year hundreds of foreign-born and other non-native English speakers (NNS) enroll in U.S. public community colleges. More than 40% of these applicants do not pass the entrance exams and are then directed to take a series of noncredit courses before entering the mainstream freshmen composition. The word mainstream refers to the regularly credited courses that one takes to earn credits towards one&rsquo;s certificate or degree program. There are studies comparing the non-native speakers (NNS) to native English speakers (NNS) in the freshmen composition class. Other studies examine the mainstream writing class from the NNS student writer&rsquo;s point of view. However, there is no literature that discusses the placement of the NNS student in the developmental course from the perspectives of the NNS student, the developmental writing instructor, and the administrator. By interviewing NNS students in the developmental writing class, community college staff, faculty, and administrators who interact with these students, we gain multiple perspectives about the placement of this population in the developmental writing class. The results of this study inform community college educators that some NNS students in developmental writing courses may have detoured from the mainstream path with little regard for some of their cognitive, affective, or linguistic needs.</p>

<p> ELs are a marginalized population in American schools. They are denied a just, equal, and inclusive education. Those whose primary language is other than English are segregated from the other students in school and prevented from enrolling in courses that would allow them to meet prerequisites for college applications.</p><p> This qualitative case study examining the impact of elective courses on ELs' achievement demonstrated that these students were capable of the same achievement as, if not better than, their English-proficient peers. They demonstrated fewer behavior incidents, achieved increased test scores, and maintained grade point averages higher than those of other ELs. Their teachers and administrators viewed them favorably and supported their enrollment in elective courses. </p><p> This small sample of ELs has demonstrated that they are capable of academic achievement and supports the call to permit their enrollment in elective courses. Schools are obligated to provide them with college and career readiness opportunities, and electives would facilitate this preparation.</p>

<p> This dissertation explores the ways to teach the literary works of William Clark Falkner and William Faulkner to ESL (English as a Second Language) students in today&rsquo;s digital environment. William Faulkner&rsquo;s great-grandfather, William Clark Falkner, wrote romantic literary works, and William Faulkner critically uses the motifs of his great-grandfather&rsquo;s works to establish his literary world. Applying Bakhtin&rsquo;s dialogical theory, this study explores how these two authors imagine the social formations of the American South differently in their literary works. The coined term, social combination&mdash;which is defined as the individuals&rsquo; mutual effort to have equal relationships for a certain time&mdash;is used as a key term to examine how these two authors depict the characters&rsquo; personal relationships. William Faulkner employs his characters&rsquo; social combination as a resistance against the American South&rsquo;s romantic illusions that are represented by William Clark Falkner&rsquo;s literary works. William Faulkner&rsquo;s historical perspective is beneficial for today&rsquo;s ESL students, who explore their new egalitarian formations in their digitally expanded world. The last part of this study outlines how an American literary teacher can connect the works of William Clark Falkner and William Faulkner when teaching ESL students by using today&rsquo;s digital environment. Using three digital platforms&mdash;Moodle, WordPress, and Google Drive&mdash;a teacher composes egalitarian relationships among class members and inspires students&rsquo; autonomous discussion on these two authors&rsquo; works. Through these activities, ESL students are expected to comprehend that the literature of the American South is not only the historical development of the foreign region, but the phenomenon that is connected to their own social formations.</p>

<p> The purpose of this empirical-phenomenological study was to reveal the lived experiences of monolingual Southeast Texas intermediate mathematics teachers who instruct ELL students. The study addressed a lack of knowledge about ELL mathematics instruction by monolingual teachers. The first theme pertained to complex mathematical word problems that represent linguistic challenges leading to student text anxiety. The second theme encompassed the linguistic assumptions by teaching staff that include assumptions about the language of mathematics and assumptions about ELL language acquisition. The third theme stemmed from the expressed demographic changes involving ELL students in the mathematics classroom that included changes in classroom climate. The fourth theme revolved around the challenges the teachers identified regarding communication with parents of ELL students. The fifth theme pertained to the high pressure that teachers expressed from administration and the general community to improve strategies for ELL mathematics instruction and testing. The sixth theme reflected teachers' interests in better professional development programs for ELL mathematics instruction. The seventh theme emerged from teachers' expressions about instructional strategies, with focus on key words in mathematics and the breakdown of complex mathematical word problems. Recommendations for leadership and suggestions for future research stemmed from these findings. </p>