Lam Tsui-shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-210). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Setting of the Present Research --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Research on Second/Foreign Language (SL/FL) Classroom Interaction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Research on English Classroom Interaction in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Rationale and Significance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organisation of This Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Origins and Development --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Communicative Competence: Framework --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Communicative Competence: Theoretical Approaches in Language Teacl --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- The interactional approach --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- The discoursal approach --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The fluency-based approach --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Communicative Competence: Practical Issues --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- The interactional approach: The role of output --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- The discoursal approach: The need of information gap --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- The fluency-based approach: The measurement of fluency --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- The Communicative Language Teaching in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- The development of CLT in English classroom --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Attitudes toward CLT and the actual practice: A dilemma --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Classroom Interaction and Language Learning --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Role of Interaction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Comprehensible input and its development --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Negotiation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Output --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Actual Interactional Patterns in Classroom: The Interactive Goals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Core Goals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Framework Goals --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Social Goals --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Desired Classroom Interactional Patterns --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- The Two Complementary Modes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- "The Triangular Elements: Play, Work and Learning" --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Aspects of Teacher-Learner (T-L) Interaction --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Teacher roles --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Learner roles --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Teacher talk --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Student talk --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.4.5 --- Turns of talk --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Classroom Interaction and Second Language Learners --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Learner Autonomy --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Learner Anxiety --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5 --- English Language Classroom Interaction in Hong Kong --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Analyzing Input and Interaction in Language Classrooms --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Communication Failure in the English Classroom --- p.69 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- The Five Second Language Discourses --- p.70 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Students' Participation in Language Classroom --- p.72 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Research Gaps in Hong Kong: Significance of Students' Voices --- p.73 / Chapter 2.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.75 / Chapter 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of Subjects --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- School --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Class --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Teacher --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Students --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Instruments --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Non-participant, Ethnographic Observations" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Stimulated Recall and Semi-structured Interviews --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Design of the Study --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Stage One: Data Collection --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Classroom observations --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Students' interviews --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Stage Two: Data Analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methods of Data Analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Analysing the Classroom Discourse Data --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Analysing the Interview Data --- p.87 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.88 / Chapter 4 --- DATA ANALYSIS --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Classroom Interactional Patterns: The General Picture --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Teacher's and Students' Talk --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- At the utterance level --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Language choice --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Teacher's and Students' Turn Allocation --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Amounts of turns taken --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Turn-taking patterns --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3 --- Teacher-Learner Verbal Interaction: An Overview --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Types of Teacher Talk --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- """Teacher-initiate""" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- """Teacher-respond""" --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Types of Student Talk --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- """Pupil-initiate""" --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- """Pupil-respond""" --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Brief Summary on the Classroom Discourse Data --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5 --- Findings Based on Students' Interview Data --- p.101 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Students Asking Questions in English Classroom --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to ask questions --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Moments of raising hand to ask questions --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Reasons for not asking questions in English --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Reasons for not asking questions in class --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5.1.5 --- Expectations about teacher's answers --- p.104 / Chapter 4.5.1.6 --- Learning from asking questions --- p.104 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Students answering questions in English classroom --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Reasons for calling out the answer without teacher's nomination --- p.106 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Reasons for answering in private turns --- p.106 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Reasons for nodding or shaking head to answer questions --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative in answering questions --- p.108 / Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Learning from answering questions --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Teacher-Learner Interaction and Classroom Learning --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3.1 --- Motivating factors for speaking (in English) in class --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3.2 --- Types of classroom atmosphere encouraging verbal interactions --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.3.3 --- Positive effects of verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.3.4 --- De-motivating factors for speaking (in English) in class --- p.112 / Chapter 4.5.3.5 --- Types of classroom atmosphere discouraging verbal interactions(in English)in class --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.3.6 --- Negative effects of non-verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.3.7 --- Positive effects of non-verbal interactions in classroom learning --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5.3.8 --- Things in mind when learning in silence --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Students' Suggestions for English Teacher --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5.4.1 --- Influences of teacher's image --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5.4.2 --- Expected images and roles of the English teacher in the classroom --- p.116 / Chapter 4.5.4.3 --- Suggested actions to promote T-L interaction --- p.117 / Chapter 4.5.4.4 --- Suggested actions to promote speaking English in class --- p.118 / Chapter 4.6 --- A Brief Summary on the Student Interview Data --- p.119 / Chapter 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.120 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.120 / Chapter 5.2 --- Students' Participation in English Classroom: An Overview --- p.120 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Types of Teachers' Elicitation and Students' Responses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Types of Students' Elicitation and Teachers' Responses --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Language Choice of the Students --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3 --- Non-verbal Participation in Classroom Interaction --- p.130 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Students' Non-verbal Participation in Answering and Asking Questions --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Reasons for answering questions in private turns --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Reasons for using body language or games to answer questions --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Reasons for not taking the initiative to ask questions in class --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- De-motivating Factors for Speaking in Class: A Review --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Students' anxiety in ESL classroom --- p.145 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Teacher's influences on students' non-verbal participation --- p.148 / Chapter 5.4 --- Verbal Participation in Classroom Interaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Students Verbal Participation in Answering and Asking Questions --- p.154 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to ask questions --- p.154 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- Reasons for not speaking in English --- p.155 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- Reasons for taking the initiative to answer questions --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4.1.4 --- Reasons for shouting out the answer --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Motivating Factors for Speaking in Class: A Study on Teacher's Influence --- p.162 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Expected roles of an English teacher in classroom interaction --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Encouraging students' English verbal participation in classroom --- p.171 / Chapter 5.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.180 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.183 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2 --- A Summary of the Research Objectives and Findings --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Revisiting Research Objectives --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Summarising Research Findings --- p.184 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Classroom discourse data --- p.184 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Student interview data --- p.185 / Chapter 6.3 --- Pedagogical Implications --- p.190 / Chapter 6.4 --- Research Limitations --- p.193 / Chapter 6.5 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.194 / Chapter 6.6 --- Chapter Summary --- p.196 / REFERENCES --- p.198 / APPENDICES --- p.211 / Chapter A --- An Overview of the English Language Classroom Interaction Research in Hong --- p.211 / Chapter B --- "Tsui's "" Seventeen-Category System"" and Its Illustration" --- p.213 / Chapter C --- Percentage of Partially and Totally Unintelligible Utterances of the Teachers and --- p.214 / Chapter D --- Relative Population and Distribution of Forty-eight Student Interviewees --- p.215 / Chapter E --- The Codes of the Forty-eight Student Interviewees --- p.216 / Chapter F --- Summary of Students' Explanations for Their Non-verbal Participation --- p.217 / Chapter G --- Summary of Students' Explanations for Their Verbal Participation --- p.218 / Chapter H --- Diagram 2. The Flow of Possible Worries in Students' Mind When They Are to Answer Teacher's Question --- p.219 / Chapter I --- Diagram 3. Possible Things in Students' Mind When They Have A Question in Mind --- p.220

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Analysis on most heavily overused and underused syntactic features shows that, when compared with native speakers, Hong Kong students favour the use of present tense, tentative style, simple noun phrase structure and explicit clause-relation marking in oral presentations. They prefer using present tense constructions, adopting pronouns for nominal functions and using an interactive tone in written essays. In both the learner speech data and the learner writing data, quite a number of the overused and underused syntactic features are closely related to the differences between speech and writing found in Biber (1988), hinting at Hong Kong students' inadequate sensitivity to mode differences in English. / Analysis on textual dimensions suggests that Hong Kong students' oral presentations differ from comparable native-speaker oral production by being more written-like in terms of the use of explicit/situation-dependent reference and the inclusion of abstract/non-abstract information. Hong Kong students' written essays deviate from comparable native-speaker written production by being more spoken-like in terms of the involved/informational focus and the use of explicit/situation-dependent reference. Moreover, both the learner speech data and the learner writing data bear some resemblance to common native-speaker genres in the opposite mode. / The present study clearly demonstrates that Hong Kong students have limited sensitivity to the conventional usage of syntactic features in spoken and written English. The teaching profession should help the students develop better sociolinguistic competence when teaching grammar, speaking and writing. Future research on second language acquisition should also focus more on the learners' sociolinguistic development so that second language learners' communicative ability can be better understood. / This thesis investigates Hong Kong secondary school students' sensitivity to differences between spoken and written English by examining their use of 67 syntactic features. A model specifying how native speakers vary their use of syntactic features across speech and writing, Biber (1988), has been adopted as the theoretical framework. Fifty-two oral presentations delivered by Form 6 students and 52 public examination essays written by Form 7 students, both of which total about 10,000 words, have been analysed. The students' performance is compared with native speakers' performance in similar spoken and written production on the level of syntactic features and the level of textual dimensions. / Chui, Sze Yan. / "December 2010." / Adviser: Gerald Nelson. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-266). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese.

published_or_final_version / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education