The purposes of the present study were: 1) to provide descriptions, both phonological and acoustic, of the vowel system of a child who exhibited a phonological disturbance in his vowel system, and 2) to examine the effects that intervention targeting consonants would have on his vowel system. No specific hypotheses were proposed, although it was implied that there would be some effect. The subject, S, was one of six subjects in a doctoral research study investigating the application of non-linear phonological theory to the assessment and remediation of developmental phonological disorders. The data were selected from the initial assessment session and a reassessment after two blocks of intervention. Both phonological and acoustic analyses of the data were performed. Acoustic measurements included the fundamental frequency and the frequencies of the first and second formants for each phone. The data showed that S had a large phonetic inventory of vowels with a high proportion of vowel errors. Phonemes exhibited considerable variability but one primary phone could usually be identified. Significant in the phonological description were the following: 1) a high front vowel, a back rounded vowel, a low vowel, and a central vowel were among those most accurately produced by S, 2) there were a significant number of errors in the non-high, unrounded phonemes, and 3) /u/ exhibited a high proportion of errors. In general, errors were not sensitive to consonantal context. Acoustically, while the formant patterns for each phone differed from the others, S's vowels were found to be different in some ways from normal. Specifically, the frequency of F2 for his back vowels is higher than expected and the frequency of Fl for /a/ is lower than expected. In addition to some differences in formant frequency, the acoustic data on S's vowels show much more variability than normal. Changes in the data occurred, both phonologically and acoustically, between the pre-and post-treatment assessment Changes included: 1) improvement in the accurate production of /u/, 2) shifts in the phonetic representation of non-high, unrounded vowels, 3) a decrease in random phonemic error, 4) a decrease in the second formant frequency of back vowels and an increase in first formant frequency of /a/, 5) a decrease in variability of both first and second formant frequency, and 6) a decrease in fundamental frequency. While it was possible to describe differences between the pre- and post-treatment data, it was not possible to ascribe these changes solely to intervention. It is difficult to know whether intervention had a direct effect on vowel production or whether the changes which occurred were more general effects of intervention or simply natural events, coincidental with the intervention program. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis tests the hypothesis that a whole language approach to ESL (English As A Second Language) pronunciation with emphasis on suprasegementals through the use of linguistic mimicry is more effective than a focus on segmentals in improving native speakers perceptions of accent and comprehensibility of ESL students' pronunciation of English. The thesis is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 2 is a discussion of the factors that affect the degree of foreign accent in second language acquisition. Chapter 3 gives a background on current ESL pedagogy followed by a description of the linguistic mimicry approach used in this research in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 and 6 are discussion of Materials and Methods and Conclusions and Implications.

Leung, Ming Ming Grace. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-150). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters in appendix. / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1. --- Background to this Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Purpose and Significance of this Study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- /n/ and /l/ in English and Cantonese --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3. --- /n/ and /l/ Variation in Cantonese --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4. --- /n/ and /l/ Variation in Hong Kong English --- p.7 / Chapter 2.5. --- Language Transfer --- p.10 / Chapter 2.6. --- English Perception and Production by L2 Speakers --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7. --- Task Type --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8. --- Linguistic Environment --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9. --- Language Proficiency --- p.43 / Chapter 2.10. --- Summary --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2. --- Research Questions --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3. --- Research Methodology --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Participants --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Materials and Procedure --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Data Recording and Data Transcription --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- "Data Coding, Data Scoring and Data Analysis" --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4. --- Summary --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- FINDINGS / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2. --- General Results in Descriptive Statistics --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- General Finding of English Production and Perception --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.1. --- Production of /n/and /l/ in Different Task Types --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1.2. --- Production of /n/ and /l/ in Different Following Linguistic Environments --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.1.3. --- Production of /n/ and /l/ with the Presence of a Second /n/ --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1.4. --- Production of /n/ and /l/ by Three Groups of Participants --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- General Finding of Cantonese Production and Perception --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results of VARBRUL Statistics --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Result of Accurate Production of /n/ --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Result of /n/ to /l/ Variation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Result of Accurate Production of /l/ --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Result of /l/ to /n/ Variation --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4. --- Descriptive and VARBRUL Statistical Results regarding Four Research Questions --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Data for Research Question 1: To what extent does /n/ and /l/ variation of Cantonese play a role in /n/ and /l/ variation in the onset positionin English? --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Data for Research Question 2: How significant is English perception for English production? --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- "Data for Research Question 3: How do Cantonese speakers of English perform in different task types (word list, passage, and natural speech) and is task type significant for English production?" --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.4. --- "Data for Research Question 4: Which linguistic and/or non-linguistic factors, such as the linguistic environment, the presence of a second /n/ within the same syllable, and English proficiency/university major, may have an influence on /n/ and /l/ production in English?" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5. --- Summary --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2. --- Research Question 1: To what extent does /n/ and /l/ variation of Cantonese play a role in /n/ and /l/ variation in the onset position in English? --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Discussion about /n/ and /l/ Variation in Cantonese --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Discussion about /n/ and /l/ Variation in English --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Transfer of /n/ and /l/ Variation in Cantonese to /n/ and /l/ variationin English --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3. --- Research Question 2: How significant is English perception for English production? --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4. --- "Research Question 3: How do Cantonese speakers of English perform in different task types (word list，passage, and natural speech) and is task type significant for English production?" --- p.124 / Chapter 5.5. --- "Research Question 4: Which linguistic and/or non-linguistic factors, such as the linguistic environment, the presence of a second /n/ within the same syllable, and English proficiency/university major, may have an influence on /n/ and /l/ production in English?" --- p.128 / Chapter 5.6. --- Summary --- p.137 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.142 / Chapter 6.1.1. --- Pedagogical Implication --- p.142 / Chapter 6.1.2. --- Limitations of the Current Study --- p.144 / Chapter 6.1.3. --- Suggestions for Further Studies --- p.145 / REFERENCES --- p.147 / APPENDIX A / APPENDIX B / APPENDIX C / APPENDIX D

Although many researchers have studied language attitudes in the last three decades, none of the studies have been conducted in the hospital setting, where there are more serious consequences for those working with patients being labeled linguistically "incompetent," as charges of incompetence in language are apt to lead to charges of incompetence in other areas of mastery as well (e.g., Ryan, 1983). This study examines the attitudes of a sample of nurses from three Portland-area hospitals towards nonnative English speaking physicians. The subjects, 156 medical-surgical nurses, listened to three anonymous audiotaped physicians who were from three different ethnic backgrounds: American, Japanese and Persian. The physicians were first all recorded reading a short patient history and giving a verbal order directed toward a nurse. This was the formal context. For the informal context, the physicians gave an impromptu response to a question regarding their future plans. The nurses rated each physician twice, once for each context, using the Speech Evaluation Instrument (SEI), a semantic differential scale using bipolar adjectives developed by Zahn and Hopper (1985). Results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between a physician's pronunciation and a nurse's perceptions of his medical competency, as measured by the SEI, with the native English speaking physician receiving a higher rating than the two nonnative English speaking physicians. The native Japanese speaking physician, who had the strongest accent, received the lowest ratings on the SEI. There was also a significant positive relationship between the context the physician was speaking in and the ratings he received on the SEI, with the informal context receiving a higher rating for all three physicians than the formal context. If a physician's pronunciation or speech style causes nurses, not to mention patients, to evaluate him/her negatively, then one implication of this study is for the need for more pronunciation work and accent reduction exercises not only in the English as a second/foreign language classroom, but also as a continued offering for nonnative English speaking hospital personnel in teaching hospitals. Another implication relates to the need for better preparing nurses to work and communicate successfully with nonnative English speaking physicians, other hospital personnel, and patients by offering transcultural nursing classes in nursing school and making it a mandatory part of every nurse's education.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education