The accurate identification of taxa from mixed assemblages using genetic analysis remains an important field of molecular biology research. The common principle behind the development of numerous documented genetic detection technologies is to exploit specific nucleotide sequences inherent to each taxon. This body of work focuses on practical applications of real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) in marine science, and is presented in four case studies. Each study represents novel work in the genetic identification of respective taxa of interest using RT-NASBA. Two case studies documented the development of an assay targeting mitochondrial 16S rRNA to discern legally salable grouper species in the U.S. from fraudulently mislabeled surrogate fish. This technology was first validated using lab-based, benchtop instrumentation, and was then adapted into a complete field detection system. The third study documented an internally controlled RT-NASBA (IC-NASBA) assay for the detection and quantification of the harmful algal bloom-causing dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi, by targeting the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) large-subunit gene (rbcL). The final section of this dissertation details the preliminary development of an IC-NASBA assay targeting large subunit rRNA for the quantification of Enterococcus, which is a genus of bacteria commonly used as an indicator of fecal pollution in recreational marine water. My results show that RT-NASBA provides a suitable format for the accurate identification of target species from these taxa which include prokaryotes, as well as both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Autolysins are enzymes that cleave specific structural components within the bacterial cell wall. They contribute to numerous cellular activities such as cell growth, cell division, peptidoglycan recycling and turnover. In this study, twelve Enterococcal isolates (previously from the genus Streptococcus) were examined for susceptibility to the antibiotics Penicillin G and Vancomycin, using a Disk Diffusion and a Microtitre plate assay. In both methods, all twelve strains were resistant to Vancomycin. Six of these strains were susceptible to Penicillin G. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were twice that of the disk diffusion assay values. In the presence of antibiotic, the growth rates for the six strains were halved. Autolysins were extracted from the respective cell cultures using a 4% SDS precipitation method. The protein concentrations were calculated and estimated to be within the range of 5.47- to 6.35 μg/μl. Profiles of the SDS precipitate were analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Autolytic proteins were identified and partially analyzed by renaturing SDS-PAGE (zymograms) using gels containing cell wall substrate. Seven lytic bands of molecular weights 25, 30, 50, 63, 75 95 and 145 kDa (designated Autolysin A to G, respectively) were selected for further analysis. The temporal distribution of the enzymes ranged from the mid exponential phase to the early death phase. The seven proteins were blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and excised for N-terminal sequencing. Blast analysis of the respective N-terminal sequences showed autolysins A, C, D, E and F to have 100% similarity to the muramidase, amidase and peptidase from S. cremoris, S. suis, S. pneumonia, S. pyogenes and E. faecium, respectively. Biochemical characterization confirmed autolysins A, B, E and F to exhibit muramidase activity, and autolysin C and G to exhibit peptidase activity. Autolysin D displayed 100% similarity to the protein LytA, a peptidoglycan hydrolase that is known to exhibit amidase activity. Blast analysis could not determine any significant similarities for autolysins B and G to previously identified autolysins, thus indicating they may perhaps be novel autolysins. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Les entérocoques font partie de la flore normale intestinale des animaux et des humains. Plusieurs études ont démontré que les entérocoques d’origine animale pouvaient représenter un réservoir de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques pour la communauté humaine et animale. Les espèces Enterococcus faecalis et Enterococcus faecium sont importantes en santé publique; elles sont responsables d’environ 12% de toutes les infections nosocomiales aux États-Unis. Au Canada, les cas de colonisation et/ou d’infections à entérocoques résistants à la vancomycine ont plus que triplé de 2005 à 2009. Un total de 387 isolats E. faecalis et E. faecium aviaires, et 124 isolats E. faecalis porcins ont été identifiés et analysés pour leur susceptibilité aux antibiotiques. De hauts pourcentages de résistance envers les macrolides et les tétracyclines ont été observés tant chez les isolats aviaires que porcins. Deux profils phénotypiques prédominants ont été déterminés et analysés par PCR et séquençage pour la présence de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Différentes combinaisons de gènes de résistance ont été identifiées dont erm(B) et tet(M) étant les plus prévalents. Des extractions plasmidiques et des analyses par hybridation ont permis de déterminer, pour la première fois, la colocalisation des gènes erm(B) et tet(M) sur un plasmide d’environ 9 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis porcins, et des gènes erm(B) et tet(O) sur un plasmide de faible poids moléculaire d’environ 11 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis aviaires. De plus, nous avons démontré, grâce à des essais conjugatifs, que ces plasmides pouvaient être transférés. Les résultats ont révélé que les entérocoques intestinaux aviaires et porcins, lesquels peuvent contaminer la viande à l’abattoir, pouvaient représenter un réservoir de gènes de résistance envers la quinupristine-dalfopristine, la bacitracine, la tétracycline et les macrolides. Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation d’un antisérum polyclonal SA dans l’interférence de la résistance à de fortes concentrations de bacitracine (gènes bcrRAB), lors d’un transfert conjugatif répondant aux phéromones, un isolat multirésistant E. faecalis aviaire a été sélectionné. Après induction avec des phéromones produites par la souche réceptrice E. faecalis JH2-2, l’agrégation de la souche donatrice E. faecalis 543 a été observée ainsi que des fréquences de transfert élevées en bouillon lors d’une courte période de conjugaison. Le transfert conjugatif des gènes asa1, traB et bcrRAB ainsi que leur colocalisation a été démontré chez le donneur et un transconjugant T543-1 sur un plasmide de 115 kb par électrophorèse à champs pulsé (PFGE) et hybridation. Une CMI de > 2 048 µg/ml envers la bacitracine a été obtenue tant chez le donneur que le transconjuguant tandis que la souche réceptrice JH2-2 démontrait une CMI de 32 µg/ml. Le séquençage des gènes asa1, codant pour la substance agrégative, et traB, une protéine régulant négativement la réponse aux phéromones, a révélé une association de cet élément génétique avec le plasmide pJM01. De plus, cette étude présente qu’un antisérum polyclonal SA peut interférer significativement dans le transfert horizontal d’un plasmide répondant aux phéromones codant pour de la résistance à de fortes doses de bacitracine d’une souche E. faecalis aviaire multirésistante. Des isolats cliniques E. faecium d’origine humaine et canine ont été analysés et comparés. Cette étude rapporte, pour la première fois, la caractérisation d’isolats cliniques E. faecium résistants à l’ampicilline (EFRA) d’origine canine associés à CC17 (ST17) au Canada. Ces isolats étaient résistants à la ciprofloxacine et à la lincomycine. Leur résistance envers la ciprofloxacine a été confirmée par la présence de substitutions dans la séquence en acides aminés des gènes de l’ADN gyrase (gyrA/gyrB) et de la topoisomérase IV (parC/parE). Des résistances élevées envers la gentamicine, la kanamycine et la streptomycine, et de la résistance envers les macrolides et les lincosamides a également été observées. La fréquence de résistance envers la tétracycline était élevée tandis que celle envers la vancomycine n’a pas été détectée. De plus, aucune résistance n’a été observée envers le linézolide et la quinupristine-dalfopristine. Les données ont démontré une absence complète des gènes esp (protéine de surface des entérocoques) et hyl (hyaluronidase) chez les isolats canins EFRA testés tandis qu’ils possédaient tous le gène acm (adhésine de liaison au collagène d’E. faecium). Aucune activité reliée à la formation de biofilm ou la présence d’éléments CRISPR (loci de courtes répétitions palindromiques à interespaces réguliers) n’a été identifiée chez les isolats canins EFRA. Les familles de plasmide rep6 and rep11 ont significativement été associées aux isolats d’origine canine. Les profils PFGE des isolats d’origine humaine et canine n'ont révélé aucune relation (≤ 80%). Ces résultats illustrent l'importance d'une utilisation judicieuse des antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire afin d’éviter la dissémination zoonotique des isolats EFRA canins. Nous pensons que ces résultats contribueront à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques et de leurs éléments mobiles ainsi qu’à de nouvelles stratégies afin de réduire le transfert horizontal de la résistance aux antibiotiques et des facteurs de virulence. / Enterococci are part of normal intestinal gut flora of animals and humans. Many studies have shown that enterococci from animal origin could represent an antimicrobial resistance genes reservoir for the human community. The two species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are important in public health; they are responsible for approximately 12% of all nosocomial infections in the United States. In Canada, cases of colonization and/or infections to vancomycin resistant enterococci have more than tripled from 2005 to 2009. A total of 387 poultry E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, and 124 porcine E. faecalis isolates were identified and analyzed for their antibiotic susceptibilities. High percentages of resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines were found in both avian and porcine isolates. Two predominant phenotypic profiles were determined and analyzed by PCR and sequencing for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Various combinations of antibiotic resistance genes were detected; erm(B) and tet(M) were the most common genes. For the first time, plasmid extraction and hybridization revealed colocalization of erm(B) and tet(M) on a plasmid of ~9 kb in porcine E. faecalis isolates, and of erm(B) and tet(O) on a low-molecular-weight plasmid of ~11 kb in poultry E. faecalis isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrated, through mating experiments, these plasmids could be transferred. Results indicate that the intestinal enterococci of healthy pigs and poultry, which can contaminate meat at slaughter, could be a reservoir for quinupristin-dalfopristin, bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes. To assess the use of a polyclonal antiserum AS on the contact interference of a high level bacitracin resistant (bcrRAB genes) pheromone-responsive plasmid, a multiresistant E. faecalis isolate of poultry origin was selected. After induction with pheromones produced by the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2, clumping of the donor E. faecalis strain 543 was demonstrated as well as high transfer frequencies in short time broth mating. Conjugative transfer of asa1, traB and bcrRAB genes and their co-localization were also demonstrated in the donor strain and a transconjugant T543-1 on a plasmid band of 115 kb by PFGE and Southern blotting. A MIC to bacitracin of > 2 048 µg/ml was obtained for both strains 543 and T543-1 whereas the recipient strain JH2-2 demonstrated a MIC of 32 µg/ml. Sequencing of the asa1 gene encoding for an AS, and traB for a pheromone shutdown protein, confirmed the association of this genetic element to the pheromone-responsive plasmid related to pJM01. More significantly, this study presents the evidence that a polyclonal antiserum AS can significantly interfere with the horizontal transfer of a pheromone-responsive plasmid encoding high-level bacitracin resistance of a poultry multidrug resistant E. faecalis strain. Clinical isolates of E. faecium of human and canine origin were analyzed and compared. This report describes for the first time the characterization of canine clinical ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREF) isolates related to CC17 (ST17) in Canada. These isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and lincomycin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was confirmed by amino acid substitutions in DNA gyrase (gyrA/gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC/parE) genes. High-level gentamicin, -kanamycin and -streptomycin resistances and macrolides resistance were also observed. The frequency of tetracycline resistance was high whereas vancomycin resistance was not detected. Also, no resistance was observed to linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin antibiotics. Data demonstrated the complete absence of enterococcal surface protein (esp) and hyaluronidase (hyl) genes among the canine AREF isolates tested while all were acm (collagen adhesin from E. faecium) positive. However, most of them were shown to harbor efaAfm gene, encoding for a cell wall adhesin. No biofilm formation or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) elements were identified in these canine AREF isolates. rep6 and rep11 families of plasmids were significantly associated with isolates from dogs. The PFGE patterns of human and dog isolates were considered unrelated (≤ 80%). These findings also support the importance of prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine to avoid zoonotic spread of canine AREF isolates. We are confident that our results may help to better understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and mobile element carrying them as well as new strategies to reduce the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence traits.

Thesis (M.D.Sc.) - University of Queensland, 2003. / 2 Pts. ; abstract for each. Includes bibliography.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität Berlin, 2005.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2006.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 beraldo_rm_me_arafcf.pdf: 282816 bytes, checksum: 5801e8fb514fd0197781c52154b68859 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O consumo de alimentos frescos como frutas e hortaliças representa riscos à saúde humana, uma vez que tais alimentos podem estar contaminados, constituindo veículos de transmissão de várias doenças. A água utilizada na irrigação de hortas representa umas das possíveis fontes desse tipo de contaminação, comprometendo a qualidade do produto e, principalmente, a saúde humana. Assim, o controle da qualidade bacteriológica de águas utilizadas para tal finalidade torna-se de vital importância para a saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica de amostras de águas utilizadas na irrigação de 40 hortas dos municípios de Araraquara, Boa Esperança do Sul e Ibitinga, SP. Foram colhidas em cada horta duas amostras de águas destinadas à irrigação. Tais amostras foram colhidas no mesmo ponto e em diferentes meses, caracterizando dois grupos de coleta com 40 amostras cada, totalizando 80 amostras. Foi determinado o número mais provável (NMP/100 mL) de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes e enterococos, através da técnica dos tubos múltiplos (APHA, 2005). Foi utilizado o padrão de qualidade estabelecido pela Resolução n°357 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente- CONAMA, que determina um limite de 200 coliformes termotolerantes em 100 mL de amostra de água utilizada para irrigação de hortaliças consumidas cruas (CONAMA, 2005). Após a análise das amostras referentes à primeira coleta, os proprietários das hortas, cujas águas utilizadas na irrigação não atenderam ao padrão de qualidade estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA n°357 foram orientados quanto à necessidade de medidas de desinfecção das mesmas ou suas fontes. A segunda coleta das amostras ocorreu somente após terem sido tomadas as providências para a melhoria da qualidade da água, nos casos em que isso foi necessário. Após a primeira análise observou-se... / The consumption of fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables represents risks to human health, since these foods may be contaminated, behaving as sources of various diseases. The water used for irrigation of vegetables gardens represents one of the possible sources of contamination, which may compromise the quality of the product and, mainly, the human health. Thus, the bacteriological quality control of water used for such purposes becomes vitally important for public health. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the bacteriological quality of water used for irrigation of 40 vegetables gardens in the municipalities of Araraquara, Boa Esperança do Sul and Ibitinga, SP. Were collected in each vegetables garden two samples of water for irrigation. The samples were collected in different months at the same point, featuring two groups collection with 40 samples each, totaling 80 samples. It was determined the most probable number (MPN/100 mL) of total coliforms, termotolerants coliforms and enterococcus using the multiple tube technique (APHA, 2005). It was used the quality standard established by Resolution n°357 of Environmental National Council - CONAMA, which determines a limit of 200 termotolerants coliforms in 100 mL of sample of water used for irrigation of vegetables consumed raw (CONAMA, 2005). After the analysis of the samples from the first collects, the owners of the vegetables gardens, whose waters used in irrigation not satisfy the quality standard established by CONAMA Resolution n°357, were instructed about the necessary disinfection measures of the water or its sources. The second collects of the samples occurred only after been taken steps to improve water quality, when it was necessary. After the first analysis it was observed the presence of termotolerants coliforms, in quantities above the permitted by law, in nine samples (22,5%). The owners of these vegetable... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O papel dualístico exercido por Enterococcus na natureza estimula a pesquisa dos fatores que determinam sua virulência. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a distribuição de genes envolvidos com fatores de virulência entre isolados de Enterococcus e sua correlação com a capacidade de formação de biofilme e confirmar a identificação de E. casseliflavus e E. gallinarum por PCRRFLP. Foram analisados 66 isolados clínicos e 70 alimentares quanto a presença dos genes gelE, esp, agg, ace e cylA por PCR e atividade de gelatinase e citolisina. Isolados clínicos apresentaram maior incidência de fatores de virulência quando comparados com alimentares, exceto para os genes gelE e ace. Em ambas amostragens houve a ocorrência de isolados positivos para os genes gelE e cylA, porém sem atividade enzimática, indicando a presença de genes silenciosos. A maioria dos isolados apresentou capacidade de formação de biofilme, entretanto não houve uma correlação entre os genes analisados e o fenótipo de formação de biofilme, porém é possível que o gene ace e gelE atuem como potencializadores na formação de biofilmes em Enterococcus. Para testar a técnica de PCR-RFLP, 32 e 20 isolados de E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus, respectivamente, identifcados bioquimicamente foram avaliados. O fragmento de 661 bp correspondente a uma região conservada do 16S rDNA foi clivado com HinfI e 47% E. gallinarum e 25% E. casseliflavus apresentaram fragmentos de 589bp e 72bp, padrão esperado para o PCR-RFLP. Assim sendo, a PCR-RFLP mostrou ser uma ferramenta molecular útil na confirmação das espécies E. casseliflavus e E. gallinarum. / The dualistic role played by enterococci in the nature, encourages the study of virulence factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of genes involved in virulence among Enterococcus isolates and to correlate with biofilm formation ability and to confirm the identification of Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus isolated from clinical and food samples by PCR-RFLP. Sixty six clinical and 70 food isolates were analyzed for the presence of gelE, esp, agg, ace and cylA genes by PCR and the gelatinase and cytolysin activities. Clinical isolates showed a higher incidence of virulence factors when compared to food isolates, except for gelE and ace genes. In both samples was observed the occurrence of isolates positive for gelE and cylA genes, but with no enzymatic activities, indicating the presence of silent genes. Most isolates showed ability to form biofilm, although there was no correlation between the presence of the genes and the phenotype of biofilm formation, but it is possible that ace and gelE genes perform as enhancers in biofilm formation in Enterococcus. To test the PCR-RFLP tecnhique, 32 and 20 strains identified by conventional biochemical exams as E. casseliflavus E. gallinarum, respectively, were were submitted to PCR amplification and digested with HinfI.. The DNA fragment of 661 bp corresponding to a conserved region of 16S rDNA was cleaved with HinfI and 47% and 25% of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus showed DNA fragments of 589 bp and 72 bp, expected for PCR-RFLP. Thus, PCR-RFLP proved to be a useful molecular tool for confirmation the E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum species.