Orientadores: Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye, Dirce Yorika Kabuki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T05:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_MegdaSilva_D.pdf: 2553051 bytes, checksum: ee968bf858cc0b427d8f6b79c37338b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Enterococcus faecium e Enterococcus faecalis são espécies de patógenos oportunistas que infectam principalmente imunocomprometidos. Estas espécies são encontradas em produtos lácteos e possuem capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies que contatam com os alimentos. A sua remoção é muito dependente dos procedimentos de higienização. Os Enterococcus spp. utilizam o sistema de comunicação célula-célula (quorum sensing) para a formação de biofilmes. A formação de biofilme mono e multiespécie, a eficácia dos procedimentos de higienização no controle destes biofilmes e a produção de moléculas sinalizadoras de quorum sensing por cepas de E. faecalis, E. faecium, Bacillus cereus e Listeria monocytogenes foram avaliadas. Os ensaios foram realizados com cupons de aço inoxidável e variando-se a temperatura (7, 25 e 39 °C) e o tempo (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 e 8 dias). Após 1 e 8 dias de contato nas temperaturas de 25 e 39 °C, os cupons foram submetidos a diferentes processos de higienização. Os sanitizantes testados foram: hipoclorito de sódio (0,2%), ácido peracético (0,2%), quaternário de amônio (3,0%) e biguanida (1,0%). A detecção das moléculas sinalizadoras de quorum sensing AI-2 foi realizada através da avaliação do gene luxS e de ensaio biológico de bioluminescência. Nenhum dos micro-organismos avaliados foi capaz de formar biofilmes a 7 ?C. Enterococcus sp. foram capazes de formar biofilmes, com contagens acima de 8 log ufc/cm2 para as temperaturas de 25 e 39 °C após 8 dias de contato. Em cultivo multiespécie, a temperatura 25 °C favoreceu o desenvolvimento do biofilme de L. monocytogenes (contagens acima de 6 log ufc/cm2). Por sua vez, a 39 °C observou-se o efeito negativo no desenvolvimento do biofilme de L. monocytogenes em cultivo misto, com redução significativa nas contagens ao longo do tempo (valores abaixo de 0,4 log ufc/cm2). As contagens de B. cereus, para ambas as temperaturas em diferentes tempos de exposição situaram-se abaixo de 4,1 log ufc/cm2. Em contrapartida, a contagem de esporos de B. cereus evoluiu ao longo do tempo, atingindo contagens em torno de 4,6 log ufc/cm2. A limpeza com tensoativo aniônico complementada por outra etapa (limpeza ácida, limpeza ácida + sanitização ou sanitização) foi capaz de remover os biofilmes mono e multiespécie em todas as condições testadas. O ácido peracético foi o sanitizante mais eficiente e a biguanida o menos eficiente. Todas as cepas de Enterococcus spp. e B. cereus apresentaram o gene luxS e induziram o fenômeno de bioluminescência em Vibrio harveyi BB170, indicando a presença de autoindutores AI-2 / Abstract: Enterococcus faecium and Enteroccus faecalis are opportunistic pathogens species that infect mainly immunocompromised individuals. These species are found in dairy products and are capable of forming biofilms on surfaces that contact with food. Their removal is highly dependent on the cleaning procedures. It is known that enterococci use the cell-cell communication (quorum sensing) to biofilm formation. The formation of mono- and multi-species biofilm, the effectiveness of sanitization procedures to control these biofilms and the production of signaling molecules of quorum sensing (AI-2) by strains of E. faecalis, E. faecium, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes were evaluated in this work. The biofilms were grown on stainless steel coupons at various incubation temperatures (7, 25 and 39 °C) and times (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days). After 1 and 8 days of contact at 25 and 39 °C, the coupons were subjected to different sanitation procedures: anionic tensioactive cleaning, acid-anionic tensioactive cleaning, sanitization, anionic tensioactive cleaning + sanitization, acidic- anionic tensioactive cleaning + sanitization and chlorinated alkaline cleaning. The sanitizers tested were: sodium hypochlorite (0.2%), peracetic acid (0.2%), quaternary ammonium (3%), and biguanide (1%). The detection of AI-2 molecules was performed by evaluating the luxS gene and biological bioluminescence assay. None of the microorganisms evaluated was able to form biofilms at 7 °C. Enterococcus sp. were able to form biofilms, with counts above 8 log CFU/cm2 for the temperatures of 25 and 39 °C after 8 days of contact. In multi-species culture, the temperature of 25 °C favored the development of L. monocytogenes biofilms (counts above 6 log CFU/cm2). On the other hand, at 39 °C it was observed a negative effect in the development of L. monocytogenes biofilms in mixed culture, with a significant reduction in counts over time (values below 0.4 log CFU/cm2). The counts of B. cereus, for both temperatures at different exposure times were below 4.1 log CFU/cm2. In contrast, the spore counts of B. cereus evolved over time, reaching scores of around 4.6 log CFU/cm2. The anionic tensioactive cleaning complemented by an aditional step (acid cleaning, acid cleaning + sanitization or sanitization) was able to remove mono- and multi-species biofilms in all tested conditions. The peracetic acid was the most effective sanitizer and the less efficient was biguanide. All strains of Enterococcus spp. and B. cereus showed the luxS gene and induced the phenomenon of bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi BB170, indicating the presence of AI-2 autoinducers / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Alexandre Augusto ZaiaOrientador: / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzuki_ClaudiaLealSampaio_M.pdf: 1692911 bytes, checksum: 11c9ab9ff10af76a78f2989485f0ed25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se as bactérias Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis e Porphyromonas gingivalis alteram a secreção de colágeno tipo ? por fibroblastos 3T3 e odontoblastos MDPC-23 em cultura celular; e, havendo alteração, se é dependente do contato célula/bactéria ou apenas dos subprodutos bacterianos. Fibroblastos 3T3 e odontoblastos MDPC-23 foram cultivados e incubados com as bactérias Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis e Porphyromonas gingivalis (MOI 1:1) nos períodos de 2, 4 e 8 horas. As bactérias ficaram em contato direto com as células, e em contato indireto através do uso de inserts de 0.4?m. A produção de colágeno tipo I secretado pelas células foi quantificada pelo Ensaio de Imunoabsorbância Ligado à Enzima (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA), e sua organização estrutural (birrefringência) foi visualizada em microscopia de polarização após coloração com picrosirus. Assim, pode-se concluir que a infecção com S. mutans, E. faecalis e P. gingivalis estimularam um aumento nos níveis de colágeno tipo I nos períodos de 2 e 4 horas em cultura de odontoblastos MDCP-23, e um aumento progressivo nos níveis de colágeno tipo I entre 2 e 8 horas em cultura de fibroblastos 3T3. Também se observou que o estímulo para o aumento na produção de colágeno se deve a ação dos subprodutos liberados pelas bactérias e não pelo contato célula/bactéria / Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis alter the secretion of type I collagen by 3T3 fibroblasts and MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells in cell culture, and, with change, if it is dependent on the contact cell/bacteria or only bacterial by-products. 3T3 fibroblasts and MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells were cultured and incubated with the bacteria S. mutans, E. faecalis and P. gingivalis (MOI 1:1) for the periods of 2, 4 and 8 hours. The bacteria were in direct contact with the cells, and indirect contact through the use of inserts 0.4 ?m. The production of type I collagen secreted by cells was quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and its structural organization (birefringence) was visualized in polarized light microscopy after staining with picrosirus. Thus, it can be concluded that infection with S. mutans, E. faecalis and P. gingivalis stimulated an increase in the levels of type I collagen in periods 2 and 4 hours in cultured MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells, and a progressive increase in the levels of type I collagen between 2 and 8 hours in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. It was noted that the stimulus for the increase in collagen production is due to the action of the by-products released by bacteria and not by contact cell/bacteria / Mestrado / Endodontia / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Arnaldo Yoshitery Kuaye / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_MarciliaSantosRosado_D.pdf: 7485240 bytes, checksum: 3dad1460f19464270a1613e5d1418506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Na elaboração de produtos lácteos, a qualidade do leite cru é um fator de grande importância. Alguns micro-organismos psicrotróficos produzem enzimas lipolíticas e proteolíticas, além de apresentar capacidade formar biofilmes em superfícies de equipamentos e utensílios utilizados no processamento. Dentre estes micro-organismos, estão bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus e Pseudomonas. Neste trabalho, os objetivos principais foram avaliar a presença de bactérias do gênero Enterococcus e Pseudomonas produtoras de enzimas proteolíticas e lipolíticas, em ambientes de processamento de produtos lácteos, a possível formação de biofilmes mono e multi-espécies em superfície de aço inoxidável AISI 304 e seu controle por agentes sanitizantes. As coletas de amostras foram realizadas durante as etapas de processamento de queijo Minas Frescal. Bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus e Pseudomonas e mesófilos aeróbios foram detectadas em amostras de matéria-prima, superfícies de contato e produto final. Também foram coletadas amostras de leite cru de duas outras indústrias, denominadas leite cru 3 e leite cru 4. O armazenamento das amostras de leite cru a 4, 7 e 10 °C por 2, 4 e 8 dias, perm itiu observar a influência do tempo e temperatura no desenvolvimento bacteriano. O aumento do tempo e temperatura promoveu a elevação das contagens de mesófilos aeróbios, Enterococcus spp. e Pseudomonas spp.. Foram obtidos 315 isolados do gênero Enterococcus e 310 do gênero Pseudomonas. Dentre os isolados identificados pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), o gênero Enterococcus apresentou 35,05% de E.faecium e 64,95% de E.faecalis, e o gênero Pseudomonas, 23,87% de P.aeruginosa e 76,18% de P.fluorescens. A partir da análise da atividade proteolítica das bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus e Pseudomonas, foram observados resultados positivos em 49,52 e 71,29%, respectivamente. Para atividade lipolítica, estes percentuais foram de 38,73 e 98,38%, respectivamente.A avaliação da formação de biofilmes mono e multi-espécies foi realizada em cupons de aço inoxidável AISI 304, com rugosidade média de 0,366µm, nos tempos 0; 1,2; 4; 6,8 e 8 dias e nas temperaturas 7; 13; 27; 41 e 47°C, segundo delineamento composto central rotacional. Foram realizados cinco delineamentos, para avaliação da formação de biofilme por E.faecium, E.faecalis, P.fluorescens,P.aeruginosa e pela junção das espécies. O inóculo inicial utilizado foi aproximadamente 1x102UFC.cm-2. A análise de variância mostrou ajuste significativo para todos os delineamentos, permitindo a construção de modelos capazes de predizer a adesão em função do tempo e temperatura. Faixas de combinações de tempo e temperatura que permitiram a formação dos biofilmes foram determinadas. Bactérias do gênero Enterococcus inibiram o desenvolvimento das bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura permitiu a visualização das topografias, bactérias aderidas e produção de exopolissacarídeos. A ação dos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio a 100mg.L-1 de Cloro Residual Total (CRT), ácido peracético a 300mg.L-1 e digluconato de clorexidina a 400mg.L-1, em relação aos biofilmes formados foi avaliada. O ácido peracético foi o sanitizante mais eficiente, no entanto na maior parte dos ensaios, os micro-organismos não foram totalmente eliminados,evidenciando a dificuldade de sanitização das superfícies após a formação do biofilme / Abstract: In the preparation of dairy products, the quality of raw milk is a factor of great importance. Some psychrotrophic produce lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, and present the capacity to form biofilms on surfaces of equipament and utensils used in processing. Among these microorganisms are bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. In this study, the main objectives were to evaluate the presence of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Enterococcus which produce lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes in environments where dairy products are produced, the possible formation of biofilms mono and multi-species on the surface of stainless steel AISI 304 and its control by sanitizers. The sample collection were collected in processing of Minas cheese. Bacteria of the genera Enterococcus and Pseudomonas, and mesophilic aerobic were detected in samples of raw materials, contact surfaces and the final product. Samples of raw milk from two other industries, denominated raw milk 3 and raw milk 4 were also collected. The storage of raw milk samples at 4, 7 and 10°C for 2, 4 and 8 days allowed to observe the influence of time and temperature on bacterial growth. The increasing time and temperature promoted an increase in counts of aerobic mesophiles, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in all collected samples. We obtained 315 isolates of the genus Enterococcus and 310 of the genus Pseudomonas. Among the isolates identified by PCR, the genus Enterococcus indicated 35.05% of E.faecium and 64.95% of E.faecalis, and Pseudomonas indicated 23.87% of P.aeruginosa and 76.18% of P.fluorescens. From the analysis of the proteolytic activity of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Enterococcus positive results were observed in 49.52 and 71.29%, respectively. To lipolytic activity these percentages were 38.73 and 98.38%, respectively. The evaluation of the mono and multi-species biofilm formation was developed in coupons of stainless steel AISI 304, with roughness average of 0.366µm, in times of 0, 1.2, 4, 6.8 and 8 days and in temperatures of 7 , 13, 27, 41 and 47°C, according to a central composite design. Five designs were developed for evaluation of biofilm formation by E.faecium, E.faecalis, P.fluorescens, P.aeruginosa and by junction of all species. The initial inoculum used was approximately 1x102 CFU.cm-2. The analysis of variance indicated the significant adjustment for all designs, allowing the construction of models capable of predicting the adhesion according to of time and temperature. The optimum intervals of time and temperature for the formation of biofilms were determined for each design. Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus inhibited the growth of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. The scanning electron microscopy allowed the visualization of topographies, the adhered bacteria and the production of exopolysaccharides. The action of sodium hypochlorite 100mg.L-1 of Total Residual Chlorine (TRC), peracetic acid 300mg.L-1 and chlorhexidine gluconate 400mg.L-1 in relation to formed biofilms was evaluated. Peracetic acid was the most effective sanitizing, however in most tests, the microorganisms were not completely eliminated, which demonstrates the difficulty of sanitization of surfaces after formation of the biofilm / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Enterococos são ubíquos no ambiente e fazem parte da microbiota do trato gastrintestinal de humanos e animais. A importância dessas bactérias tem sido associada com infecções hospitalares e resistência a múltiplas drogas, principalmente à vancomicina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a caracterização molecular de cepas de Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina (VRE) isoladas a partir de amostras coletadas de pacientes hospitalizados, água superficial de rios urbanos e carne de frango comercializada no Brasil. A presença do gene vanA foi confirmada em 20 cepas multirresitentes isoladas durante 1997-2011. Dentre os isolados VRE, 12 cepas foram identificadas como E. faecium e oito como E. faecalis. Cepas de E. faecium isoladas de amostras clínicas e águas foram classificadas como clonalmente relacionadas pelo PFGE, com perfil virulência predominante (acm+, esp+). Adicionalmente, enquanto cepas de E. faecium isoladas dos rios pertenceram aos ST203, ST412 e ST478 (previamente caracterizados como endêmicos em hospitais brasileiros), novos STs foram identificados entre as cepas de E. faecalis (ST614, ST615 e ST616) e E. faecium (ST953 e ST954) isoladas de alimentos. Sequências completas do transposon Tn1546 das cepas clínicas VREfm 320/07 (ST478) e ambiental VREfm 11 (ST412) mostraram Tn1546-like element de ~12800 pb, com um ponto de mutação no gene vanA na posição 7.698 (substituição do nucleotídeo T pelo C) e uma no gene vanX na posição 8.234 (G pelo T). Além disso, uma deleção na extremidade esquerda do Tn1546, e as sequências IS1251 e IS1216E na região intergênica vanHS e vanYX, respectivamente, também foram detectados. A este respeito, a IS1216E na região intergênica vanXY constitui um conjunto de genes previamente relatado em cepas clínicas de VREfm no Brasil, denotando uma característica regional. IS1216E tem sido associada com os genes tcrB e aadE que conferem resistência ao cobre e aminoglicosídeos, em E. faecium e Streptococcus agalactiae, respectivamente. Portanto, essa IS pode contribuir para a rápida aquisição de resistência antimicrobiana entre as espécies de cocos Gram-positivos clinicamente importantes. Os tipos de Tn1546 indistiguíveis que foram identificados no atual estudo isolados de humano e ambientes aquáticos sugerem uma comum partilha de um pool de genes de resistência à vancomicina. / Enterococci are ubiquitous in the environment and in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The importance of these bacteria has been associated with nosocomial infection and multiple resistance to antimicrobial agents, mainly vancomycin. The aim of the present study was to perform molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains (VRE) isolated from hospitalized patients, surface water of urban rivers and retail chicken meat in Brazil. The presence of the vanA gene was confirmed in 20 multidrug-resistant strains isolated in 1997-2011. Among these VRE isolates, (n = 12) were identified as E. faecium and (n = 8) as E. faecalis. E. faecium strains isolated from water and clinical samples were classified as clonally related by PFGE, the predominant virulence profile being (acm+, esp+). Additionally, while E. faecium strains isolated from rivers belonging to ST203, ST412 and ST478 (previously characterized as endemic in Brazilian hospitals), new STs were identified among strains of E. faecalis (ST614, ST615 and ST616) and E. faecium (ST953 and ST954) isolated from food. Complete sequences of transposon Tn1546 from VREfm clinical strain 320/07 (ST478) and environmental strain VREfm 11 (ST412) showed a Tn1546-like element of ~12800 bp, with T7698C vanA and G8234T vanX mutations. Moreover, deletion of the Tn1546 left extremity, and the IS1251 and IS1216E sequence inside the vanHS and vanYX intergenic region, respectively, were also detected. In this regard, the IS1216E sequence inside the vanXY intergenic region constitutes a gene array previously reported for Brazilian VREfm clinical strains alone, denoting a regional characteristic. IS1216E has been associated with tcrB and aadE genes, which confer resistance to copper and aminoglycosides, in E. faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae, respectively. Therefore, IS1216E should contribute to rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance among species of the clinically important Gram-positive cocci. On the other hand, Tn1546-like elements were identical among clinical and environmental VREfm isolates, suggesting sharing of a common vancomycin resistance gene pool.

Objetivo: Avaliar, in vitro, a efetividade da terapia fotodinâmica, com e sem o uso da fibra óptica intracanal diante de diferentes períodos de irradiação, na redução de Enterococcus faecalis em canais radiculares. Método: Foram utilizados sessenta dentes unirradiculares humanos, preparados e divididos em seis grupos (n=10), de acordo com o tratamento a ser realizado: G1, azul de metileno 0,01% (t=5min) e irradiação com laser de diodo por meio de fibra óptica intracanal (P=90mW), por um minuto e trinta segundos; G2, azul de metileno 0,01% (t=5min) e irradiação do mesmo modo que o G1, por três minutos; G3, azul de metileno 0,01% (t=5min) e irradiação sem fibra óptica intracanal (P=100mW), por um minuto e trinta segundos; G4, azul de metileno 0,01% (t=5min) e irradiação do mesmo modo que o G3 por três minutos; G5, hipoclorito de sódio 1% (t=15min); e G6, sem tratamento. Todas as amostras foram coletadas por meio de cones de papel esterilizados, antes e após os respectivos tratamentos e submetidas à cultura em placas de Petri contendo ágar BHI, em duplicata. Após 24 horas de incubação, promoveu-se a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC/mL). Resultados: A aplicação de todos os tratamentos resultou em significativa redução dos microrganismos, apresentando-se em ordem decrescente de redução G5>G2>G4>G1>G3. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos G1 X G5 e G3 X G5. Conclusões: Os parâmetros utilizados nos diferentes grupos proporcionaram reduções intracanais significativas e semelhantes de E. faecalis; a utilização de potências máximas permitiu a redução do tempo de irradiação sem interferir a ação antimicrobiana; e o emprego da fibra óptica intracanal não influenciou de forma significativa nos resultados quando comparado ao uso da peça de mão. / Objective: To evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals, with and without use of the optical fiber into the canal in front of different period of time irradiation. Method: Sixty human single-root teeth were prepared and divided into six groups, in accordance with the treatment: G1, methylene blue 0,01% (t=5min) and irradiation by diode laser with intracanal optic fiber (P=90mW) for one minute and thirty seconds; G2, methylene blue 0,01% (t=5min) and irradiation the same way that G1, for three minutes; G3, methylene blue 0,01% (t=5min) and irradiation without optic fiber (P=100mW) for one minute and thirty seconds; G4, methylene blue 0,01% (t=5min) and irradiation the same way that G3 for three minutes; G5, 1% sodium hypochlorite (t=15min); and G6, without treatment. All the samples were collected by sterilized paper points, before and after respective treatments, and submitted to microbiological culture plated on BHI ágar duplicated. After 24 hours of incubation, it was performed the evaluation of colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Results: The application of all treatments resulted in significant reduction of microorganismsviability, showing in reductions decreasing order: G5>G2>G4>G1>G3. Significant statistical differences were observed among the groups G1 X G5 and G3 X G5. Conclusions: All the parameters used in the groups afforded significant and similar numerical reduction of E. faecalis; the use the maxim powers allowed a reduction of the irradiation time without compromise the antimicrobial effect; and the use of the intracanal optic fiber didnt influence the results when compared with the use of hand peace.

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Ribeiro Camargo / Coorientadora: Marcia Carneiro Valera Garakis / Banca: Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho / Banca: Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a capacidade antimicrobiana da N-Acetilcisteína (NAC) e da terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) utilizando LASER diodo (LD) de baixa intensidade, sobre o Enterococcus faecalis, comparados ao uso do hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] como medicação intracanal. Oitenta dentes humanos extraídos tiveram o diâmetro dos canais radiculares padronizados por meio do preparo com lima K#30. As raízes foram contaminadas com E. faecalis por 21 dias e divididas em cinco grupos de acordo com a medicação intracanal e/ou tratamento antimicrobiano a ser utilizada: 1) PDT+NAC; 2) NAC; 3) PDT; 4) Ca(OH)2 e 5) Solução salina. Sendo que 50 dentes foram avaliados por cultura microbiológica (UFC/mL), 10 por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e 20 por microscopia confocal de varredura a LASER (CLSM). Para UFC/mL foram feitas 3 coletas do conteúdo o canal radicular: a) após 21 dias de contaminação (coleta de confirmação - Sc); b) após PBM (S1); c) após 14 dias com as medicações intracanais (S2). UFC/mL não mostrou diferença estatística entre os grupos de PDT+NAC, NAC e Ca(OH)2, porém foram significantemente diferentes dos grupos da PDT, e solução salina. A análise ilustrativa por MEV mostrou resultados semelhantes à análise microbiológica (UFC/mL). No CLSM, todos os grupos avaliados foram efetivos contra E. faecalis, com a diferençando significantemente do grupo controle. Concluímos que NAC pode eliminar E. faecalis com ou sem PDT, sendo considerado como medicaçã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial capacity of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using low intensity LASER diode (LD) on Enterococcus faecalis, compared to the use of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, as intracanal medication. Eighty extracted human teeth had their root canal diameters steardized by preparation with K 30 file. The roots were contaminated with E. faecalis for 21 days and divided into five groups according to the intracanal medication and/or antimicrobial treatment to be used. 1) PDT + NAC; 2) NAC; 3) PDT; 4) Ca(OH)2; 5) Saline solution. Fifty teeth were evaluated by microbiological culture (CFU/mL), 10 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 20 by confocal LASER scanning microscopy (CLSM). The root canal was collected 3 times a) after 21 days of contamination (confirmation collection) (Sc); b) after biomechanical preparation S1; c) after 14 days with intracanal medications. CFU/mL showed no statistical difference between the PDT+NAC, NAC e Ca(OH)2 groups, but were significantly different from the PDT groups, and saline. The illustrative SEM analysis showed similar results to the analysis (CFU / mL). In CLSM, all evaluated groups were effective against E. faecalis, with a significant difference with the control group. We conclude that NAC can eliminate E. faecalis with or without PDT, being considered as a complementary medication in clinical practice / Mestre

Plus de 50 ans après son approbation par les agences réglementaires, le cyclophosphamide (CTX) reste une drogue aux propriétés variées et aux effets pléiotropiques couramment utilisée en clinique. Cet agent cytotoxique, administré en cancérologie, possède des propriétés immuno-modulatrices et stimule les réponses immunitaires anti-tumorales. A doses métronomiques, le CTX induit notamment une polarisation des splénocytes CD4+ vers un profil Th1 et Th17, caractérisés par la sécrétion d’IFNet d’IL-17, nécessaire à l’activité tumoricide du CTX. Comme tout agent cytotoxique, le CTX cible les cellules en prolifération, qu’elles soient normales ou cancéreuses. Le CTX compromet ainsi l’intégrité de la barrière intestinale et l’homéostasie du tractus digestif. Nous avons démontré que l’individu sous CTX a une fragilisation de la barrière intestinale qui permet la rupture de la tolérance de celui-ci à sa flore commensale et son immunisation contre certaines espèces bactériennes. L’immunisation anti-bactérienne est composée de lymphocytes effecteurs CD4+, appelés « Th17 pathogéniques » et producteurs d’IL-17 et d’IFN, qui aident les lymphocytes anti-tumoraux à endiguer la croissance de tumeurs chez la souris. Nous avons mis en évidence que la stérilisation des animaux avec des antibiotiques à large spectre ou ciblant certaines populations bactériennes comme la vancomycine (ciblant les Gram+) et la colistine (ciblant les Gram-), abrogent l’efficacité anti-tumorale du CTX. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié deux bactéries, une bactérie Gram+ Enterococcus hirae, capable de restaurer l’efficacité de cette chimiothérapie en induisant la polarisation de réponses Th1 et pTh17 stimulant la mise en place de réponses lymphocytaires T CD4 et T CD8 dirigées contre des antigènes tumoraux et une bactérie Gram- Barnesiella intestinihominis, impliquée dans la mise en place de réponses mémoires induites par la combinaison CTX+vaccin. Ces travaux démontrent ainsi l’importance de la flore intestinale dans la réponse à la chimiothérapie par CTX. / More than 50 years after its approval by the Food and Drug Administration, cyclophosphamide (CTX) remains a drug with miscellaneous properties currently used in anti-cancer chemotherapy. This cytotoxic agent has immuno-modulatory properties and stimulate anti-tumoral immune responses. At metronomic doses, CTX induces the polarisation of splenocytes toward a Th1 and Th17 profile, characterized by the secretion of IFN et IL-17, both mandatory for the tumoricidal activity of this drug. CTX, as cytotoxic agent, targets proliferating cells, either normal or tumoral. Indeed, CTX is responsible for disrupting the gut barrier integrity as well as intestinal homeostasis. We have shown that people treated with CTX have a weaker intestinal barrier which breaks the tolerance toward the intestinal microbiota and leads to its immunization against some bacterial strains. This immunization is composed of CD4+ effector lymphocytes called « pathogenic Th17 » producing IFN and IL-17, which helps tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to control the tumor growth in mice. Broad spectrum antibiotics as well as vancomycin (which mainly kills Gram positive bacteria) and colistin (which mainly eliminates Gram negative bacteria) all compromised the full-blown anticancer activity of CTX in vivo. Moreover, we have identified two bacteria, Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis, able to rescue the efficacy of CTX abolished with antibiotics. E. hirae, a Gram+ bacterium, elicits Th1 immune responses and pathogenic Th17 cells capable of enhancing tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against candidate tumor antigens associated with tumor control. B. intestinihominis, a Gram- bacterium, was able to rescue the long term cognate responses lost with broad spectrum antibiotics or colistin treatment. Our data underscore the role of the gut microbiota in the efficacy of chemotherapy by CTX.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Black soldier fly (BSF) is an environmentally friendly and sustainable insect utilised in the decomposition of organic waste. This is due to its voracious consumption capability, disruptive functions and economic importance. The sustained global increase in commercial BSF farming has resulted in an expanded waste generation from its carcases to which beneficial uses ought to be developed. This study focused on the beneficial use of the generated waste by extracting chitosan from waste pupae and commercially reared BSF adult carcases. The study also considered the conversion of the extracted chitosan to nanofibres and nanoparticles for application in adsorption of inorganic Pb2+ or Cd2+ and antimicrobial studies, respectively. To achieve the aim of this study, the optimal extraction conditions of chitin and chitosan from both pupal exuviae and adult BSF waste materials were attained after a series of experiments. The extraction process involved three stages which were demineralisation, deproteination and deacetylation. The extracted adult and pupal chitin and chitosan were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR). Additionally, the adult (ACH20_9) and pupal (PCH21_9) chitosan samples, due to their solubility, were further characterised to determine their molecular weight, fat and water binding capacities, solubility and ash contents. / 2021-09-30

Enterococcus faecalis est une bactérie commensale du microbiote intestinal humain. Inoffensive chez l'homme sain, E. faecalis est aussi un pathogène opportuniste. En conditions de dysbiose post-antibiotique, E. faecalis peut devenir une espèce dominante, traverser la barrière intestinale avant de disséminer. E. faecalis se classe désormais comme la troisième cause d'infections nosocomiales dans le monde. La pathogénie de E. faecalis est un processus multifactoriel dont les mécanismes cellulaires de son interaction avec l'hôte sont encore mal compris. À l'aide de modèles cellulaires d'infection et de modèles in vivo, nous avons entrepris de caractériser le rôle du facteur de virulence ElrA pendant l'infection cellulaire.Notre objectif était également de déterminer si FHL2, un partenaire eucaryote de ElrA, était impliqué dans l'infection par E. faecalis et de determiner l'impact de l'interaction ElrA-FHL2. Nous avons démontré que ElrA agit comme une cape d'invisibilité permettant à E. faecalis de ne pas être détecté par des macrophages. Nous avons également montré que FHL2 est impliqué dans la défense de l’hôte contre l'infection par E. faecalis, mais ce rôle implique partiellement ElrA. Parallèlement, nous avons montré pour la première fois que E. faecalis est capable de se multiplier dans les hepatocytes. En conclusion, ce travail apporte de nouvelles perspectives sur les interactions de E. faecalis avec son hôte. / Enterococcus faecalis is a core member of the human gut microbiota. Harmless for healthy humans, it is able to cause disease in susceptible patients under antibiotic-induced microbiota alteration. Nowadays, E. faecalis ranks as the third cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. E. faecalis pathogenicity is a multifactorial process but the cellular mechanisms of its interaction with the host remain poorly understood. Using cellular models of infection and in vivo models, we aimed to characterize the role of the virulence factor ElrA during cellular infection. Our goal was also to determine if FHL2, an ElrA eukaryotic partner, was implicated in E. faecalis infection and the impact of ElrA-FHL2 interaction. We have demonstrated that ElrA acts as an invisibility cloak allowing E. faecalis to avoid macrophage recognition. Also, we have shown that FHL2 is implicated in the defense against E. faecalis infection, involving partially ElrA. In parallel, we showed that intracellular replication of E. faecalis in hepatic cells. Altogether, our work provides new insights in E. faecalis interactions with the host cell.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: Microbial biofilms have been shown to be a cause of persistent endodontic infections. It is more resistant than planktonic bacteria to host immune defenses and antimicrobials. Studies indicate that photodynamic light therapy (PDT), which involves using light at specific wavelengths, has a potent antibacterial effect on bacterial biofilm. PDT is an antimicrobial strategy that involves the use of a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) along with a light source. The excited PS reacts with molecular oxygen to produce highly reactive oxygen species, which induce injury or death to microorganisms. PSs have a high degree of selectivity for inhibiting microorganisms without negatively affecting host mammalian cells. PDT has been suggested as an adjuvant to conventional endodontic treatment. Studies at IUSD have shown that blue light at 380 nm to 440 nm has the ability to inactivate Streptococcus mutans biofilm without any exogenous PS. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of blue light at 380 nm to 440 nm to reduce adherence of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm after NaOCl irrigation at various concentrations. Materials and Methods: E. faecalis biofilm was established for 72 hours in 96- well flat-bottom microtiter plates using Tryptic Soy Broth supplemented with 1.0-percent sucrose (TSBS). Biofilm was irradiated with blue light for 5 minutes before exposure to various concentrations of NaOCl for 30 seconds. A crystal violet biofilm assay was used to determine relative density of the biofilm. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Sidak-adjusted multiple comparisons using a 5.0-percent significance level. Null Hypothesis: Blue light and NaOCl will not have an effect against E. faecalis biofilm adherence. Results: Overall, there was a significant effect (p < 0.05) for NaOCl and a significant effect for blue light. The effects of the combination of NaOCl and blue light were also significant. Conclusion: We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that blue light when used in conjunction with NaOCl will reduce adherence of E. faecalis biofilm.