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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Shigella pathogenicity beyond cell invasion : the new kiss-and-run paradigm / Au-delà de l’invasion cellulaire, la stratégie du touché-coulé : un nouveau paradigme pour la pathogénicité de Shigella

Pinaud, Laurie 26 September 2016 (has links)
L’invasion de la muqueuse du côlon humain par les entérobactéries à Gram négatif du genre Shigella aboutit à une rectocolite aigue appelée dysenterie bacillaire qui reste un problème de santé publique majeur. Shigella possède un Système de Sécrétion de Type Trois (SST3) codé par un plasmide de virulence qui permet la translocation d’effecteurs bactériens dans le cytoplasme des cellules eucaryotes pour manipuler leurs fonctions. Ces effecteurs détournent les cellules épithéliales pour constituer une niche de réplication intracellulaire et interagissent avec les cellules immunes pour affecter l’initiation de la réponse immune adaptative. En conséquence, plusieurs épisodes infectieux sont nécessaires afin d’établir une protection immunitaire humorale qui est toutefois de courte durée. Ces travaux de thèse avaient pour but (i) d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’interaction de Shigella avec l’hôte en se concentrant sur les mécanismes dépendant du SST3 interférant avec les lymphocytes et (ii) de déterminer si des effecteurs du SST3 non encore identifiés sont codés par le plasmide de virulence. Nos résultats démontrent que la translocation d’effecteur du SST3 peut être découplée de l’invasion cellulaire, conduisant à des cellules « injectées-seulement ». Nous rapportons que Shigella induit l’apoptose des lymphocytes B par un mécanisme dépendant de la protéine située à l’extrémité du SST3 mais indépendant de la translocation d’effecteurs. Ces résultats établissent un nouveau paradigme concernant la pathogénicité de Shigella au-delà de l’invasion cellulaire, basé sur des mécanismes de type « touché-coulé » qui sont au cœur des interactions entre ce pathogène et les cellules immunes. Par ailleurs, nous décrivons la capacité de Shigella jusque-là inconnue d’interférer avec la sécrétion d’anticorps par les lymphocytes B, ce qui pourrait contribuer à moduler la réponse spécifique humorale de l’hôte. Enfin, nous avons identifié cinq nouveaux effecteurs potentiels de Shigella codés par le plasmide de virulence et injectés par le SST3 dans les cellules eucaryotes. Ces travaux de thèse apportent donc de nouveaux éléments concernant la pathogénicité de Shigella par la découverte de nouveaux mécanismes ciblant les cellules immunes et l’identification de nouvelles protéines bactériennes injectées dans le cytoplasme des cellules de l’hôte. / Invasion of the human colonic mucosa by the Gram-negative enterobacteria Shigella spp. results in an acute recto-colitis named bacillary dysentery that still remains a major public health concern. Shigella expresses a Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) encoded on a virulence plasmid and mediating translocation of bacterial effectors into eukaryotic cell cytoplasm to manipulate their functions. These effectors hijack epithelial cells to create a bacterial intracellular replicative niche and also interact with immune cells to affect the priming of the adaptive immune response. As a result, several episodes of infection are required to mount a protective humoral immunity that is nevertheless of short-duration. This thesis work aimed at (i) further documenting Shigella cross-talks with its host, with a particular focus on T3SS-mediated mechanisms towards lymphocytes and (ii) investigating if the Shigella virulence plasmid encodes for yet unidentified T3SS-effectors. We report that translocation of Shigella T3SS-effectors into lymphocytes can be uncoupled from cellular invasion, resulting in “injected-only” cells. We demonstrate that Shigella mediates B lymphocyte apoptosis through a mechanism depending on the secretion apparatus needle tip protein but independent from effectors translocation. These findings set up a new paradigm for Shigella pathogenicity beyond cellular invasion, with “kiss-and-run” mechanisms proposed to be at the core of the interactions between this pathogen and immune cells. In addition, we describe a so far not known capacity of Shigella to interfere with B lymphocyte antibody secretion that could contribute to divert Shigella- specific humoral immunity. We also identify five new putative Shigella effectors encoded by the virulence plasmid and translocated by the T3SS into eukaryotic cells. Thus, this thesis work brings new insights into Shigella pathogenicity by unraveling novel mechanisms towards host immune cells and identifying new bacterial proteins that might constitute additional molecular weapons for this pathogen.
2

Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Murine Neonates Infected with the Intestinal Pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica

Echeverry, Andrea 22 September 2009 (has links)
Neonates are generally thought to be more likely to suffer from gastrointestinal disease, owing in part to diminished immune cell function. To gain insight into the development of mucosal immune responses during early life, we developed a model of orogastric infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica using murine neonates. Remarkably, neonatal mice of either the BALB/c or C57BL/6 mouse strains showed markedly enhanced survival after infection compared to adult mice. Both innate and adaptive immune components appear to contribute to this phenomenon. First, the increased resistance of neonates coincided with containment of the bacteria in the intestinal tissue with low dissemination into the spleen and liver. In contrast, the bacteria readily disseminated to the peripheral tissues in adult mice. Flow cytometric and histological studies revealed increased levels of neutrophils and macrophages in the neonatal mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) compared to adult mice. Similar results were obtained using two different high virulence Y. enterocolitica strains. The rapid mobilization of innate cells sequestered the bacteria to the intestinal tissue, since in vivo neutrophil depletion led to efficient dissemination of Y. enterocolitica to the spleen and liver of neonates. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the neonatal intestinal immune system is competent to mount a strong antibacterial response by rapidly mobilizing innate phagocytes and thereby confining the bacterial infection to the gut, resulting in a high level of resistance. Second, we have also demonstrated that the adaptive immune system was mobilized during primary and secondary infection with this pathogen and that some of these factors may contribute to the enhanced resistance of neonatal mice to infection. Primary infection in neonates led to increased levels of antigen presenting cells, B and T cells with an activated phenotype in the MLN. MLN CD4+ Th cells from infected neonates were found to produce greater levels of IFN-gamma and IL-17A, compared to CD4+ Th cells from adult mice. These Th responses are likely to be functionally significant because neonatal mice deficient in CD4+ T cells were found to be more susceptible than adult mice to primary infection. CD4+ T cells adoptively transferred into CD4 deficient mice rescued the majority of mice from lethal infection and led to the production of IFN-gamma and IL-17A by MLN cells. In addition, primary T cell-dependent IgG1 and IgG2a serum antibodies specific for the Yersinia immunogen LcrV were increased compared to adult mice, and the absence of B cells partially increased the susceptibility of neonatal mice to primary infection. During secondary infection, however, neonatal and adult mice mounted quantitatively and qualitatively similar Yersinia-specific memory antibody responses, demonstrating that infection with Y. enterocolitica promotes mature B cell responses in neonatal mice. Finally, primed neonatal and adult mice were protected from colonization of the Peyer's patches, weight loss and mortality after a lethal infection in adulthood, demonstrating the development of long-lived protective memory responses at the intestinal interface. Together, these results indicate that both B and T cell responses, in particular Th1 and Th17 associated immunity, are important for the development of long lasting immunity to this pathogen in early life. Third, infection of neonatal mice with a Y. enterocolitica strain deleted of the anti-inflammatory protein YopP led to massive infiltration and/or accumulation of innate phagocytes in the intestine and MLN. This effect was not detectable in infected adult mice. Thus, we have identified a novel negative regulator of intestinal inflammation which might be valuable in preventing or ameliorating inflammatory conditions. This model system has revealed the unprecedented potential of neonatal mice to develop protective inflammatory innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces. The combined results presented here demonstrate that neonatal mice may be well equipped to mount robust innate and adaptive intestinal inflammatory responses that are highly protective toward Y. enterocolitica. These findings have implications for understanding how pediatric intestinal adaptive immune responses develop in response to naturally occurring gastroenteric pathogens and offer a new biological platform for development of vaccines aimed at improving mucosal and systemic immunity in early life.
3

Evaluation de l’effet protecteur de protéines du système de sécrétion de type III de bactéries entéropathogènes pour la vaccination et l’immunothérapie. / Evaluation of the protective efficacy of Type III Secretion System proteins of enteropathogenic bacteria in vaccination and immunotherapy.

Jneid, Bakhos 24 November 2016 (has links)
Les bactéries entéropathogènes du genre Salmonella et Shigella sont transmises par les aliments ou l’eau et sont responsables de nombreuses infections entériques chez les animaux et les humains. Ces maladies infectieuses restent une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays en voie de développement. L’existence de multiples sérotypes de Salmonella et de Shigella ainsi que l’émergence de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques, nécessite le développement de vaccins efficaces et large spectre. Ces bactéries utilisent un système d’injection de leurs protéines effectrices, appelé injectisome ou encore Système de Sécrétion de Type III (SST3), nécessaire à leur pathogénicité. Alors que les protéines effectrices injectées au moyen de cet injectisome sont variées et dépendent essentiellement du type cellulaire cible et donc de la spécificité du pathogène, certaines des protéines structurales composant l’injectisome sont relativement bien conservées parmi les différentes bactéries pathogènes, notamment les protéines de l’aiguille : PrgI et MxiH, et celles de la coiffe de l’aiguille : SipD et IpaD, respectivement de Salmonella et Shigella. Ces protéines, fortement impliquées dans la virulence des bactéries, semblent donc être des cibles de choix pour lutter contre des infections opportunistes impliquant ces bactéries pathogènes.Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’immunogénicité et l’effet protecteur des protéines structurales de l’injectisome citées précédemment contre les infections à Salmonella et Shigella. Les protéines recombinantes préparées et produites au laboratoire ont été utilisées de façon séparée ou en combinaison pour immuniser des souris par différentes routes. Ensuite, les réponses immunitaires des souris ainsi immunisées ont été analysées par des tests immunométriques. Enfin, le potentiel immunogène et vaccinant de ces protéines structurales a été évalué en infectant les souris immunisées avec 100 DL50 de Salmonella par voie orale ou de Shigella par voie intranasale. Le meilleur résultat a été obtenu en utilisant la voie intra-gastrique pour les immunisations avec environ 70% de protection. Cette stratégie a permis également d’évaluer la pertinence de cette approche vaccinale dans un modèle murin de protection croisée (entre 25 et 60%). Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer le pouvoir protecteur d’anticorps monoclonaux murins reconnaissant les régions conservées des protéines SipD et IpaD. Les anticorps obtenus ont été caractérisés et leur pouvoir neutralisant a été évalué in vivo dans un modèle murin d’infection avec Salmonella ou Shigella (jusqu’à 60% de protection).L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que l’utilisation de certaines protéines structurales conservées de l’injectisome de bactéries entéropathogènes présente un intérêt vaccinal et immunothérapeutique pour aider au traitement de certaines salmonelloses et shigelloses. / Salmonella and Shigella species are food and water borne pathogens that are responsible for enteric infections in both humans and animals. These infectious diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the emerging countries. The existence of multiple Salmonella and Shigella serotypes as well as the emergence of antibio- resistant strains, require the development of protective and broad-spectrum vaccines. All these bacteria utilize a system for injection of their effectors, called injectisome or Type III Secretion System (T3SS), necessary for their pathogenicity. While effector proteins are varied and depend essentially on the cellular target and thus on the specificity of the pathogen, the structural proteins that form the injectisome are common to all virulent Salmonella and Shigella spp., particularly the needle proteins PrgI and MxiH and the needle-tip proteins SipD and IpaD of Salmonella and Shigella respectively. These proteins, strongly involved in the virulence of the bacteria, appear to be ideal candidate antigens for a subunit-based, broad spectrum vaccine.The first aim of my PhD was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of structural proteins of the above-mentioned injectisome against Salmonella and Shigella infections. The recombinant proteins were prepared and produced in the laboratory and were used alone or in combination to immunize mice using different routes. The immune responses of immunized mice were then analyzed by immunometric assays. Finally, the protective efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of intestinal (Salmonella) or pulmonary (Shigella) challenge. The best result was obtained by orogastric immunization with 70% of protection. This strategy also allowed to estimate the relevance of this approach in a mouse model of crossed protection (from 25 to 60%). The second objective of my PhD was to evaluate the protective efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved regions of SipD and IpaD proteins. The obtained antibodies were characterized and their therapeutic effect was evaluated in vivo with a Salmonella and Shigella infection murine model (up to 60% of protection).To conclude, this work showed that some conserved structural proteins composing the injectisome of enteropathogenic bacteria is of interest for treatment of enteric diseases caused by Salmonella and Shigella.
4

The Effects of Enteropathogenic and Commensal Escherichia coli on Tight Junction Permeability

Allen, Hilary Kaye 10 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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