This analysis will characterize the informal sector in Managua, Nicaragua as small-scale units engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services whose primary objective is to generate employment for the participants rather than maximize their profits. Managua's informal sector employs forty-eight percent of the total employed urban population and plays an important role in the development of the country. Historically, informal sector growth has been constrained by the inaccessibility of credit. However in recent years, credit programs that focus on micro-enterprise lending have been established and are significantly stimulating informal sector activities. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of micro-enterprise credit as a tool for promoting socio-economic development for informal-sector participants. Its principal findings are that micro-enterprise credit promotes economic development by generating income and employment, increasing borrower assets, and facilitating expansion of micro-business enterprises. Secondly, micro-enterprise credit promotes social development by empowering females in the home and business, benefits to children, and improving borrowers' personal well being. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει τη μεταβολή των επιχειρηματικών πιστώσεων από τις ελληνικές τράπεζες πριν και κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόσφατης οικονομικής κρίσης. Εντοπίζει πιστωτική συρρίκνωση από το 2009Μ9. Μελετά και αναλύει τις μεταβολές της επίδρασης ειδικών δανειακών χαρακτηριστικών στη διαμόρφωση του συνολικού επιτοκίου, τόσο για τις νέες χρηματοδοτήσεις όσο και τις υφιστάμενες. Όσον αφορά την παραγωγή νέων δανείων κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης, βρέθηκε οτι τα μεγάλα δάνεια τιμολογήθηκαν χαμηλότερα από τα μικρά. Τα οικονομετρικά αποτελέσματα έδειξαν τη μεγαλύτερη και θετική συνεισφορά των μικρών δανείων στον καθορισμό του επιτοκίου. Επιπλέον, βρέθηκε ότι η διαπραγματευτική δύναμη των μεγάλων δανειοληπτών, κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης, προκαλεί αρνητική επίδραση των μεγάλων δανείων στο συνολικό επιτόκιο. Τέλος, δείχνεται ότι το υφιστάμενο δανειακό χαρτοφυλάκιο μειώνεται σημαντικά η επίδραση των βραχυχρόνιων δανείων στο συνολικό επιτόκιο ενώ, αντίθετα, σχεδόν διπλασιάζεται η θετική επίδραση των μεσομακροπρόθεσμων δανείων. / --

In recent years, Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund(SMEG) has been actively promoting organization restructuring, boosted its business unceasingly, and impelled each innovation guarantee service actively, in order to display the best benefit. This paper combines C. J. Kuo.¡]2003¡^market-based risk neutral model with actuarial valuation principles, using above observable rate discrepancy¡]i.e. one for that guaranteed by SMEG, and the other for non-guaranteed portion¡^to evaluate the credit risk SMEG assumed from guaranteed schemes, then derives the optimal guaranty fees model. The major research finding shows fixed as follows conclusion: 1.The real prepayment in subrogation is close to the total guaranty fees estimated by proposed model. 2.Applying this model can help that the credit risk degree SMEG takes reacts to the guarantee premium, and that SMEG control risk balance revenue and expenditure. This indicates that the model can reflect market information, and thus is easily applicable and referable by SMEG to establish the structure of guaranty fees as well as to reach an integrated risk management.

Taiwanese enterprises in Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong operate under division of labor through perpendicular and level integration and strategic alliances. As Mainland China has becoming a mature economic entity, the strategy has changed from the previous ¡§Soliciting Business and Introducing Investment¡¨ to ¡§Soliciting Business and Selecting Investment¡¨. In 2007, China announced the foreign enterprises investment and industry directives, and revoked tax incentives. In 2008, due to the levy of corporate income tax and the execution of the Labor Contract Law, the operating cost for businesses has increased, and the competitiveness of Chinese labors has diminished. Thus, Taiwanese enterprises have to find cheap resources elsewhere, and Vietnam is then recognized as a popular major investment location by Taiwanese enterprises. According to the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, the pre-tax profit for the Taiwan domestic banks in 2007 was NT $38.9 billion. Among which, overseas bank branches (including Offshore Banking Unit) had NT $31.1 billion, accounting for 79.9% of the total profit. It shows that overseas bank branches are a major source of profit for domestic banks, and the profit is growing rapidly year after year. Hence, domestic banks have actively established overseas offices and branches for business development, and followed the steps of Taiwanese enterprises to provide loans services and create higher profits for the banks. This study adopted a qualitative research method and designed an in-depth interview with 30 enterprise owners and senior financial supervisors. Questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze bank loans strategy, competitive strategy SWOT analysis, and AHP analysis. Research results showed that the most important factor of an ideal Taiwan-based bank to Taiwanese enterprises is the interest of loan. Besides being a reliable long-term partner with Taiwanese enterprises, banks should pay more attention to their enterprise credit ratings and strengthen risk management. To help banks achieving the win-win situation by optimizing the operating performance and maximizing the profits for banks, this study proposed several suggestions concerning loans strategy for Taiwan-based bank.

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台灣上市公司不預警地宣布重整，跳票、全額交割或下市，造成投資大眾的損失，因此，必須建立企業信用模型來偵測其經營狀況。本研究發現財務比率自企業危機前五年起逐漸惡化，表示財務比率在危機發生前有惡化現象，另外危機發生後幾年財務比率仍有影響，故本研究視企業危機為一逐年遞增或遞減的變數，使用模糊數轉化，加入危機發生前後的總體變數，並且結合統計多變量分析和資料探勘中的乏析理論建立模型，使用窮舉法找出解釋力最佳之企業信用模型，結果顯示，採用模糊數轉化之應變數相當顯著。 / The listed companies in Taiwan suddenly announced restructuring, bankruptcy or out of stock, and their investors lost a lot. Therefore, we must set up the enterprise credit model to detect and examine their management states. We discover that the financial ratios decrease gradually since the past five years of enterprise's crisis. Besides, financial ratios still diminish after the crisis take place. Therefore, this research regards enterprise's crisis as one parameter, and we transform the parameter by fuzzy numbers. In addition, we use the macro economical parameters and combine multivariate analysis and fuzzy logic theory to find out a higher significant model. The result shows it is high significant to adopt the fuzzy number dependent variable.