Purpose: The aim of this paper is to develop an entrepreneurial education model for implementation in the Namibian Higher Education system. Namibia, just like South Africa, has an objective to develop small, medium and micro enterprises to enhance economic growth and reduce unemployment. Development of such a model is supported by the government of Namibia. This paper investigates appropriate entrepreneurial education models used in South Africa for this purpose. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is an exploratory research design based upon secondary data mainly provided by the Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) that enabled the researcher to understand and identify the problems that Namibia encounter in their small business environment. Theories, as developed by the University of Pretoria based on entrepreneurial education, were explored and formed the base of the theory exploration. Findings: The researcher investigated an existing entrepreneurial education model being used for the South African context, as well as a comparison of two models, and an integrated model based on the cited models. These models are used to show the importance of such models and the need to develop one for Namibia. Implications: This paper presents a model that can solve the basic need expressed by the Namibian Higher Education System to find an appropriate model to implement. Originality/ Value: This paper provides a foundation from which an entrepreneurial education model can be implemented and improved/customised for the Namibian context

Entrepreneurship has become the world stream in recently years. It is also viewed has great attributions toward the national economic growth. Due to it¡¦s importance, Entrepreneurship has been attracting great interests. Many schools have dedicated to adopt entrepreneurial education.However, from the past references, most researches are focused on the effects of how they influence students¡¦ entrepreneurial intentions and their attitudes. Our research is based on the past literatures studying and individual case analysis to identify factors leading to key entrepreneurial ability. In addition, we also want to seek the more complete structure of entrepreneurial education and compare the influences of encouraging students¡¦ entrepreneurial ability from the course and environmental sides of entrepreneurial education. Besides, we also discuss problems that domestic entrepreneurial education has faced and offer related suggestions. The conclusions are summarized as follows: 1. The key of entrepreneurial ability is consisted of two parts--the ability of starting enterprise and the leadership: (1) the ability of starting enterprise¡Grisk taking, team work, innovation, creativity, opportunity identification, fund raising and management, human resource acquirement, manpower support (2) Leadership: abilities of leading, communication and analysis. 2. Complete entrepreneurial education should consider both course and environmental sides: (1) Course side: We divide the courses into four category: enterprise training, new enterprise develop and conduct, environmental formulate and management, research of specific industry. (2) Environmental side: entrepreneurial competition, intern, seminar, association, counselor team. According to our conclusions,the following suggestions are addressed: 1. Enhance entrepreneurial management educational course side and the linkage to the environmental side. 2. Change the teaching way of Course side in entrepreneurial education. 3. Improved the teaching quality. 4. Popularize the entrepreneurial education and better the entrepreneurial environmental atmosphere.

Interdisciplinary cooperation among people trained in technical and economic fields has been identified as an important success factor in new venture teams. However, empirical findings also indicate that individuals often refuse to engage in close and trustful relationships with representatives of other disciplines. Thus the question arises whether education programs on interdisciplinary cooperation may be suitable to prepare students for future activities in multifunctional business start-up teams. In this study, we investigate the psychological effects of an interdisciplinary business planning course held at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration with the intention of promoting cooperation between technology-oriented professionals and business management students. The findings show that this course experience changes the students' attitudinal beliefs with respect to representatives of the technical discipline by reducing stereotypical assumptions. At the same time, the course fosters awareness of the challenges involved in cross-disciplinary cooperation. The more students communicate with their technical counterparts and the more they familiarize themselves with the technical aspects of the project, the stronger these effects become.(author's abstract)

The primary objective of this study was to assess the attitude of grade 12 learners towards entrepreneurship. This primary objective was achieved through the discussion and evaluation of the secondary objectives. The secondary objectives included the literature review relative to entrepreneurship, the empirical study and making practical recommendations. The study was conducted in a selected area in the North-West province, with a specific focus on the region as clustered by the Department of Education of the Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality. A comprehensive literature review was conducted. In the literature review entrepreneurship was defined based on an entrepreneur’s point of view and also as a process. The literature review also discussed the current state of entrepreneurship in South Africa, education and training models including measures to fast track entrepreneurship adoption among learners, and various models of entrepreneurial development. The assessment of attitude, entrepreneurial intentions of learners and opportunity recognition were other subjects covered in the literature review chapter. After the literature review, the empirical study was conducted by means of a self- completion questionnaire administered to grade 12 learners. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 299 learners, and the feedback accumulated to 274 respondents, which represent a good response rate of 92%. Chapter 3 focused on the empirical research by discussing the results obtained from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was structured in such a way that it firstly deals with the respondents’ demographic information, after which it assesses attitude towards entrepreneurship, followed by ways of seizing entrepreneurial opportunities, and establishing the entrepreneurial environment in secondary schools including in South Africa. Furthermore, relations were determined between demographic variables and the constructs used to measure attitude towards entrepreneurship. Following the detailed analysis of chapter 3, conclusions and recommendations were summoned to chapter 4. Overall, the results indicated a view that learners are not entirely pruned to entrepreneurship due influential factors such as their parents’ or guardian’s lack of involvement in business. Furthermore, it also indicated that if learners are afforded constructive mentorship, they can be more inclined to entrepreneurship. Similarly, if they are financially assisted or motivation is provided by the government and private sectors, they can be able to venture into business. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the attitude of grade 12 learners towards entrepreneurship. This primary objective was achieved through the discussion and evaluation of the secondary objectives. The secondary objectives included the literature review relative to entrepreneurship, the empirical study and making practical recommendations. The study was conducted in a selected area in the North-West province, with a specific focus on the region as clustered by the Department of Education of the Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality. A comprehensive literature review was conducted. In the literature review entrepreneurship was defined based on an entrepreneur’s point of view and also as a process. The literature review also discussed the current state of entrepreneurship in South Africa, education and training models including measures to fast track entrepreneurship adoption among learners, and various models of entrepreneurial development. The assessment of attitude, entrepreneurial intentions of learners and opportunity recognition were other subjects covered in the literature review chapter. After the literature review, the empirical study was conducted by means of a self- completion questionnaire administered to grade 12 learners. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 299 learners, and the feedback accumulated to 274 respondents, which represent a good response rate of 92%. Chapter 3 focused on the empirical research by discussing the results obtained from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was structured in such a way that it firstly deals with the respondents’ demographic information, after which it assesses attitude towards entrepreneurship, followed by ways of seizing entrepreneurial opportunities, and establishing the entrepreneurial environment in secondary schools including in South Africa. Furthermore, relations were determined between demographic variables and the constructs used to measure attitude towards entrepreneurship. Following the detailed analysis of chapter 3, conclusions and recommendations were summoned to chapter 4. Overall, the results indicated a view that learners are not entirely pruned to entrepreneurship due influential factors such as their parents’ or guardian’s lack of involvement in business. Furthermore, it also indicated that if learners are afforded constructive mentorship, they can be more inclined to entrepreneurship. Similarly, if they are financially assisted or motivation is provided by the government and private sectors, they can be able to venture into business. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship have been the focus of economic development for the past 22 years. The aim is to spark economic growth that will be sustainable for the years to come. The current state of entrepreneurship will be better understood when the economic, educational and political past of black entrepreneurship is unpacked. Blacks constitute the majority of the South African population and South Africa requires entrepreneurs to reach its goals stipulated in the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030. Entrepreneurial education is vital to the development of entrepreneurs to enter the economy, which would alleviate unemployment and ensure economic growth, as many other countries have done in the past. Commerce faculties that offer entrepreneurship education are the focus of this study to determine the effect of four cognitive factors on the entrepreneurial intention of students. These four factors are attitude towards entrepreneurship, role models, entrepreneurial leaders, and resources and opportunities within commerce faculties. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a model to determine entrepreneurial intention. This theory has been proven to be a sound instrument to use when determining intention and behaviour. The study took place at the University of the Western Cape’s Economic and Management Science Faculty (School of Business and Finance), the University of Cape Town’s Faculty of Commerce, Stellenbosch University’s Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences and Cape Peninsula’s University of Technology’s Business and Management Faculty. The data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire which was designed for the purpose of this study which was tested for reliability and validity. The population size was 240 from the various institutions mentioned previously. SPSS 24 was used for the statistical data analysis. There findings were that attitude towards entrepreneurship and resources and opportunities were statistically significant in affecting or influencing entrepreneurial intention. The model explained 57.6% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship education should be seriously considered as a tool to influence entrepreneurial intention as the study showed that entrepreneurship education can and will influence entrepreneurial intention. This implies that the higher education institutions are the custodians for future entrepreneurs in the education they provide and the manner in which the entrepreneurship education is presented.

O empreendedorismo é um tema que atrai cada vez mais interessados, por diferentes razões, em contextos e realidades distintos. Valorizar e apoiar esse fenômeno torna-se essencial para o sucesso econômico e social, não só do Brasil, mas de todo o mundo. Uma das formas de apoio é através de programas de educação empreendedora. Esse estudo visou compreender fatores determinantes para o empreendedorismo, tendo o empreendedor como foco nessas discussões, bem como aspectos comportamentais envolvidos nesse processo, e a efetividade de programas de educação empreendedora. Talvez um dos programas mais aplicados em educação empreendedora, o EMPRETEC é um grande símbolo quando se trata desse assunto. Ao longo dos seus trinta anos de existência, estando presente no Brasil há vinte e cinco, mais de trezentos e cinquenta mil pessoas passaram pelo programa, das quais duzentos e cinquenta mil somente no Brasil. Entretanto, o programa sofreu mudanças no seu formato, conteúdo e duração. Estudos anteriores já haviam demonstrado a efetividade do EMPRETEC, mas não havia disponível nenhum estudo relativo à última mudança, ocorrida em 2011. O presente estudo visou avaliar o impacto desse programa, sob o ponto de vista da efetiva prática dos comportamentos empreendedores, e investigar como no dia a dia os empreendedores os praticam. A partir dos dados obtidos, é possível concluir que os participantes do EMPRETEC adotam a prática efetiva dos comportamentos preconizados pelo programa, e consideram que o EMPRETEC fez diferença em suas jornadas empreendedoras. Uma vez que a presente pesquisa tomou como base a autopercepção dos próprios empreendedores(as), sugere-se a continuidade de estudos sobre este e outros programas de educação empreendedora que sejam capazes de avaliar a prática de comportamentos e seu impacto nos resultados do empreendimento para além da narrativa dos participantes. / Entrepreneurship is a theme that attracts more and more interested, for different reasons, in distinct contexts and realities. Appreciating and supporting this phenomenon is essential for economic and social success, not only for Brazil, but for most countries of the world. One of the ways of supporting is through entrepreneurial educational programs. This study aimed to understand determinant factors for entrepreneurship, having the entrepreneur as a focus on these discussions, as well as behavioral aspects involved in this process, and the effectiveness of entrepreneurial educational programs. Perhaps one of the most famous programs in entrepreneurial education, the EMPRETEC is a great symbol when it comes to this issue. Throughout its thirty years of existence, being present in Brazil for twenty-five, over three-hundred and fifty thousand people have attended the program, two-hundred and fifty thousand from Brazil alone. However, it has undergone changes in its format, content and duration. Previous studies had already demonstrated the effectiveness of the EMPRETEC, but no study was available concerning the last change, which occurred in 2011. This study aimed to assess the impact of this program, from the point of view of the effective practice of entrepreneurial behaviors, and to investigate how in everyday life, entrepreneurs practice them. From the data obtained, it is possible to conclude that the participants of the EMPRETEC adopt the effective practice of the behaviors advocated by the program and consider that the EMPRETEC made a difference in their entrepreneurial journeys. As the present research was based on the self-perception of the entrepreneurs, future studies could evaluate the behavioral performance throughout other methods beyond these narratives.

This study’s main purpose is to explore what young individuals need/require when becoming entrepreneurs. To do that, the views and perspectives of students, senior entrepreneurs and incubators were analyzed. This study’s main contribution is to the knowledge and understanding of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education. Furthermore, this study has a practical application in the form of a suggestion on how to improve this study’s empirical case: a new project designed by the pre-incubator office Drivhuset Uppsala. Methodologically, a qualitative research study with interviews as its main technique indicates this study’s main findings and conclusions. What young individuals need/require in order to become entrepreneurs is; putting the theories they are learning or have learned into action, learning through entrepreneurship in the form of learning-by-doing and feeling the support in creating values from the entrepreneurial environment; called ‘the entrepreneurial ecosystem’ by one of this study’s actors. Theories indicate the importance of incubators participating in entrepreneurial education in different forms. UU incubators are, by the actors of this study, not perceived to do that. These conclusions proved to be complicated and are recommended as important topics for further research. This study focuses on Uppsala and incubators connected to UU. The empirical material was analyzed with the Venture Creation in learning-by- doing and Effectuation theories, and the findings indicate that Drivhuset Uppsala should focus on venture creation programs in designing their new project.

O empreendedorismo é um tema que atrai cada vez mais interessados, por diferentes razões, em contextos e realidades distintos. Valorizar e apoiar esse fenômeno torna-se essencial para o sucesso econômico e social, não só do Brasil, mas de todo o mundo. Uma das formas de apoio é através de programas de educação empreendedora. Esse estudo visou compreender fatores determinantes para o empreendedorismo, tendo o empreendedor como foco nessas discussões, bem como aspectos comportamentais envolvidos nesse processo, e a efetividade de programas de educação empreendedora. Talvez um dos programas mais aplicados em educação empreendedora, o EMPRETEC é um grande símbolo quando se trata desse assunto. Ao longo dos seus trinta anos de existência, estando presente no Brasil há vinte e cinco, mais de trezentos e cinquenta mil pessoas passaram pelo programa, das quais duzentos e cinquenta mil somente no Brasil. Entretanto, o programa sofreu mudanças no seu formato, conteúdo e duração. Estudos anteriores já haviam demonstrado a efetividade do EMPRETEC, mas não havia disponível nenhum estudo relativo à última mudança, ocorrida em 2011. O presente estudo visou avaliar o impacto desse programa, sob o ponto de vista da efetiva prática dos comportamentos empreendedores, e investigar como no dia a dia os empreendedores os praticam. A partir dos dados obtidos, é possível concluir que os participantes do EMPRETEC adotam a prática efetiva dos comportamentos preconizados pelo programa, e consideram que o EMPRETEC fez diferença em suas jornadas empreendedoras. Uma vez que a presente pesquisa tomou como base a autopercepção dos próprios empreendedores(as), sugere-se a continuidade de estudos sobre este e outros programas de educação empreendedora que sejam capazes de avaliar a prática de comportamentos e seu impacto nos resultados do empreendimento para além da narrativa dos participantes. / Entrepreneurship is a theme that attracts more and more interested, for different reasons, in distinct contexts and realities. Appreciating and supporting this phenomenon is essential for economic and social success, not only for Brazil, but for most countries of the world. One of the ways of supporting is through entrepreneurial educational programs. This study aimed to understand determinant factors for entrepreneurship, having the entrepreneur as a focus on these discussions, as well as behavioral aspects involved in this process, and the effectiveness of entrepreneurial educational programs. Perhaps one of the most famous programs in entrepreneurial education, the EMPRETEC is a great symbol when it comes to this issue. Throughout its thirty years of existence, being present in Brazil for twenty-five, over three-hundred and fifty thousand people have attended the program, two-hundred and fifty thousand from Brazil alone. However, it has undergone changes in its format, content and duration. Previous studies had already demonstrated the effectiveness of the EMPRETEC, but no study was available concerning the last change, which occurred in 2011. This study aimed to assess the impact of this program, from the point of view of the effective practice of entrepreneurial behaviors, and to investigate how in everyday life, entrepreneurs practice them. From the data obtained, it is possible to conclude that the participants of the EMPRETEC adopt the effective practice of the behaviors advocated by the program and consider that the EMPRETEC made a difference in their entrepreneurial journeys. As the present research was based on the self-perception of the entrepreneurs, future studies could evaluate the behavioral performance throughout other methods beyond these narratives.

<p>PROBLEM DISCUSSION: Vaggeryd is a small municipality Småland. In addition to its</p><p>strategic position along the main traffic route E4, Vaggeryd is very interesting also because</p><p>of its advanced view on growing of the business sector, in both short and long-term per-</p><p>spective.</p><p>To meet that goal the municipality of Vaggeryd started to invest in “Egenföretagareutbildningen”</p><p>EFU in cooperation with Jönköping International Business School (JIBS). The</p><p>main idea is that students attend the courses that are held by JIBS and during their studies start their own business in a local business incubator called Fenix.</p><p>PURPOSE: To host such education requires a huge amount of energy and resources from</p><p>the municipality, which consequently would like to get answers to questions like “Is it worth investing in the education?” or “What are the results of such education?”</p><p>The aim of this paper is to give the answers to those crucial questions though I believe that</p><p>the time that has passed from the beginning of the education is too short and that the</p><p>number of the students was not large enough to get definitive answers.</p><p>This paper concentrates on a narrow part of the qualitative research methods – an inter-</p><p>view. It is divided into two parts, a theoretical part and the empirical findings.</p><p>FINDINGS: The research showed that six students out of a total of ten from generation 2005 started a new venture, three will take over a family business, and one has not decided</p><p>to start a business yet. Of six students in generation 2003 four have started a business and one of them finished in bankruptcy, one plans to start a business in the future and one does not have a good business idea.</p><p>RECOMMENDATIONS: Answers that the interviews returned gave interesting sugges-</p><p>tions to both the municipality of Vaggeryd and JIBS about how to improve EFU. I would</p><p>emphasise two, I believe, the most important recommendations. First municipality has to</p><p>attract neighbouring municipalities in the EFU project. In addition, a greater effort should be made to help students build a spider’s web of business contacts.</p>