創業被廣泛認可為世界各地的經濟增長和社會發展的引擎，創業研究已被定義為核心的研究領域且具有獨特的定義問題，理論界定和合法性。本研究由三篇文章組成，我試圖从創業的不同階段为理論研究和實踐提供深入了解創業的知識和理论。在此過程中，我将結合戰略管理，創業研究和跨文化研究的理論。總結的論文的總體框架如圖1所示。 / 第一個研究首先提出的一個基本問題，是誰會成為企業家，並從文化價值的角度解釋。鑑於創業的不確定性和損失的可能性，不確定性規避文化價值可能影響個人的創業機會識別和探索。因此，本研究側重於探索不確定性規避文化價值對創業機會識別的直接和間接影響。受先前研究企業家精神和不確定性規避文化的啟發，我的理論解釋了不確定性規避文化會影響個人對創業行為的不確定性的接受程度，以及整個社會對創業行為的認可。不確定性規避文化價值也能作為調節變量影響個人的創業能力和對失敗的恐懼對機會識別的影響。 / 第二個研究側重於新生創業者的工作經驗和當前尋求企業合法化活動對初創期企業績效的影響。遵循以往的研究，我選取了人力資本中最重要的經驗的深度和經驗的廣度，並預測經驗的深度和企業績效的倒U型的關係，以及經驗的廣度和企業績效之間正相關關係。此外，我側重於新生創業者的企業合法化活動，創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，並預測他們對經驗和企業績效之間關係的增強作用。在實證研究中，我分析了321中國新生創業者的創業活動及過程，發現數據支持預測的經驗對企業績效的作用。此外，創業者從事創業組織活動和獲得外界幫助，使得經驗的廣度對績效的作用的曲線在最佳水平前後變得更陡，這表明加強的互動作用。 / 第三個研究，基於製度基礎論，研究區域制度發展對新興市場企業創新戰略作用。這裡的區域指的是低於國家的行政區劃，作為企業作為最直接的環境，提供製度上的正当性和環境資源，為企業創新所必需的條件。通過過去很少有研究關注的企業家的主动地资源获取戰略。而企業家的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業從地區環境中獲得更多的合法性和資源。在實證研究中，通過對中國民營企業的調查數據分析，證實了區域制度對企業創新的促進作用，並發現企業家樹立的政治资本和社会资本能幫助企業在創新過程中改變的區域制度的約束[附圖]。 / Entrepreneurship is widely recognized as the engine of economic growth and social development throughout the world, and entrepreneurship research has been defined and legitimated as a core research field with unique defining questions and theoretical boundaries. In this dissertation that consists of three essays, I strive to provide insights on the knowledge of entrepreneurship at various stages of the start-up process. By doing so, I combined and extend the theories in strategy, entrepreneurship, and cross-culture studies. The overall framework of the dissertation is summarized in Figure 1. / Essay 1 of this thesis starts by asking the question of who will be entrepreneurs and relate this question to the influence of culture. Given the uncertainty and possibility of loss of entrepreneurship, the cultural uncertainty avoidance might exert influence on individual's entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploration. Therefore, Essay 1 focuses on the direct and indirect effects of cultural uncertainty avoidance on entrepreneurial opportunity identification and exploitation. Inspired by previous research on entrepreneurship and cross-culture studies, I theorize that the cultural uncertainty avoidance will influence individual's attitude towards uncertainty and the social acceptance of entrepreneurial behavior. Also cultural uncertainty avoidance might moderate the relationship between individual's entrepreneurial capability and fear of failure, and their opportunity identification. / Essay 2 focuses on the role of nascent entrepreneur's previous working experience and current legitimation activities on new venture's early stage performance. Following previous research, I divide human capital into experience depth and experience breadth, and predict a inverted-U shaped relationship between experience depth and performance, and a positive relationship between experience breadth and performance. In addition, I focused on two kinds of legitimation actions of nascent entrepreneur, organizing activities and getting external help, and predicted their enhancing role on the relationship between experience and performance. Empirically, I analyzed data of 321 Chinese nascent entrepreneur in their founding process and found support to the predicted role of experience on performance. Moreover, as entrepreneurs are engaging in more organizing activities and receiving more external help, the slops of experience depth to performance will be more abrupt both before and after the optimal level, indicating an enhancing interaction. / Essay 3 relies on institution-based view to examine the role of subnational market-supporting institution on the innovative strategy of emerging market firms. Subnational institution, as the most direct environment of private firms, provide institutional legitimacy and environmental resource, which are necessary for firm innovation. Rarely studied is entrepreneur's active resource-seeking strategy to gain more legitimacy and resource from subnational region. Using survey data on Chinese private firms, I confirmed the facilitation of subnational institution on firm innovation, and found that political capital and business capital can alter the constraints imposed by institution [with diagram]. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ding, Zhujun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / [摘要] --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- A GENERAL REVIEW OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- STUDY ONE --- p.21 / TITLE: Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurial Opportunity --- p.21 / ABSTRACT --- p.21 / INTRODUCTION --- p.22 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.24 / Culture and Entrepreneurship --- p.24 / Cultural Uncertainty Avoidance and Entrepreneurship --- p.28 / Entrepreneurial opportunity --- p.32 / Entrepreneurial opportunity discovery --- p.33 / Entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation --- p.37 / METHODOLOGY --- p.41 / Data and Measurements --- p.41 / RESULTS --- p.43 / DISCUSSION --- p.47 / REFERENCE --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- STUDY TWO --- p.67 / TITLE: Entrepreneur's Working Experience and Legitimacy Seeking for New Venture --- p.67 / ABSTRACT --- p.67 / INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.71 / Working experience on new venture performance --- p.75 / Working Experience Depth --- p.77 / Working Experience Breadth --- p.79 / Moderators on the relation between experience depth and performance --- p.81 / Moderators on the relation between experience breadth and performance --- p.84 / METHODOLOGY --- p.86 / Data and Sample --- p.86 / Variables and Measurements --- p.89 / RESULTS --- p.91 / DISCUSSION --- p.94 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.97 / REFERENCE --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- STUDY THREE --- p.116 / TITLE: Subnational Institution and Firm Capital: a Multilevel Model of Innovation Under Emerging Economies --- p.116 / ABSTRACT --- p.116 / INTRODUCTIONN --- p.117 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.122 / Subnational institution and firm innovation --- p.127 / Political capital --- p.129 / Social capital --- p.132 / Interactions --- p.134 / METHODOLOGY --- p.137 / The empirical design --- p.137 / Data --- p.139 / Measurement --- p.140 / Analytic method --- p.143 / RESULTS --- p.145 / DISCUSSION --- p.149 / CONTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATION --- p.151 / REFERENCE --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.174

本研究通过对于过往社会网络和社会资本的相关研究的梳理，提出了社会网络发生作用的机制问题，并通过对于广东珠三角企业的数据模型化分析和定性材料分析，来从策略和门槛两个方面回答了这个问题：从策略方面看，企业要有效发展社会网络，在抓住关键社会网络关系的基础上发展全面的社会网络是对于其效益提升起到最良好作用的策略。而从门槛方面来看，社会网络的作用并不是对于所有企业都是有效的，总体而言社会网络对于具有高行业技术自主性的行业里的企业有正向作用，而对于处于具有低行技术自主性的企业沒有显著作用，这也就是社会网络作用的第一道自主性门槛；而对于处于高技术自主性行业的企业而言，社会网络对于高企业技术自主性的企业的经济效益的正向作用大于对于低企业技术自主性的企业的作用，这就是社会网络作用的第二道自主性门槛 。 / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 任慧岩. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-64). / Ren Huiyan.

M.Tech. Business Administration. Business School.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, at the University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Commerce in the School of Economic and Business Sciences - Management, Johannesburg, June 27 / Entrepreneurship continues to dominate public discourse as has been the case for the past century; this topic has been widely discussed in academia and policy development, not only as an abstract concept, but as a necessity to activate economic growth, especially for developing countries such as South Africa. Many authors have argued that the mixture of good entrepreneurial activity in the formal and informal sector is necessary and it is interlinked. As such, the multifaceted nature of entrepreneurship continues to be a subject of contention, especially when it comes to issues surrounding entrepreneurial performance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of Cultural Intelligence on the relationship between Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Performance amongst foreign traders based in Johannesburg’s informal economy. The major studies underlying this research are in agreement in the field of social science and business studies, suggesting that Entrepreneurship is embedded in social contexts and cannot be wholly understood unless one attempts to evaluate the influence of different social phenomena. This study assessed foreign entrepreneurs’ cross-cultural adjustment capabilities, their social networks and how the two influence entrepreneurial performance. This study was motivated by the 2008 and 2015 xenophobic attacks in the informal economy which exposed a need to understand cultural and social capital dynamics that underpin entrepreneurial performance amongst foreign entrepreneurs. The research model for this study sought to investigate the mediating influence of cultural intelligence on the relationship between Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Performance. The results of this study indicate that Cultural Intelligence is no significant mediator between Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Performance amongst foreign traders in the informal economy. The results of this further reflected significant differences in attitudes between the groups of foreign traders under study. / XL2018

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Entrepreneurship is distinguished by its developmental and transformative qualities, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Entrepreneurship plays an important role in developing the economy of a country as the entrepreneur sparks economic activities through his/her entrepreneurial decisions. These entrepreneurial decisions lead to the creation of new business activities which in turn are a driving force in economic growth, creating jobs and enhancing fiscal credibility. However, the role of entrepreneurship in economic development varies from economy to economy and depends on the availability and accessibility of material resources, the industrial climate and the effectiveness of the political system underpinning the economy. In South Africa, there are major challenges that contribute to the unstable state of the economy. Retrenchments, the high failure rate of new businesses and the lack of growth in existing ones give credence to the summation that the South African economy is not expansively equipped to meet the challenges of a sustainable growth environment. A thriving entrepreneurial environment has significant benefits for job creation and the equitable distribution of economic wealth. In recent years, South African economists have been scrambling for solutions to the static economy that has seen a decline in new businesses of 34% from 2013 to 2014, resulting in continuing economic instability. Considering the trend highlighted above, the researcher was intrigued to examine the state of entrepreneurship and its socio-economic impact in the Cape Metropole Area. The researcher made use of a mixed-method research approach with an explanatory purpose, employing triangulation to achieve complementary results. The research invoked both interpretivist and positivist paradigms, though leaning towards the collection of qualitative data using semi-structured interviews and open-ended and closed questionnaires. The confidentiality of the information from respondents was ensured. The findings revealed that most entrepreneurs experience difficulty in accessing crucial entrepreneurial framework conditions, which hinders their activities. The findings also revealed that South Africa is at present not realising its job-creation potential and is therefore making little progress with unemployment and poverty reduction. In conclusion, entrepreneurs are essential to the economy and the society in any country regardless of its economic development. Their entrepreneurial decisions give hope to the growing number of unemployed people in South Africa. However, entrepreneurial activities are more fruitful in an environment that is condusive to buineess growth. Unless a favourable entrepreneurial environment is created, the entrepreneurial and labour classes will be incapable of realising their potential as a major engine for job creationand catalyst for economic growth. In South Africa, only a vigorous performance of the SMME sector and entrepreneurship, creating millions of sustainable jobs can stimulate economic growth and make it possible to reduce unemployment and for millions to escape the poverty trap. It is therefore recommended that the government and independent organisations work together to initiate programmes enabling existing and potential entrepreneurs to excel and initiate successful entrepreneurial activities. In general, there is a need for a macroeconomic environment that is friendly to labour-intensive investment, in order to generate spill-over growth effects, because entrepreneurs are more likely to invest productively, create jobs and contribute to poverty reduction.

Text in English / The aim of this research is to assess the impact social capital has had on Somali businesses. It argues against the perception that Somali business expertise is derived solely from the principles of economics. It argues that social capital plays a pivotal role in shaping the Somali spirit of entrepreneurship. The role of social capital in the creation of Somali human and financial capital is examined. This thesis, being a qualitative study, used semi-structured, unstructured interviews and direct observation as data collection methods. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)