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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

STM/STS and BEES Study of Nanocrystals

Shao, Jianfei 11 April 2006 (has links)
This work investigates the electronic properties of very small gold and semiconductor particles using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy (STM/STS) and Ballistic Electron Emission Spectroscopy (BEES). Complementary theoretical works were also performed. The first theoretical work was to calculate the quantized states in the CdS/HgS/CdS quantum-well-quantum-dot nanocrystals. An eight-band envelope function method was applied to this system. This method treats exactly the coupling between the conduction bands, the light-hole bands, the heavy-hole bands, and the spin-orbit split bands. The contributions of all other bands were taken into account using second order perturbation theory. Gold nanocrystals with diameters of 1.5 nm have discrete energy levels with energy spacings of about 0.2 eV. These values are comparable to the single electron charging energy, which was about 0.5 eV in our experimental configuration. Since bulk gold doesnt have an energy gap, we expect the electron levels both below and above the Fermi level should be involved in the tunneling. Measured spectroscopy data have rich features. In order to understand and relate these features to the electronic properties of the nanocrystals, we developed a tunneling model. This model includes the effect of excited states that have electron-hole pairs. The relaxation between discrete electron energy levels can also be included in this model. We also considered how the nanocrystals affect the BEES current. In this work an ultra-high vacuum and low-temperature STM was re-designed and rebuilt. The BEEM/BEES capabilities were incorporated into the STM. We used this STM to image gold nanocrystals and semiconductor nanocrystals. STS and BEES spectra of gold nanocrystals were collected and compared with calculations.
2

Modélisation de solides à nanocristaux de silicium / Modelling of silicon nanocrystal solids

Lepage, Hadrien 22 October 2012 (has links)
Les propriétés physico-chimiques d'un nanocristal semi-conducteur sphérique, intermédiaires entre la molécule et le solide, dépendent de sa taille. Empilés ou dispersés, ces nanocristaux sont les briques architecturales de nouveaux matériaux fonctionnels aux propriétés ajustables, en particulier pour l’optoélectronique. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le développement de ces nouveaux matériaux et présente avant tout une méthodologie pour la simulation du transport électronique dans un solide à nanocristaux en régime de faible couplage électronique appliquée à des nanocristaux de silicium dans une matrice de SiO2 pour les applications photovoltaïques. La cinétique du déplacement des porteurs est liée au taux de transfert tunnel (hopping) entre nanocristaux. Ces taux sont calculés dans le cadre de la théorie de Marcus et prennent en compte l'interaction électron-phonon dont l'effet du champ de polarisation dans la matrice ainsi que les interactions électrostatiques à courte et longue portée. Le calcul des états électroniques (électrons et trous) en théorie k.p associé à l'utilisation de la formule de Bardeen donne au code la capacité, par rapport à la littérature, de fournir des résultats (mobilité ou courant) en valeur absolue. Les résultats de mobilité ainsi obtenus pour des empilements cubiques idéaux viennent contredire les résultats de la littérature et incitent à considérer d'autres matériaux notamment en ce qui concerne la matrice pour obtenir de meilleurs performances. En outre, les résultats de simulation de dispositifs montrent l'impact considérable des électrodes sur les caractéristiques courant-tension. Aussi, un nouvel algorithme Monte-Carlo Cinétique accéléré a été adapté afin de pouvoir reproduire le désordre inhérent à la méthode de fabrication tout en maintenant un temps de simulation raisonnable. Ainsi l'impact du désordre en taille se révèle faible à température ambiante tandis que les chemins de percolation occultent la contribution des autres chemins de conduction. Des résultats de caractérisation comparés aux simulations tendent par ailleurs à indiquer que ces chemins peuvent concentrer les porteurs et exhiber un phénomène de blocage de coulomb. Enfin, la section efficace d'absorption est calculée théoriquement et permet d'obtenir le taux de génération sous illumination qui se révèle proche du silicium massif. Et une méthode en microscopie à sonde de Kelvin est décrite pour caractériser la durée de vie des porteurs c'est-à-dire le taux de recombinaison, les résultats ainsi obtenus étant cohérents avec d'autres techniques expérimentales. / The physicochemical properties of a spherical semiconductor nanocrystal, intermediate between the molecule and the solid depend on its size. Stacked or dispersed, these nanocrystals are building blocks of new functional materials with tunable properties, particularly appealing for optoelectronics. This thesis takes part in the development of these new materials. It mainly presents a methodology for the simulation of electronic transport in nanocrystal solids within the weak electronic coupling regime. It is applied to a material made of silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon oxide and considered for photovoltaïc applications. The displacement kinetics of charge carriers is related to the tunneling transfer rate (hopping) between nanocrystals. These rates are calculated within the framework of Marcus theory and take into account the electron-phonon interactions, the effect of the bias field and the electron-electron interactions at short and long range. The calculation of electronic states (electrons and holes) in k.p theory associated with the use of Bardeen's formula provides, compared to previous works, results (mobility or current) in absolute terms. The mobility thus computed is far lower than the results of the literature and encourage to consider other materials. Furthermore, the device simulations show the significant impact of the electrodes on the current-voltage characteristics. Also, a new accelerated kinetic Monte-Carlo algorithm has been adapted in order to reproduce the disorder inherent in the manufacturing process while maintaining a reasonable simulation time. Thus the impact of the size disorder is poor at room temperature while the percolation paths shunt the contribution of other conduction paths. Characterization results compared to simulations tend to show that these paths concentrate carriers and exhibit Coulomb blockade phenomenon. Finally, the absorption cross section is calculated theoretically to obtain the generation rate under illumination. It is similar to the bulk silicon one. And a method employing a Kelvin probe microscope is described to characterize the carrier lifetime, namely the recombination rate. The results thus obtained are consistent with other experimental technics.

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