O ensino do Judô está largamente baseado no senso comum. Os professores quase sempre utilizam o método tradicional e pouca inovação tem acontecido com base em conhecimentos científicos. O presente estudo investigou métodos de ensino dos golpes de Judô a partir da Aprendizagem Motora, comparando a prática tradicional em diferentes contextos ambientais com as práticas que envolveram exploração de deslocamentos de preparação para o kuzushi - prática do todo e a prática por partes progressivas. A aprendizagem do kuzushi foi investigada por meio de dois experimentos, referentes ao golpe o soto gari (experimento 1) e o golpe tai otoshi (experimento 2). Em ambos os experimentos os sujeitos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: tradicional estático; tradicional em movimento; todo com preparação e por partes progressivas com preparação. O delineamento experimental constou de quatro fases: teste de entrada; aquisição; teste-final e retenção. Mediante o uso de vídeo foram analisados os padrões de movimento com relação à configuração total do golpe e do kuzushi - dividido em tarefa motora e efeito. Em relação à configuração total do golpe, em todos os grupos experimentais de ambos os experimentos houve uma evolução significativa após a prática. A partir das comparações entre os grupos, concluiu-se que: a) a condição de prática em que os golpes são aprendidos pelo todo, cujas características são similares à luta de Judô com a projeção do oponente, proporcionou desempenhos superiores no teste final e de retenção; b) as práticas tradicionais (aprendizagem dos golpes em posição estática) contemplam só a forma do movimento, e não a função que o movimento aprendido deve desempenhar (desequilíbrio) / The teaching of Judo is largely based on common sense. Teachers usually apply the traditional method and little, if any, innovation has been found on the grounds of scientific knowledge. This study presents an investigation of teaching methods of throwing techniques of Judo from the perspective of Motor Learning. Traditional practice in different environment contexts was compared with practice that involved displacement exploration for kuzushis preparation whole practice and progressive parts practice. The learning of kuzushi was investigated by two experiments, involving two throwing techniques: o soto gari (experiment 1) and tai otoshi (experiment 2). In both experiments, the subjects were assigned in four experimental groups: static traditional; traditional in movement; whole with displacement and progressive parts with displacement. Each experiment consisted of four phases: pre-test; acquisition; final test and retention. The movements were recorded and analyzed as to global configuration of the throwing technique and kuzushi - divided in motor task and effect. Owing to the global configuration of the throwing technique, all the experimental groups of both experiments had significant evolution after practice. When comparisons among groups were performed, it was concluded that: a) the condition of practice in which the throwing technique was learned by the whole practice (most similar to the Judo fight with the projection of the opponent) led to superior performance on final and retention tests and b) the traditional practices (throwing technique in static position) implied only the form of the kuzushi, not its function, which is important to the movement to be learned (unbalance)

O ensino do Judô está largamente baseado no senso comum. Os professores quase sempre utilizam o método tradicional e pouca inovação tem acontecido com base em conhecimentos científicos. O presente estudo investigou métodos de ensino dos golpes de Judô a partir da Aprendizagem Motora, comparando a prática tradicional em diferentes contextos ambientais com as práticas que envolveram exploração de deslocamentos de preparação para o kuzushi - prática do todo e a prática por partes progressivas. A aprendizagem do kuzushi foi investigada por meio de dois experimentos, referentes ao golpe o soto gari (experimento 1) e o golpe tai otoshi (experimento 2). Em ambos os experimentos os sujeitos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: tradicional estático; tradicional em movimento; todo com preparação e por partes progressivas com preparação. O delineamento experimental constou de quatro fases: teste de entrada; aquisição; teste-final e retenção. Mediante o uso de vídeo foram analisados os padrões de movimento com relação à configuração total do golpe e do kuzushi - dividido em tarefa motora e efeito. Em relação à configuração total do golpe, em todos os grupos experimentais de ambos os experimentos houve uma evolução significativa após a prática. A partir das comparações entre os grupos, concluiu-se que: a) a condição de prática em que os golpes são aprendidos pelo todo, cujas características são similares à luta de Judô com a projeção do oponente, proporcionou desempenhos superiores no teste final e de retenção; b) as práticas tradicionais (aprendizagem dos golpes em posição estática) contemplam só a forma do movimento, e não a função que o movimento aprendido deve desempenhar (desequilíbrio) / The teaching of Judo is largely based on common sense. Teachers usually apply the traditional method and little, if any, innovation has been found on the grounds of scientific knowledge. This study presents an investigation of teaching methods of throwing techniques of Judo from the perspective of Motor Learning. Traditional practice in different environment contexts was compared with practice that involved displacement exploration for kuzushis preparation whole practice and progressive parts practice. The learning of kuzushi was investigated by two experiments, involving two throwing techniques: o soto gari (experiment 1) and tai otoshi (experiment 2). In both experiments, the subjects were assigned in four experimental groups: static traditional; traditional in movement; whole with displacement and progressive parts with displacement. Each experiment consisted of four phases: pre-test; acquisition; final test and retention. The movements were recorded and analyzed as to global configuration of the throwing technique and kuzushi - divided in motor task and effect. Owing to the global configuration of the throwing technique, all the experimental groups of both experiments had significant evolution after practice. When comparisons among groups were performed, it was concluded that: a) the condition of practice in which the throwing technique was learned by the whole practice (most similar to the Judo fight with the projection of the opponent) led to superior performance on final and retention tests and b) the traditional practices (throwing technique in static position) implied only the form of the kuzushi, not its function, which is important to the movement to be learned (unbalance)

The present study examined whether cardiovascular habituation to stress is affected by a change in the physical context in which a stressor is encountered. Twenty-five undergraduate students at the University of Central Florida, Palm Bay Campus, were exposed to 4 trials of a stressor consisting of mental arithmetic while under evaluative observation. It was hypothesized that if participants experienced a change in the physical context in which stress was experienced on the final trial, they would demonstrate impaired habituation to stress as indicated by measures of heart rate and blood pressure. Physical context was manipulated by either asking participants to move to another room upon the final exposure to the stressor or to remain in the same room in which they were initially exposed to the stressor for the final exposure. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 2 conditions, the Stable Room Condition (N = 10) or Novel Room condition (N = 15 ). Participants in the Stable Room Condition remained in the same physical context, or same room, throughout all trials and displayed habituation of systolic .blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Participants in the Novel Room condition were exposed to the same stressors, but were moved to a different physical context, or new room upon the final trial. The results demonstrated that participants in the novel room condition displayed significantly impaired habituation on measures on systolic blood pressure (p < .001) and diastolic blood pressure (p < .001). However, no significant difference in heart rate was observed between groups. These results indicate that a simple change in the physical context in which stress exposure occurs impairs cardiovascular habituation to stress. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie studie was om deur die benutting van Gestaltspelterapie, adolessente wat gedragsprobleme openbaar, bewus te maak van hulself, ten einde hul toe te rus om hul lewenssituasie meer toereikend te hanteer. Daar is veral gefokus op die aspekte van die Gestaltterapeutiese proses wat die bewustheidsvlakke van die adolessente verhoog het. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik is die navorsing kwalitatief benader, spesifiek deur ‘n deeglike literatuurstudie en die beskrywing van individuele en groepsgevallestudies. Die informasie is ontleed deur die data-spiraal analise. Vanuit die informasie wat verkry is, deur die integrasie van die literatuur en die empiriese ondersoek, kon die benutting van Gestaltspelterapie met adolessente wat gedragsprobleme openbaar, verken en in diepte beskryf word. / The main purpose of this study was to utilize Gestalt Play therapy with adolescents that display behavior problems, to make them aware of themselves, in order to equip them to handle their life situation more effectively. The focus were specifically on that aspects of the Gestalt therapeutic approach that increase the levels of awareness. In order to achieve this goal the research was approached qualitatively, specifically through a thorough literature study and the describing of individual and group case studies. The information was processed and analised by using the data-spiral analysis. From this information it was possible to explore and describe the utilization value of Gestalt Play therapy with adolescents that display behavior problems. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Spelterapie)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie studie was om deur die benutting van Gestaltspelterapie, adolessente wat gedragsprobleme openbaar, bewus te maak van hulself, ten einde hul toe te rus om hul lewenssituasie meer toereikend te hanteer. Daar is veral gefokus op die aspekte van die Gestaltterapeutiese proses wat die bewustheidsvlakke van die adolessente verhoog het. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik is die navorsing kwalitatief benader, spesifiek deur ‘n deeglike literatuurstudie en die beskrywing van individuele en groepsgevallestudies. Die informasie is ontleed deur die data-spiraal analise. Vanuit die informasie wat verkry is, deur die integrasie van die literatuur en die empiriese ondersoek, kon die benutting van Gestaltspelterapie met adolessente wat gedragsprobleme openbaar, verken en in diepte beskryf word. / The main purpose of this study was to utilize Gestalt Play therapy with adolescents that display behavior problems, to make them aware of themselves, in order to equip them to handle their life situation more effectively. The focus were specifically on that aspects of the Gestalt therapeutic approach that increase the levels of awareness. In order to achieve this goal the research was approached qualitatively, specifically through a thorough literature study and the describing of individual and group case studies. The information was processed and analised by using the data-spiral analysis. From this information it was possible to explore and describe the utilization value of Gestalt Play therapy with adolescents that display behavior problems. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Spelterapie)