The purpose of greenhouse crop systems is to generate a high quality product at high production rates, consistently, economically, efficiently and in a sustainable way. To achieve this level of productivity, accurate monitoring and control of some processes of the entire biophysical system must be implemented. In addition, the proper selection of actions at the strategic, tactical and operational management levels must be implemented.Greenhouse management relies largely on human expertise to adjust the appropriate optimum values for each of the production and environmental parameters, and most importantly, to verify by observation the desired crop responses. The subjective nature of observing the plant responses, directly affects the decision-making process (DMP) for selecting these `optimums'. Therefore, in this study several decision support systems (DSS) were developed to enhance the DMP at each of the greenhouse managerial levels.A dynamic greenhouse environment model was implemented in a Web-based interactive application which allowed for the selection of the greenhouse design, weather conditions, and operational strategies. The model produced realistic approximations of the dynamic behavior of greenhouse environments for 28-hour simulation periods and proved to be a valuable tool at the strategic and operational level by evaluating different design configurations and control strategies.A Web-based crop monitoring system was developed for enhancing remote diagnosis. This DSS automatically gathered and presented graphically environmental data and crop-oriented parameters from several research greenhouses. Furthermore, it allowed for real-time visual inspection of the crop.An intelligent DSS (i-DSS) based on crop records and greenhouse environment data from experimental trials and from commercial operations was developed to characterize the growth-mode of tomato plants with fuzzy modeling. This i-DSS allowed the discrimination of "reproductive", "vegetative" and "balanced" growth-modes in the experimental systems, and the seasonal growth-mode variation on the commercial application.An i-DSS based on commercial operation data was developed to predict the weekly fluctuations of harvest rates, fruit size and fruit developing time with dynamic neural networks (NN). The NN models accurately predicted weekly and seasonal fluctuations of each variable, having correlation coefficients (R) of 0.96, 0.87 and 0.94 respectively, when compared with a dataset used for independent validation.

Nas metodologias de mapeamento de QTLs tradicionais, a relação de causalidade entre os caracteres fenotípicos e QTLs normalmente não são consideradas. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho contou com a utilização de dados longitudinais de crescimento de progênies oriundas do cruzamento entre os parentais PB217 e PR255 de um plantio de seringueira, localizado em uma área com dois períodos bem definidos ao longo do ano (altas e médias temperaturas; altas e baixas taxas precipitação). O experimento contém 4 medidas de incremento em diâmetro e altura, que são componentes periódicos do crescimento total da cultura, mensurados em um intervalo de dois anos (entre os 18 aos 52 meses de idade das plantas), sendo dois períodos em estação climática favorável ao desenvolvimento e dois em estação desfavorável, intercalados. Dessa forma foram estudados os parâmetros de relacionamento fenotípico e genético com objetivo de construir um diagrama de arquitetura genética que pondere relações de causalidade. Para modelar os dados fenotípicos foi realizado um elaborado modelo multi-caracteres que contemplou a variação espacial das parcelas experimentais e a variação entre os períodos de medição. Para tanto, foram ajustadas matrizes de variância-covariância (VCOV) adequadas à realidade dos dados, e incorporados dados meteorológicos que descrevessem cada um dos períodos. A partir destes modelos, os valores genotípicos ajustados foram utilizados na detecção dos QTLs. Posteriormente, fenótipos e genótipos foram articulados em um diagrama causal estrutural capaz de inferir sobre padrões genéticos de comportamento de crescimento da cultura. Foram mapeados um total de 13 QTLs, sendo que dois deles foram coincidentes para componentes periódicos de diâmetro nos períodos de estação desfavorável. Foi possível identificar efeitos aditivos e devido à dominância interessantes para o desenvolvimento em períodos de menores temperaturas, apontar o parental PR255 como portador de alelos importantes no desenvolvimento em clima adverso, estimar efeitos indiretos de QTLs não mapeados para determinadas características e explicar o padrão comportamental de crescimento no período em que as progênies foram avaliadas. Esta abordagem demonstrou-se proficiente para utilização em programas melhorando genético assistido por marcadores, por agregar informações pertinentes à seleção dos melhores materiais genéticos. / In traditional methodologies of QTL mapping, the causal relationship between phenotypic characters and QTLs are usually not considered. The development of this work involved the use of longitudinal growth data of progenies from parental PR255 and PB217 of a rubber tree plantation, located in an area with two periods of high and medium temperature and low and high precipitation rates well defined throughout the year. The experiment contains four measures of increment of diameter and height, which are periodic growth components of the total crop growing at an interval of two years (from 18 to 52 months old plants), two periods in a favorable climate station and two in a adverse station, intercalated. Was studied the parameters of phenotypic and genetic relationships in order to construct a diagram of genetic architecture to examine these causal relationships. A multi-trait-multi-occasion model that take into consideration spatial variation and climatic variation was developed. It also contains a variation-covariation matrix with appropriate to the reality of the data were adjusted and incorporated meteorological data was conducted to describe each of the periods. From these models the adjusted genotypic values were used in the detection of QTLs and later phenotypes and genotypes were linked in a structural causal diagram to infer about the genetic patterns of behavior. A total of 13 QTLs were mapped to the periodic growth components and total growth. The genetic architecture was able to identify additive effects and effects due dominance interesting to the development in periods of lower temperatures and drought, pointing parental PR255 as carrier of important alleles to development in adverse weather, estimating indirect effects of QTLs that were not mapped to certain characteristics and explain the physiological behavior pattern of growth in the period in which progenies were evaluated. This approach proved to be proficient to use in breeding programs aiming to implement marker assisted selection.

Cette thèse propose un modèle organisationnel et holonique de l'environnement pour la simulation des déplacements de piétons dans des bâtiments. Une foule de piétons peut être considérée comme un système composé d'un grand nombre d'entités en interaction, dont la dynamique globale ne peut se réduire à la somme des comportements de ses composants. La simulation multiniveau fondée sur les modèles multiagents holoniques constitue une approche permettant d'analyser la dynamique de tels systèmes. Elle autorise leur analyse en considérant plusieurs niveaux d'observation (microscopique, mésoscopique et macroscopique) et prend en compte les ressources de calcul disponibles. Dans ces systèmes, l'environnement est considéré comme l'une des parties essentielles. La dynamique des piétons composant la foule est alors clairement distinguée de celle de l'environnement dans lequel ils se déplacent. Un modèle organisationnel décrivant la structure et la dynamique de l'environnement est proposé. L'environnement est structurellement décomposé en zones, sous-zones, etc. Les organisations et les rôles de cet environnement sont projetés dans une société d'agents ayant en charge de simuler la dynamique de l'environnement et les différentes missions qui lui sont classiquement assignées dans les systèmes multiagents. Ce modèle précise également les règles de passage entre deux niveaux d'observation. Ainsi, chaque agent appartenant au modèle de l'environnement tente d'utiliser une approximation des comportements de ses sous-zones afin de limiter la consommation de ressources durant la simulation. La qualité de l'approximation entre ces deux niveaux d'observation est évaluée avec des indicateurs énergétiques. Ils permettent de déterminer si l'agent approxime correctement les comportements des agents associés aux sous-zones. En sus du modèle organisationnel et holonique proposé, nous présentons un modèle concret de la simulation de voyageurs dans un terminal d'aéroport. Ce modèle concret est implanté sur les plateformes JaSIM et Janus. / This work presents a holonic organizational model of the environment for the simulation of pedestrians in buildings. A crowd of pedestrians is considered as a system composed of a large number of interacting entities. The global dynamics of this system cannot be reduced to the sum of the behaviors of its components, Multilevel simulation based on holonic multiagent models is one approach to analyze the dynamics of such systems. It allows their analysis by considering several levels of observation (microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic) and the available computing resources. In these systems, the environment is considered as an essential part. The behavior of the crowd is clearly distinguished from the behavior of the environment in which the pedestrians move. An organizational model is proposed to describe the structure and the dynamics of the indoor environment. This environment is structurally divided into areas, sub-areas, etc. Organizations and roles are mapped into a society of agents in charge of simulating the dynamics of the environment and their various missions in multiagent systems. This model also specifies the rules for changing the level of observation dynamically. Thus, each agent belonging to the model of the environment tries to use an approximation of behaviors of its sub-zones, and at the same time to minimize the resource consumption. The quality of the approximation between these two levels is evaluated with energy-based indicators. They help to determine if the agent approximates the behaviors of its sub-agents correctly. In addition to the organizational and holonic model proposed in this work, we present a concrete model of the simulation of passengers in an airport terminal. This concrete model is implemented on the platforms JaSIM and Janus.

Nas metodologias de mapeamento de QTLs tradicionais, a relação de causalidade entre os caracteres fenotípicos e QTLs normalmente não são consideradas. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho contou com a utilização de dados longitudinais de crescimento de progênies oriundas do cruzamento entre os parentais PB217 e PR255 de um plantio de seringueira, localizado em uma área com dois períodos bem definidos ao longo do ano (altas e médias temperaturas; altas e baixas taxas precipitação). O experimento contém 4 medidas de incremento em diâmetro e altura, que são componentes periódicos do crescimento total da cultura, mensurados em um intervalo de dois anos (entre os 18 aos 52 meses de idade das plantas), sendo dois períodos em estação climática favorável ao desenvolvimento e dois em estação desfavorável, intercalados. Dessa forma foram estudados os parâmetros de relacionamento fenotípico e genético com objetivo de construir um diagrama de arquitetura genética que pondere relações de causalidade. Para modelar os dados fenotípicos foi realizado um elaborado modelo multi-caracteres que contemplou a variação espacial das parcelas experimentais e a variação entre os períodos de medição. Para tanto, foram ajustadas matrizes de variância-covariância (VCOV) adequadas à realidade dos dados, e incorporados dados meteorológicos que descrevessem cada um dos períodos. A partir destes modelos, os valores genotípicos ajustados foram utilizados na detecção dos QTLs. Posteriormente, fenótipos e genótipos foram articulados em um diagrama causal estrutural capaz de inferir sobre padrões genéticos de comportamento de crescimento da cultura. Foram mapeados um total de 13 QTLs, sendo que dois deles foram coincidentes para componentes periódicos de diâmetro nos períodos de estação desfavorável. Foi possível identificar efeitos aditivos e devido à dominância interessantes para o desenvolvimento em períodos de menores temperaturas, apontar o parental PR255 como portador de alelos importantes no desenvolvimento em clima adverso, estimar efeitos indiretos de QTLs não mapeados para determinadas características e explicar o padrão comportamental de crescimento no período em que as progênies foram avaliadas. Esta abordagem demonstrou-se proficiente para utilização em programas melhorando genético assistido por marcadores, por agregar informações pertinentes à seleção dos melhores materiais genéticos. / In traditional methodologies of QTL mapping, the causal relationship between phenotypic characters and QTLs are usually not considered. The development of this work involved the use of longitudinal growth data of progenies from parental PR255 and PB217 of a rubber tree plantation, located in an area with two periods of high and medium temperature and low and high precipitation rates well defined throughout the year. The experiment contains four measures of increment of diameter and height, which are periodic growth components of the total crop growing at an interval of two years (from 18 to 52 months old plants), two periods in a favorable climate station and two in a adverse station, intercalated. Was studied the parameters of phenotypic and genetic relationships in order to construct a diagram of genetic architecture to examine these causal relationships. A multi-trait-multi-occasion model that take into consideration spatial variation and climatic variation was developed. It also contains a variation-covariation matrix with appropriate to the reality of the data were adjusted and incorporated meteorological data was conducted to describe each of the periods. From these models the adjusted genotypic values were used in the detection of QTLs and later phenotypes and genotypes were linked in a structural causal diagram to infer about the genetic patterns of behavior. A total of 13 QTLs were mapped to the periodic growth components and total growth. The genetic architecture was able to identify additive effects and effects due dominance interesting to the development in periods of lower temperatures and drought, pointing parental PR255 as carrier of important alleles to development in adverse weather, estimating indirect effects of QTLs that were not mapped to certain characteristics and explain the physiological behavior pattern of growth in the period in which progenies were evaluated. This approach proved to be proficient to use in breeding programs aiming to implement marker assisted selection.

The research focused on examining the interplay between innovations in information and communication technology (ICT) in three different micro-level settings with broader development processes within the emerging global economy of Mozambique. There is a great deal of concern among different national governments, international and national agencies about the role of ICT in development. The question often asked is how we can understand the contribution of ICT initiatives to the socio-economic development of a country. This research was conducted as follows. First of all, the nature of the problem was analysed from four points of view: globalisation, focusing on the global-local debate, discourses around development, transfer of ICT-based innovations to developing countries and the relationship between IS/ICT and organisational change in the context of a developing country. Secondly, a literature survey was undertaken to discuss these issues. The results of the literature survey guided the empirical research undertaken in two organisations and one rural community in Mozambique. Thirdly, the results of the empirical work were analysed with regard to the four perspectives discussed earlier. The research objective required the development of a framework for understanding the process of the adoption and use of ICT-based initiatives for development. Theories such as Actor-Network Theory, the Human Environment Model and Structuration Theory form the basis of a framework that was constructed using the results of the fieldwork. The framework is composed of three levels of analysis: the micro-level analyses the ICT-related initiatives by using the sociology of the translation process from an ANT perspective and by applying the due process model. The meso-level examines the social context within which the ICT-related initiatives are implemented. For this purpose the human environment model (HEM) is used. Finally, the macro-level attempts to describe the interaction between the ICT-related initiatives and socio-economic development. This part of the framework is addressed by the application of the structuration theory and concepts related to sustainable development. The proposed framework can be used as an analytical tool to guide the analysis of the process of implementation of ICT-based initiatives in organisations and communities, and can also be applied as a normative tool to support the process of introducing a new ICT-based initiative in organisations or communities, especially within the context of developing countries. The author argues that the use of this framework can enhance the likelihood of achieving institutionalisation of an ICT-based initiative within a particular organisational setting. Appendices mostly in Portuguese. / Dissertation (PhD (Information Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Informatics / unrestricted

Pour les voitures autonomes, la perception est une fonction principale où la sécurité est de la plus haute importance. Un système de perception construit un modèle de l'environnement de conduite en fusionnant plusieurs capteurs de perception incluant les LIDARs, les radars, les capteurs de vision, etc. La fusion basée sur les grilles d'occupation construit un modèle probabiliste de l'environnement en prenant en compte l'incertitude des capteurs. Cette thèse vise à intégrer le calcul des grilles d'occupation dans des systèmes embarqués à bas-coût et à basse-consommation. Cependant, les grilles d'occupation effectuent des calculs de probabilité intenses et difficilement calculables en temps-réel par les plateformes matérielles embarquées.Comme solution, cette thèse introduit une nouvelle méthode de fusion probabiliste appelée Grille d'Occupation Entière. Les Grilles d'Occupation Entières se reposent sur des principes mathématiques qui permettent de calculer la fusion de capteurs grâce à des simple addition de nombre entiers. L'intégration matérielle et logicielle des Grilles d'Occupation Entière est sûre et fiable. Les erreurs numériques engendrées par les calculs sont connues, majorées et paramétrées par l'utilisateur. Les Grilles d'Occupation Entière permettent de calculer en temps-réel la fusion de multiple capteurs sur un système embarqué bas-coût et à faible consommation dédié pour les applications pour l'automobile. / Perception is a primary task for an autonomous car where safety is of utmost importance. A perception system builds a model of the driving environment by fusing measurements from multiple perceptual sensors including LIDARs, radars, vision sensors, etc. The fusion based on occupancy grids builds a probabilistic environment model by taking into account sensor uncertainties. This thesis aims to integrate the computation of occupancy grids into embedded low-cost and low-power platforms. Occupancy Grids perform though intensive probability calculus that can be hardly processed in real-time on embedded hardware.As a solution, this thesis introduces the Integer Occupancy Grid framework. Integer Occupancy Grids rely on a proven mathematical foundation that enables to process probabilistic fusion through simple addition of integers. The hardware/software integration of integer occupancy grids is safe and reliable. The involved numerical errors are bounded and is parametrized by the user. Integer Occupancy Grids enable a real-time computation of multi-sensor fusion on embedded low-cost and low-power processing platforms dedicated for automotive applications.

This thesis focuses on reconstruction of 3D environment model from a set of photographs followed by camera localization. It describes basic principles and techniques used to create environmental models and techniques for camera pose estimation from 2D camera points to 3D model points. It also examines the influence of parameters on the quality of reconstruction and the possibilities of localization. It compares the quality of the descriptors in the process of creation of the model and based on localization it allows to implement augmented reality.

La simulation constitue une approche majeure pour la conception, le développement, l’analyse et l’évolution des systèmes urbains. Dans le contexte de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation et à la simulation des déplacements de flux (piéton, véhicule, cycle) au sein d’environnements urbains. Le contexte industriel dans lequel s’inscrit également cette thèse impose de considérer les déplacements de chaque entité dans un univers modélisé en trois dimensions. Nous proposons d’aborder les nombreux défis scientifiques et technologiques en modélisant les flux sous la forme d’entités autonomes appelées agents. La simulation orientée-agent nécessite de définir trois mécanismes principaux : le comportement des agents, leurs interactions avec les autres agents et leurs interactions avec l’environnement dans lequel ils évoluent. Ce dernier modélise la structure du monde ainsi que sa dynamique endogène. Malheureusement, il reste difficile de trouver des modèles d’environnement répondant aux différentes problématiques scientifiques et technologiques abordées dans cette thèse. Par conséquent, nous proposons un modèle d'environnement, nommé HEDGE (HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment). Il est basé sur une décomposition de l’environnement en zones reliées par des liens de navigation et de perception. Cette structure de graphe est au centre de notre modèle. Elle a été conçue pour permettre une modélisation naturelle de l’environnement et une simulation efficace du système constitué par cet environnement et les agents. Les missions et les processus dynamiques de l’environnement sont modélisés à l’aide de mécanismes inspirés des lois de la Physique. Les actions fournies par les agents et par les algorithmes calculant la dynamique endogène de l’environnement sont des forces à appliquer aux objets du monde. Un modèle de détection et de résolution de conflits entre ces forces est utilisé afin de garantir un état cohérent du modèle de l’environnement. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous illustrons l’utilisation du modèle HEDGE dans le cadre de deux projets d’aménagement de la ville de Belfort et de sa communauté d’agglomérations Le produit de l’application de ce modèle est utilisé à des fins d’études techniques (études préliminaires, avant-projet), de communication (concertations et débats publics) et de promotion (expositions, valorisation) sous la forme de logiciels interactifs en 3D. / Simulation constitutes a major approach for the conception, development, analysis and evolution of urban systems. This thesis focusses on the modeling and simulation of movements (pedestrian, vehicle, cycle) within urban environments. The industrial context associated with this thesis requires to consider the movements of each entity in a three dimensional universe. In this thesis, we propose to address the scientific and technological challenges by using autonomous entities, called agents, to model the individuals. In agent-based simulation three elements must be defined: the agent behaviors, their interactions with other agents, and with the environment. The environment models the structure of the world and its endogenous dynamics. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to find an environment model that answers all the different scientific and technological problems addressed in this thesis. Consequently, an environment model named HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment (or HEDGE) is proposed. The HEDGE model is based on a decomposition of the environment using zones that are linked with navigation and perception links. This graph structure is at the center of our model. It is designed to “naturally” model the environment, and it allows an efficient simulation of the system composed of the environment and the agents. The environment’s missions and dynamic processes are modeled using mechanisms, which are inspired by the laws of Physics. The actions provided by the agents and the endogenous dynamics algorithms correspond to physical forces to apply to objects in the world. A model of conflict detection and resolution between those forces is used to ensure the coherence of the environment model state. In the last part of this thesis, the HEDGE model is used in the context of two urban planning projects in the city of Belfort, and its metropolitan area. The product of this model’s application is used in the context of technical studies (preliminary studies, pre-project), communication (consultation and public debates) and promotion (exposition, valorization) in the form of interactive 3D software.