随着经济的快速发展，全球环境问题日益严重，不断威胁着人类的生存。环保问题也成为各个领域的学者深入研究的热点。对于社会管理学学者们，目前关于环保问题的研究，最有影响力的理论之一是制度理论(InstitutionalTheory)。但是关于社会制度因素是如何影响个人的环境紧迫感和价值观与环境保护承诺和环保行为之间的关系，这些问题还没有通过实证研究加以回答。本文以制度理论为主理论，研究在个体层面上社会制度因素对环境紧迫感和环境保护承诺之间关系的调节作用。同时比较这三种制度因素，也就是调控性制度因素、规范性制度因素和文化-认知性制度因素，在其调节作用上的相对重要性。本文利用一个来自21 个国家的大样本(N=23443)数据，进行了回归和分层线性模型分析，结果表明三大制度因素均对环境保护承诺和环境保护行为有直接的影响。而且，调控性制度因素发挥着消极的调节作用，而文化-认知性制度因素发挥着积极的调节作用。同时本文针对在目前中国社会制度环境下，人们的环境紧迫感和个人价值观（物质享受需求）与环境保护承诺及环保行为之间的关系，进行了延伸性研究。此部分研究通过对从一家中国企业获得的样本数据(N=245)进行了回归分析，结果表明中国人的环境紧迫感和环境保护承诺呈边缘性显著相关，物质享受需求和环境保护承诺呈显著负相关，环境保护承诺和环保行为呈显著正相关，且环境保护承诺对环境紧迫感和环保行为起到了部分中介作用。其次，本文对实证研究结果进行了理论意义和实践意义的讨论。从理论角度，本文有助于我们理解社会制度对环境保护承诺等个体行为的调节作用。从实践角度，本文提出在环境管理问题上，社会制度不应被忽视。为了在环境保护方面做得更好，企业管理者或环保工作者应该更加关注社会制度因素的调节作用。

abstract: The Santa Cruz River Basin shared by Northern Sonora and Southern Arizona is one example of transboundary water resources in the borderlands region that accurately portrays the complexities of binational management of common pool resources, such as water. Industrialization fueled by trade liberalization has resulted in migration to and urbanization along the border, which have created human rights issues with the lack of water and sanitation, groundwater overdraft of the shared aquifers, and contamination of these scarce resources. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants continues to play increasingly important roles in the region, the use of which has been a source of tension between the two countries. Contributing to these tensions are the strains on binational relations created by border militarization and SB 1070. A shift in water management strategies to increase pubic participation within decision-making, increase the flexibility of the water systems, and increase cross-border collaboration is needed to ensure human and ecological sustainability in the Santa Cruz River Basin. By incorporating direct communication and local capacity as per common pool resource theory, recognizing the connections and implications of management actions through socio-ecological systems understanding, and promoting the organic drivers of change through ecologies of agents, just and vigorous futures can be envisioned and advanced. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Justice Studies 2015

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Orientador: Gilberto José Garcia / Banca: Antônio Carlos Cavalli / Banca: Carlos Alberto Vetorazzi / Banca: José Eduardo Zaine / Banca: Sérgio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Resumo: Com a instalação do empreendimento Hídrico Santa Maria da Serra, na seção do baixo curso do rio Piracicaba, e as características do meio físico desta área, o uso da terra no entorno deste sistema hídrico, resultará em impacto ambiental, particularmente em termos de degradação da qualidade das águas e de assoreamento dos canais fluviais, afetando a operacionalização da hidrovia. Neste constexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir metodologicamente para a gestão ambiental e tendo como produto final a Carta de Subsídio à Gestão Ambiental do Empreendimento Hídrico Santa Maria da Serra. A área de estudo é a Sub-bacia do Baixo Piracicaba, que se situa no centro-oeste paulista. Os materiais utilizados foram documentações cartográficas, imagens TM/Landsat, mapas temáticos e programas computacionais. Os procedimentos adotados dependeram do levantamento dos dados geográficos (geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia e vegetação natural e uso da terra), que por sua vez formaram um Banco de Dados Geográficos. Estes dados foram analisados por meio de geotecnologias, para a classificação do grau da estabilidade/instabilidade aos processos erosivos atuantes no meio físico. A materialização do banco de dados permitiu atingir o objetivo do trabalho e como foi concebido é uma ferramenta apropriada na definição de áreas vulneráveis à erosão, na caracterização da sustentabilidade ambiental e ordenação do território. A disponibilização e criação de rotinas operacionais de álgebras de mapas mostraram-se eficientes e rápidas no processo de espacialização e integração dos dados a partir de tabelas de banco de dados relacional e os produtos resultantes da consulta e combinação de informações podem ser apresentados diretamente no monitor de vídeo, que auxilia o processo de tomada de decisão. / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to contribute for the environment management, having as main product the Map of Environmental Management Subsidy of the Empreendimento Hídrico Santa Maria da Serra. The study area is the Low Piracicaba sub-watershed, SP. The materials utilized were cartographic documentation as TM/Landsat images, thematic maps and computational programs. The adopted procedures depended on the survey of the geographic data (geology, geomorfology, pedology and natural vegetation and land use), which ones formed a Geographic Database. These data were analyzed through geotechnologies, for the classification of the degree of the stability/instability to the operating erosive processes on the environment. The implementation of the database allowed to reach the objective of the work and, as it was conceived, it is an appropriate tool to the definition of vulnerable areas to the erosion. The creation of operational routines of algebras on maps showed to be efficient and fast in the integration process of the data from relational database and the retrieval products can be directly be presented on the screen, supporting the decision process. / Doutor

The overarching aim of the work presented here is to contribute to the development of a new interdisciplinary approach to fisheries economics for fisheries governance. it is geographically limited to West Africa but results can be used in other areas where small scale fisheries are active and governance rules are not fully implemented. The disciplinary orientations and conceptual frameworks applied in the research are institutional analysis and governance, as well as the assessment of key drivers of change. The new institutional economic theory provided a sound conceptual frame to analyse fisheries as it brings together economics (theory of the firm and social cost theory), law (convention, contracts, etc.) and sociology (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, and codes of conduct). Used on its own it provides a good framework for the analysis of the fish chain and relationships between stakeholders (wealth distribution and equity) and the whole governance of fisheries, coastal zones and oceans. Combined with neo-classical tools such as modelling of fishing activities, it provides a good analytical method to predict effects of management measures on fisher strategies. Furthermore, coupled with an ecological model such as ECOPATH or ECOSIM, its gives a holistic modelling tool (integrating ecology, economic and social dimensions) for the assessment of the full costs and benefits (private and public) of fishing practices and policy policies. The research suggests that the key drivers of change are often hidden and therefore not taken into account while designing management measures. Among shaping drivers, research in West Africa shows that international trade and its rules is shaping the orientation and the functioning of small scale fisheries. Fisher migration, which is directly linked to the trade driving effects, is currently one of the major drivers of change of West African fisheries and the most destabilizing factor. The main results, such as the identification of drivers of change (e.g. international trade, migration), and the integration of social, economic and ecological models are currently used by international institutions such as FAO, UNEP, UNDP and the Group of the ACP countries, regional organisations such as ATLFALCO (Ministerial conference of the African Atlantic countries), the Sub-regional Fishery Commission of seven West African countries and at national level by fishery ministries. The future of fisheries governance in West Africa is strongly linked to a better understanding of small scale fisher strategies and the way they react to fishery management. New research activities on co-management have to be developed in order to switch from a strong centralised fishery management process to a local one where fisher communities play a significant role. Aside from this, work has to be continued to implement the integrated approach into the fishery governance system in West Africa and in other world coastal countries.

The Hudson River estuary (HRE) is a well monitored aquatic resource and much secondary data exist for this system. We developed two objectives based on accessible HRE aquatic data. The first objective was to determine if changes in HRE fish community over the time period (1974 to 2005) years are correlated to local and regional climate. We addressed this objective by employing a multivariate statistical approach. We confirmed that the HRE fish community structure has changed over the time period (1974 to 2005). These changes are correlated with local hydrology (freshwater flow and water temperature) and regional climate (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation or AMO and North Atlantic Oscillation or NAO). We found that abundances of striped bass larval stages are positively correlated with high freshwater flows and juvenile shad abundances are negatively correlated with the AMO or warmer sea surface temperatures (SST). This finding suggests that climate-related variability affects HRE juvenile shad abundances and current management strategies for this declining species should include the implications of climate change. The second objective was to examine whether factors such as sediment type, water characteristics and distance to nearest submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) beds affect the occurrence or presence/absence of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and juvenile striped bass ( Morone saxatilis) in the HRE during the fall. We addressed this objective by applying geostatistics and general linear mixed effects models. We found the probability of presence for both species were commonly driven by spatial dependence or river mile, Julian day and salinity. Our results include maps depicting probability of occurrence (or presence) for both species throughout the HRE. We found the highest predicted probabilities of juvenile American shad presence are found in the Upper HRE. Conversely, highest predicted probabilities of juvenile striped bass presence are found in the Lower HRE. Habitat partitioning between these two species is present during the fall in this system but the mechanism is unclear. Future studies could address a possible predator-prey or competitive relationship between juvenile American shad and juvenile striped bass.

The aim of this dissertation is to assess the political ecology of conservation governance and management of Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park (SNP), SNP Buffer Zone (BZ) and the Buffer Zone Community Forest User Groups (BZCFUG) in Pharak in northeastern Nepal. It evaluates their performance in two adjacent regions (Khumbu and Pharak) from multiple perspectives, including the views of the residents (indigenous Sherpa people and minority immigrant community members), and the standards of current international conservation and human rights policies. This research is important because it relates to global, regional, national and local level conservation policies and practices, which have direct impacts on biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities, and rights. The discussion of buffer zone community forest in the Pharak region follows my M.Sc. thesis completed at the University of Wales, UK in 2000. This dissertation draws on my 2011 fieldwork and my long-time experience growing up in this region and working there for conservation and development organizations. I conducted qualitative research adopting field observation, semi-structured and focus group interviews and participating in BZ and BZCFUGs' meetings. I observe that implementation of CFUG, BZCFUG and buffer zone management programs (BZMP) in Pharak and BZMP in Khumbu have made significant progress towards achieving conservation of forests, habitats, wildlife species and sustainable production of forest products while reinstituting forest and natural resource use and improving management and governance rights. This suggests that community participation in forest commons and natural resource management and governance through devolution and decentralization of decision-making rights can achieve biodiversity conservation goals. By integrating indigenous peoples' and local communities' cultural and religious perspectives with scientific knowledge, a synergy can be achieved that benefits conservation. For this the free, prior and informed consent of the concerned indigenous peoples and local communities is prerequisite. Conservation goals need to consider the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities and meet their aspirations and international conservation standards of self-determination and autonomy.

When a pile of scrap at Stena recycling has reached the maximum height, the loader operators need to drive around the facility to check whether or not the pile has to be emptied. This causes a lot of unnecessary driving, resolving in wear to the loaders and loss of time, but mostly the unnecessary use of diesel. In this paper different sensors is evaluated and tested against each other to find a system that can measure the volume of the pile. The sensors used is IFM O3D303 and the Kinect V1 sensor. These sensors are then used with two different volume calculation software, CloudCompare and 3DF Zephyr. The goal of the project is to get a system that can get a volume with an accuracy within 2.5 % of the actual volume. If a volume can be calculated from the scrap piles, then it is also possible to know when the pile should be cleared. Since the facility is a recycling plant, there is a lot of metal dust that is gathering in the indoor part of the facility. The sensors being used, should be able to work in this environment. To do that the sensor needs to have an IP certification higher than IP 55. The distance of measuring the pile can be more than 10 m, so the sensors should also be able to handle this requirement. From the sensors a point cloud and a mesh were captured, two data formats that contain information of where every point on the object is located in a three-dimensional space. Every system needs to be calibrated to suit the specific application. The results show that, even with a basic sensor such as the Kinect V1, an accurate volume of a scrap pile could, with calibration, be calculated. However, the cheap sensor does have limits, unlike the IFM which can cope with all the requirements. This report shows how the two sensors compare to each other and how the different software, combined with the sensors, can be used to calculate a volume of a pile of scrap.

There is an increasing interest towards the subject of circular start-ups (CSUs), which are start-ups developing circular business models (CBMs). As start-ups, these CSUs encounters common challenges due to being a start-up while simultaneously encountering the challenges of implementing CBMs. While many barriers in developing CBMs have been identified in previous studies, these are barriers generally encountered by established companies and there is a knowledge gap regarding the challenges by start-ups developing CBMs. The objective of thisstudy is to analyse the challenges faced by CSUs as well as providing suitable recommendations to overcome these challenges. The study was carried out by semi-structured interviews with 27 CSUsfollowed by qualitative analysis. Results show that nearly all CSUs encounter market challenges, specifically in developing the market for circular products and/or services due to lacking consumerawareness towards sustainability issues and circular economy. Another market challenge is related to developing customers’ trust as well as loyalty towards the CSUs and this is normally encountered by platform-based CSUs. Some challenges are encountered by certain types of CBMs, such as supply chain challenge for access/performance model and policy challenges for extension of resource value model. Most challenges are caused due to developing CBM, but the status of being a start-up may also limit the influence of CSUs in the market. To overcome these challenges,supports from various stakeholders are crucial. One recommendation is for the government to update the current regulation and policy to support circular economy (CE) such as redefining waste categorisation and developing policy for product reuse. It is also suggested to develop CE-focused incubators through collaboration between government, academics, private industries, entrepreneurs/start-ups, incubator management, and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs).This type of incubators can help circular start-ups in identifying opportunities from material flow as well as developing products and/or services that fulfil customer needs. Collaboration with NGOs working in sustainability and environmental issues is also recommended to reach more customers while increasing consumers’ awareness and contributing to charitable causes. To shift from linear economy to CE, human resources with the suitable skills are highly required and this should be supported by a better educational system that enables workers to easily gain the skills as well as knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended for companies to develop a skill-based system and to rethink organisation as well as talent management.

Sustainable development is one of the most influential visions guiding future societies. Encompassed within its vision are various domains where improvements are desirable such as, social equity, environmental degradation, climate change. In the work towards sustainable development firms, government authorities and individuals face various practical challenges tied to these sustainability domains. When facing these challenges, they may implement sustainability solutions, that is, solutions that are framed in the context of contributing to sustainable development. This thesis deals with a particular sub-set of such sustainability solutions, namely integrative and multi-functional solutions. These solutions are characterized by the ability to provide different functions through value creation within several different sustainability domains and require organisations, or units of organisations, to further integrate material, energy and informational flows in order to implement the solution. Integrative and multi-functional solutions may play an important part in the transition towards sustainable societies since the integration of material, energy and informational flows may bring with it synergistic benefits. Furthermore, the contribution of these solutions to several different sustainability domains reduces the risk of problem shifting, and it may be more cost-efficient to have one multi-functional sustainability solution than to have one for each sustainability- related challenge. However, if integration and multi-functionality are desirable characteristics of future socio-technological systems, we need ways to systematically assess them and facilitate their implementation. When it comes to the assessment, there is a need to find an assessment methodology that can handle capturing the synergistic benefits and multiple functions of such solutions. Furthermore, the methodology also has to conform to the value pluralism inherent to sustainable development. Dealing with this value pluralism when trying to assess which solution, among many, to implement can be challenging as comparative judgements have to handle potentially conflicting value orientations, goals, empirics and ontologies. As for the facilitation of their implementation, integrative and multi-functional solutions tend to be more difficult—or at least different—to implement than traditional single-minded solutions since they require traditionally separate organisations to cooperate Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to understanding the process of implementing integrative and multi-functional solutions. Specifically the thesis explores how to select indicators for assessment, how assessments may aid decision-makers to deal with the value pluralism of sustainable development when making comparative judgements and how to strengthen the internal capacity of groups of actors to engage in collective action. Regarding the selection of indicators, the thesis suggests two different pathways. Either one may base indicator selections on stakeholder discussions, where stakeholders come to a consensus around which indicators are important to assess, or one may base indicators on operationalising pre-defined sustainability objectives: namely, sorting, contextualising and reformulating pre-defined sustainability objectives so that they fit the purpose of the assessment. A mix of both pathways is also possible, in other words, using both stakeholder discussions and the operationalisation of pre-defined sustainability objectives to motivate and justify the selection of indicators. As for how assessments may aid decision-makers, the thesis advocates for a discursive approach based on the primacy of decision support tools over decision-making tools. Meaning that the tools should support informed decisions but not make them for the decisionmaker. Here, contributions are made in the form of motivations for the discursive, qualitative approach to decision-making and exemplify how decision support tools may be designed, and a method is presented and developed that enables this kind of informed comparative judgements. This method builds on multicriteria decision analysis methodology but makes a few key contributions to the selection of indicators (mentioned previously) and to how to compare different alternatives and judge which of the alternatives is the preferred. Finally, contributions are made to the practice of facilitating integrative and multi-functional solutions through showing how the theory of institutional capacity building can be used to guide design, development and evaluation of interventions aimed at facilitating such solutions. Institutional capacity building represents the ability of groups of actors to engage in collective action, something that seems to be often needed to implement integrative and multi-functional solutions. Historically, this theory has been used to study how different events influenced the capacity of actors to engage in collective action. However, in research performed within the bounds of this thesis, the theory is expanded for use in a proactive manner, thereby contributing with insights and inspiration to others that may seek to facilitate the implementation process of integrative and multi-functional solutions. / <p>Forskningsfinansiär: Biogas Research Center (BRC)</p>