Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As normas de gestão ambiental têm por objetivo prover as organizações dos elementos necessários para implantação de Sistemas da Gestão Ambiental (SGA) que possam ser integrados a outros requisitos da gestão, e auxiliá-las a alcançar seus objetivos ambientais e econômicos. A Unidade de Produção de Hexafluoreto de Urânio USEXA, do Centro Tecnológico da Marinha em São Paulo - CTMSP, será a primeira planta industrial da etapa de conversão do ciclo do combustível nuclear (produção de hexafluoreto de urânio UF6) do Brasil, permitindo que seja agregado valor ao minério de urânio. Neste trabalho, o SGA proposto para a USEXA, permite disciplinar suas interfaces com o meio ambiente, uma vez que as Normas da CNEN Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear e da AIEA Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica para instalações nucleares, na sua grande maioria, visam a atender a critérios de segurança para o público e o meio ambiente, apenas nos quesitos envolvendo radiações ionizantes. O modelo de SGA desenvolvido preenche as lacunas das normas da CNEN e da AIEA, por considerar os impactos ambientais decorrentes do uso de substâncias químicas no processo de fabricação de UF6 e os aspectos gerais de sustentabilidade. Isso pode ser considerado uma contribuição original dentro das complexas atividades que abrangem o processamento de urânio no ciclo do combustível nuclear. Como resultado, esta pesquisa propõe, para avaliação de impactos ambientais, a adoção de um filtro de significância, relacionado à localização do empreendimento, apresenta um Manual do Sistema de Gestão para a USEXA e sugere modelos de treinamentos em gestão de pessoal, como o coaching e a programação neurolinguística, e que poderão ser aplicados em qualquer Sistema de Gestão. Os treinamentos podem ser considerados como uma ação preventiva, por contribuírem para diminuir os incidentes relacionados à manutenção de equipamentos e consequentemente a ocorrência de impactos ambientais. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A análise de mapas da vegetação nativa do estado de São Paulo elaborados ao longo dos séculos XIX, XX e XXI, revela diferentes possibilidades de interpretação da fitogeografia estadual, embora revele também muitos aspectos convergentes, como por exemplo, tipos florestais na fachada Atlântica adaptados a maior umidade que aqueles tipos do interior. Em busca de elementos territoriais que favorecessem a compreensão da organização fitogeográfica estadual foi elaborada uma revisão do conhecimento geomorfológico do estado de São Paulo que permitiu individualizar os principais aspectos do relevo paulista. A comparação entre as propostas que descreveram e mapearam a vegetação nativa com os principais tipos de relevo indicou a possível ocorrência de vinte e três tipos de ambientes terrestres com afinidades fitogeográficas, além de dois aquáticos e ambientes de exceção, de ocorrência muito localizada. O reconhecimento deste conjunto de ambientes permitiu ainda a elaboração de uma análise da distribuição das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) de Proteção Integral no território estadual revelando a concentração destas na Serra do Mar Paranapiacaba, seguido pelo Planalto Atlântico, em contraste com o restante do Estado que apresenta grandes vazios e UCs isoladas. A atual área protegida neste tipo de categoria alcança atualmente 3,8% do território paulista. Os resultados finais revelaram que o conhecimento da fitogeografia nativa estadual precisa ser aprimorado para que possa expressar sua real diversidade original e que o relevo pode ser a base territorial para esta organização, agregando dados botânicos, climáticos e pedológicos. Sugere-se que a nova proposta de mapeamento adote uma plataforma digital e escalas entre 1:250.000 e 1:500.000, além de uma classificação fisionômica-ecológica para os níveis superiores, admitindo subdivisões com base na flora ou em condições ambientais específicas. A terminologia poderá ser aquela proposta pelo mapa oficial da vegetação brasileira do IBGE, adaptando-a, no entanto, a condições mais localizadas. Ações voltadas à restauração ou à conservação da biodiversidade, bem como processos de planejamento ambiental-territorial serão tanto melhores quanto melhor forem as bases conceituais e de informação no qual se apóiem. Deste modo a falta de conhecimento fitogeográfico adequado pode induzir a ações que levam a biosimplificação e favoreçam, cada vez mais, a homogeneização de paisagens. / The analysis of native vegetation maps of the state of São Paulo elaborated throughout the XIX, XX and XXI centuries shows different possibilities for the interpretation of the state phytogeography, although it also reveals many converging aspects, e.g., forest types in the Atlantic façade adapted to higher moisture than those located in the interior of the state. A review of the geomorphological knowledge of the state of São Paulo that allowed differentiating the main aspects of the state relief was prepared, in order to seek for territorial elements to promote the understanding of the state phytogeographical organization. Comparison among the proposals that described and mapped the native vegetation with the main types of relief pointed out the possible occurrence of twenty-three types of terrestrial environments with phytogeographical affinities, besides two aquatic environments and exception environments, with very restricted occurrence. Reconnaissance of this set of environments also allowed to prepare an analysis of the distribution of Conservation Units (UCs) with Integral Protection in the state territory that featured the concentration of these units in the Serra do Mar - Paranapiacaba, followed by the Atlantic Plateau, in contrast to the rest of state that has large gaps and isolated conservation units. The current protected area in such category reaches 3.8% of the state territory. The final results showed that the knowledge of the state native phytogeography must be improved to express its real original diversity, and the relief must be the territorial base for this organization, since it adds botanical, climatic and soil data. It is suggested that the new mapping proposal adopts a digital platform and scales between 1:250,000 and 1:500,000, besides a physiognomical-ecological classification for the upper levels, accepting subdivisions based on flora or specific environmental conditions. The terminology should be that proposed by the IBGEs Brazilian vegetation official map, adapted to to more localized conditions. The better the conceptual and information bases are, the better will be the actions focused on biodiversity conservation or restoration, as well as processes of environmentalterritorial planning. Thus, the lack of proper phytogeographical knowledge may induce actions that lead to bio-simplification and make more and more easier the homogenization of landscapes.

- 1 - Abstract The theme of the thesis is "Development (building) procedure and environmental protection". Between the aims of this theses belongs analysis of the construction proceeding according to Building act, further especially evaluation of contemporary legal adjustment environmental protection with connection to construction proceeding and disquisition about main instruments in environmental protection. The thesis deals with environmental impact assessment procedure, objections of the participants in construction proceeding, public participation in contruction proceeding and binding standpoints. The thesis is systematically composed of three chapters. The first chapter focuses on legal adjustment and main principles of environmental protection. Chapter two describes object, subjects and particular phases of construction proceeding foccused on building authority activities. The third chapter deals with particular instruments of environmental protection in construction proceeding. Finally, the thesis comprises a summary of contained conclusions.

This diploma thesis deals with the Czech regulation of criminal liability in the area of environmental protection. Apart from provisions of Title VIII of Second Part of the Criminal Code, the thesis also discusses other facts-of-the-crime definitions that are not included in this title, but are relevant for the protection of environment, and certain other issues concerning the general provisions of criminal law, including the criminal liability of legal persons. The thesis also focuses on legislation falling outside the scope of criminal law that can serve as a basis for determination of illegality of these acts.

Ph.D. / There is little research undertaken on the economic assessment of oil security of supply from the dimensions of geo-politics, geo-economics and geo-strategy. This study seeks to bridge the gap by providing new analytical and empirical work that captures the impact of geo-politics, geo-economics and geo-strategy on oil supply, consumption and price. This study is the first to define, analyse and contextualise the South African oil security of supply from a geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic perspective. It examines oil related factors that influence broader energy, economic and environmental policies, as well as developmental goals in South Africa. South Africa is faced with the task of delivering policy outcomes that will result in meeting the country’s energy demand at the lowest possible cost. Rising oil prices, rapidly increasing motorisation, clean environment and sustainable urban development are public policy challenges facing the South African economic, energy and transport sectors. Policy options to resolve these challenges are complex, varied and evolving. Economic indicators such as economic growth, inflation, balance of payments, trade balance, the general household surveys, income and expenditure surveys, and other economic data are used to develop a set of descriptive statistics to assess the impact of oil prices in South Africa. Increasing oil prices and the peak oil theory are raising new concerns about the availability of sufficient energy resources and the capacity of economic markets to allocate effectively those resources. A discussion on the optimal price path, extraction costs and mineral rents in an economy is presented. This study uses neoclassical Leontief and Cobb-Douglas production functions to examine and illustrate factors that could reduce or strengthen the linkage between energy use and economic activity over time. The Herfindahl Hirshman Index is used as a measure of oil supply concentration ratio and proxy for geo-political risks and oil imports dependency risks. In the analysis of the economics of exhaustible natural resources, this study discusses how the economic theory on the matter has evolved since the Hotelling model of optimal resource depletion. The Hotelling model is challenged, as marginal extraction costs of oil are rising, demand is changing and growing, and the world price is distorted by geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic factors. Using the Simple Econometric Simulation System (SESS) model, energy and oil outlook in the South African economy up to 2035 is simulated and economic vulnerability risks are calculated. Emerging from the examination of global oil statistics is confirmation that the price of crude oil has remained persistently high over recent years, reflecting geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic risks, as well as growing global oil demand. The rapid rise in oil prices is the biggest challenge facing the international economy; developing countries are particularly vulnerable. Linked to this is that environmental concerns ranging from local air pollution to global climate change bring into question the sustainability of relying on non-renewable energy resources. Searches for alternative energy resources to substitute fossil fuels, especially in the transport sector, have not yet yielded economically viable options. It is argued that the substitution of oil products in the transportation sector remains a challenge from which South Africa is not immune; that South Africa’s demand for oil continues to rise, driven by economic growth and a development trajectory highly dependent on petroleum products; and that dependency on foreign oil causes South Africa to be economically vulnerable.

The Stikine and Iskut Rivers in northwest British Columbia form one of the last pristine wilderness river systems in North America. B.C. Hydro and Power Authority has, as part of its longterm development strategy, plans to dam the rivers some time early in the next century. These plans are opposed by the Tahltan Indians for whom the Stikine-Iskut Basin is an ancestral home and by numerous environmental organizations. This thesis analyzes the interaction of these opposition groups in light of the general literature on the Indian land claims and environmental movements. This is accomplished in four chapters. The first chapter analyses Indian response to internal colonialism through both the maintenance of the native economy and the land claims movement and examines the history of the North American environmental movement in terms of reformist and deep environmentalism. The two movements are found to differ substantially over issues such as land use control and resource development. The second chapter traces Tahltan and environmentalist attachments to the Stikine, outlines B.C. Hydro's plans and describes how B.C. Hydro's planning activities would themselves generate controversy. The third chapter discusses and compares Tahltan and environmentalist opposition to B.C. Hydro's plans. The Tahltan opposition is expressed in two forms, both through the persistence of the Tahltan economy, the adherents to which are not represented in a fully funded formal organization and the more predominant Association of United Tahltans. The environmentalist opposition is falls mainly in the reformist stream of environmentalism. The predominant form of Tahltan opposition and the environmentalists are shown to have markedly different objectives. The thesis concludes that the case of the Stikine indicates that there are many obstacles to alliances between the formally defined land claims movement and environmentalists. The most prominent of these obstacles is federal comprehensive claims policy which encourages resource-extractive development by providing for resource royalties in claim settlements. However, the findings from the Stikine also indicate there are numerous points of common interest between Indians committed to the native economy and environmentalists. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Canada, the United States-Alaska, the Soviet Union-RSFSR, Norway, and Denmark/Greenland have non-specific laws apply for the environmental protection of their Arctic lands, waters, and marine spaces. But the piecemeal approaches employed neglect the need for environmentally sound management in respect of the multiple uses of the polar sea's delicate ecosystems. Convenient component elements of Arctic pollution are chosen for examination -- (1) land-based sources of freshwater pollution and (2) marine-borne pollution resulting from offshore drilling and Arctic shipping. This comparative study moreover serves three objectives: (1) the exposition of the statutory instruments and administrative materials; (2) the evaluation of the national approaches taken for environmental protection generally and Arctic protection specifically; and (3) the appraisal of the accommodation and resolution of conflicts over interests concerning economic uses vis-a-vis environmental protection. In the chapter on each state a background makes reference to the national socio-legal and international legal conditions affecting municipal Arctic pollution control. The next section on the national regulatory framework follows the territorial and jurisdictional zones of the coastal state: from land-based operations affecting the freshwaters, to the coastal area, the body of law on shipping and navigation, the environmental provisions of a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf activities, to the regime on deep sea-bed mining. The latter of which ends this section and provides for the evaluation given in the concluding section on the country in question. The states have taken different avenues in their pollution control enactments: (1) blanket prohibition or the regulation of pollution; (2) the enforcement and supervision of statutory provisions; and/or (3) civil and criminal liability for violations of respective measures. Every state provides precedences for a number of recommendations in order to facilitate resource uses, environmental protection, and the integration of the Arctic natives in an ecosystem management approach to environmental protection. Examples are such like Norway's integrated statute on pollution prevention, the United States' legislation on coastal zone management and environmental impact assessments, and Canada's framework on Arctic shipping and Arctic pollution prevention. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The objective of this work is development of a new adsorbent on the base of an organoclay with a chelating ligand covalently attached to the clay mineral surface. The presence of a chelating ligand in the clay structure significantly improves its ability to immobilize heavy metal ions from contaminated sludge of wastewater. Montmorillonite and kaolinite were chosen as typical examples of expandable and non-expandable clay minerals. A two-step modification procedure comprised of sequential modification with oxides and grafting of a chelating agent to the modified clay minerals was used. Modifications with silica and ferric oxide were conducted by reacting the dispersed raw clay minerals with tetraethoxysilane and ferric nitrate solution. A chelating ligand, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine triacetic acid trisodium salt, was introduced into interlayer space of raw and modified clay minerals in aqueous solutions. Laboratory tests of the organoclay efficiency for purification of wastewater were conducted with the most promising sample, i.e., organoclay with the highest specific loading of chelating agent. Experiments were conducted with model wastewater containing either individual or mixed heavy metal ions. The modified organoclay displayed high adsorption capacity for heavy metal cations even in acidic media. The method of modification presented in this work can be used for synthesis of efficient adsorbents for applications in contaminated areas.

Magister Legum - LLM / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ‘despite being one of the world’s most liberal constitutions, South Africans still have no transparent and participatory mechanisms for deciding democratically on the uptake of new technologies or development projects, even those which impact on millions of lives and livelihoods. There are limited opportunities for intervention in very circumscribed public participation processes, which are often derisory in the sharing of any sovereignty with citizens in the name of producing better public policy. When citizens are left out of debates confined to government and the business community, the only means of influencing policy is to petition, protest, or litigate, usually after the horse has bolted.’ Public participation is a very delicate issue in South Africa due to the history of the exclusion of certain people from the process of governance. When governments and business sectors make decisions about land development and natural resources, they certainly impact on the health, livelihoods and quality of life of local communities.

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