Die Anwendung von Methodiken und Technologien aus dem Bereich der Softwaretechnik auf den Bereich der Umweltmodellierung ist eine gemeinhin akzeptierte Vorgehensweise. Im Rahmen der "modellgetriebenen Entwicklung"(MDE, model-driven engineering) werden Technologien entwickelt, die darauf abzielen, Softwaresysteme vorwiegend auf Basis von im Vergleich zu Programmquelltexten relativ abstrakten Modellen zu entwickeln. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil von MDE sind Techniken zur effizienten Entwicklung von "domänenspezifischen Sprachen"( DSL, domain-specific language), die auf Sprachmetamodellen beruhen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, wie modellgetriebene Entwicklung, und insbesondere die metamodellbasierte Beschreibung von DSLs, darüber hinaus Aspekte der Pragmatik unterstützen kann, deren Relevanz im erkenntnistheoretischen und kognitiven Hintergrund wissenschaftlichen Forschens begründet wird. Hierzu wird vor dem Hintergrund der Erkenntnisse des "modellbasierten Forschens"(model-based science und model-based reasoning) gezeigt, wie insbesondere durch Metamodelle beschriebene DSLs Möglichkeiten bieten, entsprechende pragmatische Aspekte besonders zu berücksichtigen, indem sie als Werkzeug zur Erkenntnisgewinnung aufgefasst werden. Dies ist v.a. im Kontext großer Unsicherheiten, wie sie für weite Teile der Umweltmodellierung charakterisierend sind, von grundsätzlicher Bedeutung. Die Formulierung eines sprachzentrierten Ansatzes (LCA, language-centered approach) für die Werkzeugunterstützung konkretisiert die genannten Aspekte und bildet die Basis für eine beispielhafte Implementierung eines Werkzeuges mit einer DSL für die Beschreibung von Zellulären Automaten (ZA) für die Umweltmodellierung. Anwendungsfälle belegen die Verwendbarkeit von ECAL und der entsprechenden metamodellbasierten Werkzeugimplementierung. / The application of methods and technologies of software engineering to environmental modeling and simulation (EMS) is common, since both areas share basic issues of software development and digital simulation. Recent developments within the context of "Model-driven Engineering" (MDE) aim at supporting the development of software systems at the base of relatively abstract models as opposed to programming language code. A basic ingredient of MDE is the development of methods that allow the efficient development of "domain-specific languages" (DSL), in particular at the base of language metamodels. This thesis shows how MDE and language metamodeling in particular, may support pragmatic aspects that reflect epistemic and cognitive aspects of scientific investigations. For this, DSLs and language metamodeling in particular are set into the context of "model-based science" and "model-based reasoning". It is shown that the specific properties of metamodel-based DSLs may be used to support those properties, in particular transparency, which are of particular relevance against the background of uncertainty, that is a characterizing property of EMS. The findings are the base for the formulation of an corresponding specific metamodel- based approach for the provision of modeling tools for EMS (Language-centered Approach, LCA), which has been implemented (modeling tool ECA-EMS), including a new DSL for CA modeling for EMS (ECAL). At the base of this implementation, the applicability of this approach is shown.

The main objective of this study is to develop a modeling methodology that facilitates incorporating the plant pathway into environmental contamination models recognizing the fact that plants are dynamic entities that regulate their life cycle according to natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. A modeling framework that incorporates the plant pathway into an integrated water flow and contaminant transport model in terrestrial systems is developed. The modeling framework is aimed to provide a tool to analyze the plant pathway of exposure to contaminants. The model developed using this framework describes the temporal and spatial variation of the contaminant concentration within the plant as it is interacting with the soil and the atmosphere. The first part of the study focuses on the integration of the dynamics of water and contaminant distribution and plant related processes within the vadose zone. A soil-plant system model is developed by coupling soil-water flow, contaminant transport, plant life-cycle, and plant pathway models. The outcome unifies single media continuous models with multimedia compartmental models in a flexible framework. The coupling of the models was established at multiple interfaces and at different levels of solution steps (i.e. model development phase vs. numerical solution phase). In the second part of the study, the soil-plant system model is extended to cover large spatial areas by describing the environmental system as a collection of soil-plant systems connected through overland flow and transport processes on the ground surface and through lateral interactions in the subsurface. An overland flow model is integrated with the previously coupled model of unsaturated zone soil-water flow and plant life-cycle by solving the flow model equations simultaneously within a single global matrix structure. An overland / subsurface interaction algorithm is developed to handle the ground surface conditions. The simultaneous solution, single-matrix approach is also adopted when integrating the overland transport model with the previously coupled models of vadose zone transport and plant pathway. The model developed is applied to various environmental contamination scenarios where the effect of the presence of plants on the contaminant migration within environmental systems is investigated.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-05T19:13:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HUGO MORAIS DE ALCÂNTARA - TESE PPGRN 2013..pdf: 10749707 bytes, checksum: 042c63fe46b2820168cc4a2b33b2f966 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T19:13:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HUGO MORAIS DE ALCÂNTARA - TESE PPGRN 2013..pdf: 10749707 bytes, checksum: 042c63fe46b2820168cc4a2b33b2f966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Em regiões tropicais, como o semiárido brasileiro, a redução de áreas de florestas por meio da extração de lenha, da agricultura e pecuária de subsistência, associada à variabilidade espacial e temporal dos regimes climático e hidrológico, têm contribuído significativamente para a degradação ambiental de extensas áreas. Estudos em bacias experimentais têm evidenciado o papel da cobertura vegetal sobre a redução da erosão como um dos principais fatores para a conservação de pequenas bacias rurais, mas em geral não consideram as relações do homem com o ambiente. Esta tese tem como o principal problema de pesquisa a conservação e/ou recuperação ambiental de pequenas bacias hidrográficas rurais na região do semiárido brasileiro. A hipótese que norteia o trabalho é que uma metodologia que considere cenários futuros de uso e ocupação do solo e as relações do homem com o meio ambiente resultará em uma maior possibilidade de implementação das estratégias conservacionistas. O objetivo deste trabalho é a proposição de metodologia para a seleção de estratégias de conservação e/ou recuperação de pequenas bacias hidrográficas do semiárido, na perspectiva dos recursos hídricos, através de modelagem ambiental, considerando a aceitabilidade social dessas estratégias pelas comunidades rurais que ocupam as bacias. A metodologia proposta enfatiza a necessidade de uma caracterização ambiental considerando fatores climáticos, hidrológicos, políticos, econômicos e sociais, para embasar um planejamento conservacionista realista, viável e que esteja em sintonia com as necessidades dos produtores rurais. Advoga-se o uso de entrevistas e reuniões com os produtores e de modelos de simulação ambiental como ferramental. Os modelos podem contribuir na localização de áreas críticas e fornecer subsídios para a identificação de potenciais estratégias para a redução dos processos erosivos em diferentes escalas espaciais. A metodologia foi aplicada em uma pequena bacia hidrográfica do semiárido do estado da Paraíba. Estratégias candidatas de conservação e recuperação da bacia foram identificadas por meio de reuniões com grupos focais de produtores rurais. O modelo hidrossedimentológico SWAT foi usado com o objetivo de estimar a produção de sedimentos e a lâmina escoada. Foram simulados, com dados climáticos do período de 1998 a 2012, quatro cenários de uso e ocupação do solo montados de acordo com o levantamento de opiniões dos produtores rurais, tendo sido contempladas as estratégias com maior aceitabilidade social. O envolvimento da sociedade nas discussões e negociações ajuda a incorporar, no planejamento de uso dos recursos naturais, aspectos ambientais, culturais e sociais. Os resultados das simulações indicam uma estimativa anual da produção de sedimentos para o cenário atual de uso e ocupação do solo superando de 1,7 a 2,7 vezes os limites de tolerância de perda de solo estabelecidos em nível mundial, porém as estratégias de alterações de uso e ocupação do solo podem reduzir quase totalmente a produção anual de sedimentos e aumentar a produção de água na bacia em até 55,0%. Uma vantagem da metodologia proposta é que, através de uma lista de indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais, a comunidade pode participar ativamente da pesquisa de campo, tornando-se parte integrante do gerenciamento dos recursos naturais. / In tropical regions, such as the Brazilian semiarid region, the reduction of forest areas by extracting firewood, subsistence agriculture and livestock, associated with spatial and temporal variability of the climatic and hydrological regimes, have significantly contributed to environmental degradation of extensive areas. Research in experimental basins have shown the role of vegetation on erosion reduction as a major factor for the conservation of small rural basins, but generally do not consider the relationship between human society and the environment. This thesis has as its main research problem the conservation and/or environmental remediation of small rural watersheds in the semiarid region of Brazil. The hypothesis that guides the work is that a methodology that considers future scenarios of land use and occupation and the communities’ relationships with the environment will result in a greater possibility of implementation of conservation strategies. The objective of this work is to propose a methodology for the selection of strategies for conservation and/or restoration of small watersheds, from a water resources viewpoint through environmental modeling, considering the social acceptability of these strategies by rural communities that occupy the basins. The methodology emphasizes the need for environmental characterization considering climatic, hydrological, political, economic and social aspects, to support a realistic and feasible conservation planning, considering the farmers’ needs. It advocates the use of interviews and meetings with farmers and environmental simulation models as methodological tools. Models can help in locating critical areas and provide tools for identifying potential strategies to reduce erosion at different spatial scales. The methodology was applied in a small watershed in semiarid region of the State of Paraíba. Candidate strategies for the conservation and restoration of the basin were identified through meetings with focus groups of farmers. The SWAT hydrological model was used to estimate sediment production and runoff. Four scenarios of land use and occupation were simulated using climate data for the period 1998-2012. The scenarios were selected according to the opinions of farmers, having been contemplated strategies with greater social acceptability. Society involvement in the discussions and negotiations helps to incorporate environmental, cultural and social aspects in the planning process. Simulation results show an estimate of annual sediment yield at the current scenario of the use and occupation of land exceeding 1.7 to 2.7 times the tolerance limits established for soil loss worldwide, but the restoration strategies can reduce almost totally the annual sediment yield and increase water production in the basin up to 55.0%. An advantage of the proposed methodology is that through a list of socioeconomic and environmental indicators, the community can actively participate in the field research, becoming an integral part of natural resource management.