近年，可持續發展引起了物流界的關注。要在模糊和不確定的情況對不同資源，服務水平和利潤作出權衡取捨，一個多項目標決策框架是必需的。這份論文，我們會提出一個隨機線性效用涵數的問題。然後發展一個以權衡為基礎的互動方法去解決這個決策問題。這個方法成功地找出穩健的方案和非支配的方案。我們會利用一個北美州聯合運輸路徑選擇的案例來展示此方法的好處。此外，我們會提出一個啟發式解法來增加此互動方法的計算效能。 / Sustainability is one of many major concerns in the practice of logistics management today. With vague and ambiguous tradeos among resources, service level and prot, a multi-objective decision making framework will be essential. In this work, we formulate the problem using a random linear utility function. We develop a trade-o based interactive method to solve the problem. The interactive method successfully obtains robust solution and non-dominated solutions. We will illustrate the usefulness of the interactive method using an intermodal routing study under NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement). In addition, we propose a heuristic solution algorithm for the shortest path routing problem to further improve the efficiency on our interactive method. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lee, Ho Cheung Brian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-131). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to Multi-objective Decision Making Problem to Green Logistics --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Our Contribution --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Routing Problem with Green Consideration --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Intermodal Routing with Green Considerations --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Interactive Routing Method --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Linear Utility --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Interactive Routing with Green Consideration --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.16 / Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Concept, Notation and Definition --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Finding Knees in Multi-objective optimization --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Existing Interactive Method --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Framework of interactive routing --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Geoffrion-Dyer-Feinberg (GDF) Algorithm --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reference Direction (RD) Algorithm --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Trade-off Compromising Algorithm --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of Trade-off Compromising Algorithm --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Interactive Method for Multi-objective Shortest Path Problem --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Design of Computational Experiments --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter 4 --- Case study on NAFTA --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Parameters of the Experiment --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Cost, Emission and Transit time --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Scenarios --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Computational Result --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Managerial Implication --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter A --- Data of the Case study in NAFTA --- p.102 / Chapter B --- Computational results --- p.106 / Chapter B.1 --- Computational result of the case studies --- p.106 / Chapter B.2 --- Computational result of testing number of iterations --- p.121 / Bibliography --- p.123

"March 2002" / Includes bibliographical references. / xii, 178 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the application of physico-chemical phenomena to aspects of environmental analysis. Measures the superoxide radical in natural waters in order to establish the role of the radical in natural water chemistry. Also investigates the electrokinetic charging behaviour associated with liquid microjets in order to understand the unusual charging behaviour reported in the literature with the ultimate goal of determining the viability of using the charging mechanism for in vacuo ion generation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemistry, 2002

Wind energy is commonly considered to be a clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resource, as they do not pollute our atmosphere with greenhouse gas, nor do they cause any radioactive problems compared to nuclear energy. However, there are still some environmental impacts due to the installation and operation of the wind turbines that cannot be ignored, such as noise, visual and climatic impact. Especially, the observed local climate change in some wind farm areas has attracted general concern in recent years. Experts suspected that long time operation of wind turbines in an area can cause changes to local precipitation, evaporation of the water on earth surface, and even affect the frequency of drought happening. Nevertheless, we still cannot figure out whether these changes would be caused by wind turbines or not. The target of this study is to investigate the potential local impact of an operating wind turbine by numerical simulation. Because of the big geometric size of commercial wind turbines, experimental method is very limited in this type of study. Numerical simulation using CFD is considered to be a suitable approach and commercial software “FLUENT” is utilized in this study. Firstly, an accurate 3-D numerical wind turbine model was established and the frozen blade method was used to realize the rotation of the wind blades. Before further simulation, a wind-tunnel test has been undertaken by using a scaled physical wind turbine model for validation purpose. The experimental results show good agreement with those predicted by the numerical simulation. This suggested that the computation results were validated and the computational model can be used for further study. In this research, three wind turbine cases, with different typical ambient temperature and surface temperature, were simulated. Characters like wake structure, turbulence intensity and local temperature change was collected and analyzed in each simulated case. The results show that the operating wind turbine can bring obvious velocity deficit in the wake and a strong turbulence intensity enhancement was observed at the top tip because of the rotation. Also, local temperature change was found in the near wake region. The investigation of the local impact of the operating wind turbine is very significant. This study provides a valuable insight into the potential impacts of wind farms on local meteorology, which is rarely studied before. Meanwhile, a more comprehensive study on the effect of a wind farm on the environment is highly recommended. / published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

Indoor living wall is a newly developed greening technology that make use of facade to green the interior side of building. Owing to the limited land space in Hong Kong, indoor living wall becomes a new greening alternative in the urban area. Currently, there are three common types of systems: Felt, modular and trellis. Although outdoor living wall is more popular, indoor type is gaining more popularity as it can bring certain environmental benefits to building occupants. However, the construction and operations of indoor living wall will also cause damage to the environment. Under this circumstances, it is important to evaluate the environmental benefits and drawbacks of different indoor living wall systems and thus to find out the most beneficial one. The methodologies used in this study includes literature review, life cycle assessment (LCA), questionnaire and a technical visit. Through studying the literature, the current development and the knowledge gap is identified. This method is also used for summarizing the air purification ability of indoor plants and the living wall. After gaining the fundamental knowledge of the topics, LCA will be conducted to assess the environmental damage of resources, human health and ecosystem. The modular and felt systems under different disposal scenarios will be compared. The LCA results show that modular system has more benefits than the felt system. Also, using recycled material and disposal method is more environmentally friendly than landfills. Afterwards, technical visits to Exchange Tower and IFC 1 is carried out to find out the difficulties encountered during the operation of the living wall. Finally, an online survey is launched which aims at collecting public attitude towards implementation of the indoor living wall as well as how the system affects their psycho. The public shows a supportive attitude for the implementation of system, and they do think the system can help them to reduce stress and pressure. Recommendations are made for the design considerations and the way to enhance benefits. The suggestions on planning and environmental performance of indoor living wall are summarized in the form of checklists. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Improving the energy performance of existing building refurbishment has been identified as one of the key measures to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and combat climate change. According to Environmental Protection Department, buildings in Hong Kong take up almost 90% of urban electricity consumption. Sustainable building refurbishment not only can help decrease energy consumption but may also improve building’s overall condition, and thus prolong its life, uplift the living conditions, ensure better health and safety as well as minimize the negative effects to environment. To respond to the energy emission reduction, many researchers focus on technical improvements through various refurbishment methods. However, there is a research gap in determining the appropriate refurbishment solutions for high-rise residential buildings in developed cities like Hong Kong. The challenge is aggravated as there are a number of owners and occupants in multi-storey residential buildings and their behaviour can be very different. Albeit more and more attentions have been attributed to human behaviours and occupant satisfaction, little has been done to examine their effects to the choices and success of sustainable refurbishment solutions. This study aims to systematically analyse the effect of human behaviour to the satisfaction of sustainable refurbishment by setting up a unified model so as to maximize the opportunity for emission reduction without sacrificing the satisfaction of owners and occupants. Literature review was first conducted to attain the knowledge of sustainable refurbishment and human behaviour. Then, a list of potential sustainable building refurbishment method items was compiled under five criteria through literature review. In order to further examine the suitability of sustainable building refurbishment methods in Hong Kong scenario from the perspective of owners and occupants, a questionnaire survey was administered. Following that, literature review and interviews were carried out to identify a set of critical success factors (CSFs) of electing sustainable refurbishment strategies as well as key performance indicators (KPIs) of a sustainable building refurbishment scheme. Based on that, another questionnaire survey was conducted to examine the occupants’ perception to the relative importance of the identified CSFs and KPIs. Finally, a structural equation model was set up to unveil the relationships between occupants’ satisfaction and project success, and the findings were validated through expert interviews. The results shows that disruption is the most important factors affecting occupants’ decisions, followed by Management and Organization; Comfort; Cost; and Health and Safety. The technological and environmental accomplishments are proven to be the most important KPIs to the success of a sustainable building refurbishment project. The model developed can help decision-makers select on suitable sustainable building refurbishment methods to meet the social expectations of occupants while achieving the carbon emission target. / published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

Balance between mobility and environment is a key issue in sustainable transport. Railways are usually considered to have less impact on the environment than air and road transport; however, the transport system tends to evolve towards the latter modes of transport in pursuit of higher mobility. Recent railway development, high-speed rail (HSR) in particular, presents a potential solution for this dilemma by allowing a reversal of the modal shift trend. Using China as a case study, this thesis systematically examines the role of railways in sustainable transport, especially low carbon emissions, from the perspective of railway development and its relationship with other transport modes. At the national level, the spatial-temporal evolution of CO2 emissions from four passenger transport modes, i.e. rail, road, air, and water transport, in China since 1949 was estimated by both distance-based and fuel-based methods. These estimates show that railways had contributed significantly to China’s historically low carbon emissions, given the relative stability and lower emissions intensity of railway emissions compared to those of air and road transport. However, based on the decomposition analysis, the modal shift from railways to air and road transport after the 1980s had led to an emissions increase. It is thus recommended that strategies to encourage a modal shift back to railways be adopted, especially in the eastern coastal region with highly concentrated CO2 emissions from passenger transport. At the city level, the interrelationship between the development of railways, including conventional railways and HSRs, and the level of air flight patronage in China is explored. The panel data regression analysis of multiple city pairs since the 1990s shows that railway extension was positively associated with air flight patronage, while railway acceleration was negatively associated with air flight patronage, with the regression coefficient for conventional railway acceleration lower than that for HSR. The competition posed by HSR led to a great decline in air flight frequency and sometimes even discontinuation. However, this correlation relationship was only significant at short distance, less than 1000 km. At the station level, since railways have their own best operation scale, cooperation and integration between railways and other transport modes is also important for sustainable transport. While there has been some progress in China’s transport integration, it is limited at the infrastructural level. By establishing an evaluation framework for integration, this study investigates the service supply and passengers’ perception of interchange at Shanghai Hongqiao Transport Hub. It is found that multimodal integration in this hub generally performs well; however, further improvement is needed in the areas of operation, time coordination, interchange discount, and through ticketing. To realize higher levels of seamless integration, there are still some institutional barriers to break, mainly in organization, ownership and operation between different transport modes. This study has analyzed railway development and sustainable transport from the perspective of intermodal relationship, especially for developing countries. The findings provide insights for the development of transport systems with low carbon emissions and seamless integration. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

Chlorine has been used extensively as an industrial compound for synthesis of innumerable commercial product, including bleaches, organic diluents, adhesives, dust reducing agents, cutting oils, disinfectants, and monomers for plastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Despite societal contribution of chlorinated chemicals, there have recent suggestion by some environmental associations and scientists to ban the industrial use of chlorine. After their release into environment, organochlorine pollutants are stable and resistant to chemical and biodegradation and preferentially accumulation in the sequence food chain. / As a detoxification hydrodechlorination (HDC) reactions change neither the thermodynamics of the reaction nor the equilibrium composition. Also, there is no possibility of producing hazard by-product such as polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofuran. / Liquid phase hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenols was studied over the temperature range from room temperature (R.T) to 80°C using various Nickel catalysts and active hydrogen sources. Raney Nickel system converted 4-chlorophenol to ~49 mol% of phenol and ~34 mol% cyclohexanol at R.T. and proved to be more reactive than Ni0 and Ni-Fe. The HDC system with borohydrides as hydrogen source achieved hydrodechlorination at lower temperature than the system with molecular hydrogen. Ni-Al proved to be reactive for hydrogenolysis in the presence of borohydride at R.T. A somewhat surprising temperature dependence of Ni-Al mediated HDC in absence of H2 and borohydride was absented. Optimization with Ni-Al under mild condition was performed using central composite design (CCD). Optimal condition for maximum phenol production was predicted to be 80°C, for 11 h with 30 mg of catalyst. 98 mol% phenol is produced under this condition. / A continuous stream of pentachlorophenol (PCP, 0.5 mg/min) in mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and hydrogen was hydrodechlorinated by a heated column of gamma-alumina supported palladium (5 % w/w). Dechlorination efficiencies and time to reach equilibrium were influenced appreciable by the temperature and substrate delivery rate. The product from reaction at 210°C, 2000 psi accounted for 92 mol% phenol and 2.3 mol% cyclohexanone. The temperature was maintained at 210°C while the pressure and content of H2 in the gas mixture was changed to 1000 ~ 2000 psi, 5 % and 16 % (v/v) H2/CO2. The production of phenol and cyclohexanone was greater at higher pressures (2000 psi.) with the formation of methoxy-cyclohexane. The content of H2 in the gas mixture was not appreciable influenced the product distribution.

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