Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 134 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-147).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Nottingham Trent University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-242) and index.

This thesis is an attempt to apply the technique of input-output analysis to the study of the relations between an economy and the environment which supports it. The opening chapter contains a brief justification of the use of input-output analysis for this purpose. It is argued that input-output models, which recognise many of the interactions among consumers and producers, can be extended so that they also take account of some of the interactions among consumers, producers, and the natural environment. Emphasis is placed upon the flow of materials between the environment and the economy. Waste products flow from the economy to the environment and 'free' goods flow in the opposite direction. There follows, in the second chapter, a review of the work of three writers who have explored the possibility of using general equilibrium and input-output models to study man's impact on the environment. The models presented by these economists are each found to possess unsatisfactory features. The theoretical core of the dissertation is an adaptation of two recently developed input-output models. Waste products and 'free' goods are introduced into both models in several different ways. The data requirements of the various models differ considerably and only the simplest of the models can be applied to the data on waste products and 'free' goods that are currently available. Canadian data, much of which were collected especially for this study, and the methods used in its estimation, are described in the fourth chapter. Chapter five is a summary of the results obtained from using the data on waste products and 'free' goods in conjunction with the Canadian input-output accounts for 1961. These results include estimates of the wastes produced and 'free' goods used in the production and consumption of one dollar's worth of each type of commodity manufactured in Canada. The results also include estimates of the Provincial distribution of waste products and 'free' goods that were associated with Canadian economic activity in 1961. Furthermore, an attempt is made to rank the commodities produced and consumed in Canada, in terms of the relative impact on the environment of their production and consumption. The final experiment illustrates a method of estimating the ecologic implications of changing the pattern of Canadian consumption. To show this an estimate is made of the effects of transferring 50 per cent of Canadian passenger car travel to public transportation. The last chapter of the thesis is a discussion of the uses to which the models and results might be put in formulating Government policy. Various methods are examined of bringing the production of wastes and use of 'free' goods within the realm of the market economy. It is argued that although it is generally more efficient to price the wastes and 'free' goods directly this policy can only serve as a long term goal. In the short term it is suggested that, for administrative reasons, emphasis should be placed on levying taxes on commodities so that their market prices reflect the ecologic cost of their production and consumption. A schedule of the relative sizes of such taxes is estimated using a model developed for the purpose together with the data collected as part of this study. In conclusion, the overall purpose of the dissertation is to suggest a method of analysis rather than to present comprehensive results. The results which are obtained are intended to be no more than indicative of what would be possible if more accurate and comprehensive data were available. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The bachelor's thesis analysed the environmental impact of the Swedish VAT-reduction on minor repairs of 2017 through integrated quantitative and qualitative analysis.:1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Foundations 2.1. Relevant Concepts 2.2. Economic Theory 2.2.1. Market Mechanism, Market Failure and Externalities 2.2.2. Environmental Policies against Market Failure through Externalities 2.2.3. Rebound Effect 2.3. Swedish VAT Reduction – Economic Point of View 2.4. International Context 3. Quantitative Data Analysis 3.1. Methodology 3.1.1. Difference-in-Differences Approach and Control Group Selection 3.1.2. Statistical Significance of Correlations 3.2. Results 3.2.1. Resource Accounts 3.2.2. Waste 3.2.3. CO2e-Emissions 3.2.4. Circular Economy 3.3. Discussion 3.3.1. Resource Accounts 3.3.2. Waste 3.3.3. CO2e-Emissions 3.3.4. Circular Economy 3.3.5. Summary 4. Qualitative Comparative Literature Analysis 4.1. Methodology 4.2. Results 4.2.1. Observed Effect of VAT-Reduction by Stakeholders 4.2.2. Reasons for low Effect and Barriers 4.2.3. Actions Proposed 4.3. Discussion 5. Conclusion

No description available.

Environmental policy instruments in the Czech Republic This thesis deals with environmental policy instruments and related issues. In the introduction I analyze in general what the environment is and what role it plays in our life and its importance for life, then also by short historical excursion and also by the very definition of what is the environment and also the environmental policy itself. A large part is occupied by environmental policy actors that are an integral part of this area, as it would not be possible to carry out environmental policy without them. I divide them into state and non-state, among which the main difference is especially in volunteering. I describe their activities and examples of using individual tools in their performance. An important part is also an insight into the international area in the field of international environmental conferences as well as the European Union action plans. This section presents a brief overview of the development of international conferences on environment and sustainable development. Then, in the European Union, I am analyzing the last seventh action program in detail. Last but not least, it is also the State Environmental Policy of the Czech Republic as an important strategic document defining the further direction of the development of...

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-165). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Current theories of instrument choice in environmental policy suggest that policy makers choose policy instruments based on the distribution of costs and benefits in society. It is postulated that policy makers will select those policy instruments which confer concentrated benefits on interest groups that will return favours. Others suggest that instrument choice is an outcome of interest groups struggles. However, these approaches do not explain the variation of instrument choices across countries. This thesis is a comparative investigation of instrument choice situations, and actual instrument choices. Combining propositions of public choice theory, blame avoidance theory, and policy style analysis it studies the factors that determine the choice between pollution taxes and tradable pollution rights in three countries (Canada, Germany, and the United States). It is found that institutional structures, particularly the distribution of policy making authority among the various jurisdictions of a state, is the single most important variable. Federal states with centralized authority, e.g. the U.S., have a greater choice among policy instruments, unless other factors, such as ideology, exclude instrument options from the choice set. Federal states in which authority is functionally shared between federal and state governments based on historical precedent, such as Germany, are more likely to adopt pollution taxes. The implementation of tradable pollution rights would require substantial legislative changes at all levels of government. Although eswtablished patterns of interjurisdictional cooperation may facilitate such changes, it would still be a major undertaking that may not be justified by the potential macroeconomic gains associated with emission trading. In federal states with authority overlap-ping between federal government and provinces, such as Canada, the adoption of either pollution taxes or tradable pollution rights is extremely difficult. Unilateral actions could, in the case of pollution taxes, damage a province's competitive position vis-a-vis the other provinces, and thus the adoption is unlikely. Emission trading, however, is subject to the constraints of international agreements by the federal government, and consent by all other jurisdictions on the fixing of an emission cap. Provincial governments guard their jurisdictional authority and are more likely to choose policy instruments that resemble pollution taxes but will not disadvantage the provincial economy. Such taxation schemes will likely be means to raise revenue rather than serving to achieve specific environmental quality objectives. A preliminary survey of instrument choices in other countries suggests that this pattern is not restricted to federal states but possibly is indicative and representative of jurisdictional relationships within states in general. Aside from the distribution of policy making authority among jurisdictions, other factors influencing instrument choice are: agenda setting, ideology and political culture, and the structuring of the decision making process. In none of the case studies did the distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholder groups significantly affect policy instrument choice.

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves 91-96.