Durante o século XX sedimentou-se a percepção de que o conhecimento disciplinar fragmentado é incapaz de explicar e resolver a problemática ambiental. A partir disso, surgiu um grande desafio no campo da educação: um amplo e complexo processo de reorientação do conhecimento, das ideologias, dos paradigmas científicos e das práticas de pesquisa. As questões ambientais e sociais abriram o caminho para o pensamento sistêmico e também para métodos interdisciplinares de pesquisa, capazes de articular diferentes disciplinas com o intuito de compreender as múltiplas relações, causalidades e interdependências entre os processos naturais e sociais. É nessa perspectiva que se inscreve um novo paradigma concebido por Edgar Morin e denominado de pensamento complexo, que se origina no pensamento sistêmico. Este estudo analisou as publicações científicas “Scientia Agricola" (SA) e “Scientia Forestalis" (SF), bem como todas as teses de livre-docência desenvolvidas pela ESALQ/USP, no período de 1998 a 2002. A partir desse conjunto, utilizou-se para análise uma amostragem correspondente a 20%, sendo 136 artigos científicos da “SA"e “SF" e todas as 40 teses de livre-docência. Buscou-se conhecer as abordagens adotadas, as quais foram categorizadas sob dois aspectos: 1º) Caráter Interdisciplinar e 2º) Se estavam inseridas no novo paradigma (pensamento sistêmico, segundo Morin). Também foram analisadas as características estruturais e administrativas dos periódicos. Somente 6 artigos (4,4% da amostra) empregaram o pensamento sistêmico. Estes artigos também foram considerados interdisciplinares, sendo 1 artigo publicado na revista “SA" e 5 na revista “SF". Apenas duas teses de livre-docência (5% do total) empregaram o pensamento sistêmico. Os resultados obtidos no estudo permitem concluir que os periódicos científicos “SA" e “SF" possuem prestígio e estão consolidados por suas periodicidades ininterruptas, corpos editoriais compostos por renomados profissionais. Estas publicações são importantes veículos de disseminação do conhecimento científico agrário e florestal. Entretanto, seguem linhas editoriais que não apresentam uma análise ambiental sistêmica ou complexa. Em geral, as pesquisas publicadas por ambos periódicos científicos e as teses de livre-docência, não possuem uma abordagem ambiental com bases conceituais integradas e interdisciplinares. Há uma forte tendência à fragmentação cartesiana e à separação entre o humano e o natural. Na produção científica da ESALQ analisada, a interdisciplinaridade e a idéia de complexidade são temas ainda ausentes e a pesquisa científica tem obstáculos epistemológicos, metodológicos e institucionais por enfrentar. / During the 20th Century, the perception that the fragmented disciplinary knowledge has been unable to explain and solve environmental problems consolidated. Since then, a major challenge has raised in the educational field: a wide and complex reorientation process of knowledge, ideologies, scientific paradigms and research practices. The environmental and social questions opened a path for systemic thought and interdisciplinary research methods, capable of linking different disciplines in order to understand multiple relations, causalities and interdependence among natural and social processes. Created by Edgar Morin from the systemic thought, the complex thought is within this context. This study analyzed the following scientific publication: “Scientia Agricola" (SA) and “Scientia Forestalis" (SF), as well as all post-doctoral theses developed by the teaching staff at ESALQ/USP from 1998 to 2002. Considering this collection, a 20% sample has been analyzed, which means 136 articles from "SA" and "SF" and all 40 theses. It was tried to grasp the adopted approaches which were classified according to two features: 1) interdisciplinary content and 2) if they were within a new scientific paradigm (systemic thought, according to Morin). The journal administrative and structural features were also analyzed. Only six articles (4.4% of the sample) used the systemic thought. Those articles were also considered interdisciplinary. One of them was from "SA" and the remaining from "SF". Only two theses (5% of total) used some systemic thought. The results from this study allowed us to conclude that the "SA" and "SF" scientific journals have been considered prestigious and consolidated because of their long and uninterrupted publication, editorial board composed by widely-known professionals. These publications are an important mean of dissemination of agrarian and forestry scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, they follow editorial approaches that do not present a systemic or complex environmental analysis or perspective. In general, the research published by both scientific journals and teaching staff theses do not present interdisciplinary and integrated approaches. There is a strong tendency towards the Cartesian fragmentation and a split between human and natural dimensions. In the ESALQ scientific production, the interdisciplinary and complexity ideas have been still absent from research themes. In order to incorporate them, the scientific research has still to surpass institutional, methodological and epistemic obstacles.

This dissertation explores the use of play in three ecoaesthetic games and considers their potential for affecting environmental thought. Ecoaesthetic games leverage the power of play as a “foot in the door” for divisive topics. Play, as structured through games, is found to be a powerful generator of meaning. Games specifically are found to be representational, affective, and relational systems that can facilitate critical thinking, sustained reflection, and thoughtful deliberation around intractable problems. My games Tether, recollect, and Fringe-assay modify the well-known games Scrabble, Memory, and Snakes and Ladders, respectively, in order to bring attention to three different but intertwining, environmental crises: language and species endangerment, species extinction, and growing human vulnerability in a climate changed world. In this study, I consider human cognitive tendencies that inhibit our desire to engage with and take action within complex politico-ecological problems. Then, I locate promising game features that can be modified in order to work against such tendencies. The dissertation closes with a consideration of the iterative design process and the insights I gained from each of the games designed for this study.

Durante o século XX sedimentou-se a percepção de que o conhecimento disciplinar fragmentado é incapaz de explicar e resolver a problemática ambiental. A partir disso, surgiu um grande desafio no campo da educação: um amplo e complexo processo de reorientação do conhecimento, das ideologias, dos paradigmas científicos e das práticas de pesquisa. As questões ambientais e sociais abriram o caminho para o pensamento sistêmico e também para métodos interdisciplinares de pesquisa, capazes de articular diferentes disciplinas com o intuito de compreender as múltiplas relações, causalidades e interdependências entre os processos naturais e sociais. É nessa perspectiva que se inscreve um novo paradigma concebido por Edgar Morin e denominado de pensamento complexo, que se origina no pensamento sistêmico. Este estudo analisou as publicações científicas “Scientia Agricola” (SA) e “Scientia Forestalis” (SF), bem como todas as teses de livre-docência desenvolvidas pela ESALQ/USP, no período de 1998 a 2002. A partir desse conjunto, utilizou-se para análise uma amostragem correspondente a 20%, sendo 136 artigos científicos da “SA”e “SF” e todas as 40 teses de livre-docência. Buscou-se conhecer as abordagens adotadas, as quais foram categorizadas sob dois aspectos: 1º) Caráter Interdisciplinar e 2º) Se estavam inseridas no novo paradigma (pensamento sistêmico, segundo Morin). Também foram analisadas as características estruturais e administrativas dos periódicos. Somente 6 artigos (4,4% da amostra) empregaram o pensamento sistêmico. Estes artigos também foram considerados interdisciplinares, sendo 1 artigo publicado na revista “SA” e 5 na revista “SF”. Apenas duas teses de livre-docência (5% do total) empregaram o pensamento sistêmico. Os resultados obtidos no estudo permitem concluir que os periódicos científicos “SA” e “SF” possuem prestígio e estão consolidados por suas periodicidades ininterruptas, corpos editoriais compostos por renomados profissionais. Estas publicações são importantes veículos de disseminação do conhecimento científico agrário e florestal. Entretanto, seguem linhas editoriais que não apresentam uma análise ambiental sistêmica ou complexa. Em geral, as pesquisas publicadas por ambos periódicos científicos e as teses de livre-docência, não possuem uma abordagem ambiental com bases conceituais integradas e interdisciplinares. Há uma forte tendência à fragmentação cartesiana e à separação entre o humano e o natural. Na produção científica da ESALQ analisada, a interdisciplinaridade e a idéia de complexidade são temas ainda ausentes e a pesquisa científica tem obstáculos epistemológicos, metodológicos e institucionais por enfrentar. / During the 20th Century, the perception that the fragmented disciplinary knowledge has been unable to explain and solve environmental problems consolidated. Since then, a major challenge has raised in the educational field: a wide and complex reorientation process of knowledge, ideologies, scientific paradigms and research practices. The environmental and social questions opened a path for systemic thought and interdisciplinary research methods, capable of linking different disciplines in order to understand multiple relations, causalities and interdependence among natural and social processes. Created by Edgar Morin from the systemic thought, the complex thought is within this context. This study analyzed the following scientific publication: “Scientia Agricola” (SA) and “Scientia Forestalis” (SF), as well as all post-doctoral theses developed by the teaching staff at ESALQ/USP from 1998 to 2002. Considering this collection, a 20% sample has been analyzed, which means 136 articles from "SA" and "SF" and all 40 theses. It was tried to grasp the adopted approaches which were classified according to two features: 1) interdisciplinary content and 2) if they were within a new scientific paradigm (systemic thought, according to Morin). The journal administrative and structural features were also analyzed. Only six articles (4.4% of the sample) used the systemic thought. Those articles were also considered interdisciplinary. One of them was from "SA" and the remaining from "SF". Only two theses (5% of total) used some systemic thought. The results from this study allowed us to conclude that the "SA" and "SF" scientific journals have been considered prestigious and consolidated because of their long and uninterrupted publication, editorial board composed by widely-known professionals. These publications are an important mean of dissemination of agrarian and forestry scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, they follow editorial approaches that do not present a systemic or complex environmental analysis or perspective. In general, the research published by both scientific journals and teaching staff theses do not present interdisciplinary and integrated approaches. There is a strong tendency towards the Cartesian fragmentation and a split between human and natural dimensions. In the ESALQ scientific production, the interdisciplinary and complexity ideas have been still absent from research themes. In order to incorporate them, the scientific research has still to surpass institutional, methodological and epistemic obstacles.

Cette thèse ambitionne de comprendre la dimension métaphysique de la crise écologique contemporaine. Pour ce faire, nous analysons d’abord ce que nous considérons comme les deux fondements métaphysiques de cette crise : d’une part l’éloignement progressif de la subjectivité vis à vis de la nature et d’autre part l’incapacité, après la révolution transcendantale kantienne, à penser la nature indépendamment de son rapport au sujet qui la pense. Nous signalons ce tournant transcendantal, où la nature est devenue une nature pour l’homme plutôt qu’une nature d’avant l’homme, comme le moment décisif de la séparation entre sujet et nature. Puis, nous examinons, à partir de la Naturphilosophie de Schelling et de l’ontologie de la nature du dernier Merleau-Ponty, les tentatives des philosophies de la nature de repenser le rapport entre sujet et nature, afin de sortir des impasses où la philosophie transcendantale avait mené. Enfin, nous esquissons, à partir des travaux de Whitehead, Simondon et Deleuze, une pensée non anthropocentrique et non-dualiste de la nature, où c’est la nature qui vient à la pensée plutôt que d’être subsumée sous les catégories a priori d’un sujet qui la déterminerait. Nous défendons l’idée qu’une telle pensée de la nature, en proposant un constructivisme respectueux qui « pousse au milieu des choses » (Deleuze), est susceptible d’être à la hauteur des défis écologiques actuels et du nécessaire tournant écologique de la pensée qui s’impose. / This thesis aims to consider the metaphysical dimension of the current ecological crisis. By narrowing down the crisis to its metaphysical components, we analyze what we identify as its main source: the growing distancing between nature and thought, which leads to our incapacity to think nature on its own terms. We argue that both the modern bifurcation of nature and Kant’s transcendental revolution are at the base of this distancing between nature and thought. And yet, limited scope of these approaches turned out to be prolific. They inspired philosophies of nature to develop a very fertile ground to think nature and the future of philosophy’s relation to nature after transcendental philosophy. It is these philosophies of nature that we seek to explore in the second moment of our research. We examine Schelling’s Naturphilosophie and the later Merleau-Ponty’s engagement with philosophy of nature, in order to locate the way in which they try to overcome certain limits of transcendental philosophy’s approach to nature. Finally, after tracing certain elements from Whitehead’s and Deleuze’s philosophy of nature, and its relevance for thinking nature in a non-anthropocentric nor dualistic way. We locate in these philosophies of nature a way of thinking where it is nature that comes to thought, and not the transcendental subject that determines or constitutes nature by subsuming it under universal concepts. This thought of nature assumes itself as constructivist, but it is a special type of constructivism, one that « grows in the midst of things » (Deleuze). One such thinking, we defend, would be able to live up to the challenges raised in an age of ecological crisis.

博士（社会学） / 甲第686号 / 206p / 一橋大学