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Yes / A bidirectional synthesis of the originally proposed structures for the natural products elatenyne and a chloroenyne from Laurencia majuscula is described along with a reassessment of the structures of the halogenated enynes based upon a 13C NMR chemical shift/structure correlation / EPSRC

In this dissertation, gold catalyst was employed to catalyze intermolecular reactions. Intramolecular reactions were far more advanced than intermolecular reaction in gold catalysis. With finding suitable ligands for gold catalysts, we were able to develop several transformations to synthesize interesting building blocks in organic chemistry including: allenes, furans, spiros, oxepines, propargyl ethers and ketones. These functionalities were synthesized by the use of triazole-gold(I) catalyst. Triazole, as a ligand bond to gold, showed enhanced stability of the catalyst, which resulted in better yields. Gold(I)/(III) redox chemistry also used for cyclopropanol ring openings which resulted in synthesizing substituted ketones.

CES TRAVAUX DE THESE ONT INITIALEMENT EU POUR OBJET LA SYNTHESE TOTALE DE LA PAULITINE. LES RESULTATS OBTENUS NOUS ONT AMENES A MENER UNE ETUDE CONCERNANT LE MECANISME DE LA METATHESE ENE-YNE VERS LA FORMATION DU BICYCLE A-B DE LA MOLECULE CIBLE. CETTE ETUDE A ALORS PERMIS DE METTRE EN EVIDENCE QUE, LORS DE LA RCM D'ENYNES COMPORTANT UN ALCYNE VRAI ET UN ATOME D'OXYGENE EN ALPHA DE LA TRIPLE LIAISON, LE CARBENE DU RUTHENIUM ATTAQUE L'ALCYNE EN PREMIER. L'ENCOMBREMENT STERIQUE EN POSITION PROPARGYLIQUE SEMBLE FORTEMENT INFLUENCER LE RENDEMENT DE LA METATHESE: LA CYCLISATION EST PLUS EFFICACE LORSQUE CELUI-CI DIMINUE. UN PRECURSEUR DESMETHYLE DU BICYCLE CIBLE A ALORS PU ETRE SYNTHETISE AVEC UN RENDEMENT DE SEPT POURCENTS SUR HUIT ETAPES. LA SYNTHESE ASYMETRIQUE DU BICYLE AINSI QUE LA FORMATION DE MOTIFS ALPHA-METHYLENE-GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONES PRESENTS DANS LA PAULITINE ONT ENSUITE ETE ETUDIEES.PARALLELEMENT A CE TRAVAIL DE SYNTHESE, UNE NOUVELLE METHODOLOGIE A ETE DEVELOPPEE POUR LES METATHESES DE COMPOSES AZOTES ALLYLIQUES, HABITUELLEMENT DELICATES. L'UTILISATION DE BORANES, EN TANT QU'ACIDE DE LEWIS, OFFRE DE NOUVELLES CONDITIONS, PERMETTANT D'OBTENIR PROPREMENT DES PRODUITS DE COUPLAGE. CETTE NOUVELLE METHODE DONNE ACCES A DES OLEFINES DIVERSEMENT FONCTIONNALISEES PAR UN GROUPE AZOTE AVEC DE BONS RENDEMENTS, LORSQUE LA REACTION EST EFFECTUEE AU REFLUX DU TOLUENE, PENDANT DOUZE HEURES, EN PRESENCE DE CINQ POURCENTS DE CATALYSEUR D'HOVEYDA-BLECHERT ET D'UN SEUL EQUIVALENT DE PARTENAIRE DE METATHESE.

The main subject of this thesis is synthesis of chiral diene systems via Ring Closing Enyne Metathesis (RCEM). Furan and thiophene carbaldehydes were chosen as starting compounds. As a result of allylation and propargylation reaction of these aldehydes targeting racemic heteroaryl substituted homoallylic and homopropargylic alcohols were synthesized. Enantiomerically enriched alcohols were obtained by enzymatic resolution method with different enzymes (PS-II, Lipozyme) with the high enantiomeric excess values. Absolute configurations of all alcohols are known. O-allylation and O-propargylation reactions of enantiomerically pure alcohols, afforded feasible enyne units for RCEM were synthesized successfully. All RCEM reactions were performed by using Grubbs&amp / #8223 / 1st generation catalyst. The absolute configuration of all chiral diene systems were known since during the course of the all reactions, configurations were preserved. As a last step, Diels-Alder reactions were applied to some of these chiral diene systems to get bicyclic compounds and comment on the stereoselectivity. Only one diastereomeric cycloadduct was observed as a result of Diels-Alder applications.

First section of chapter 1 deals with gold catalyzed synthesis of ring fused furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans. Furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans are ubiquitous structural segments found in a number of natural products including polyether containing marine toxins. Synthesis of furo[3,2,b]pyrans 2a was accomplished from the bis-propargyl ethers 1a, while the synthesis of furo[3,2,b]furans 2b was accomplished from the prenyl propargyl ethers 1b. Scheme 1: Synthesis of furo[3,2,b]pyrans and furo[3,2,b]furans Second section of chapter 1 describes an unusual ring-contraction rearrangement route to functionalized 2,8-oxymethano-bridged di and triquinane. During the course of investigations concerning the total synthesis of 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework containing natural products, an unusual ring-contraction rearrangement sequence was observed in the reaction of 5-substituted 1-methyl-4-isopropenyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ones 4 to the 2,8-oxymethano-bridged diquinanes 5. The reaction was further demonstrated in the synthesis of triquinane 7 framework. Scheme 2: Synthesis of functionalized di and triquinane In third section of chapter 1 gold catalyzed synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones from suitable substituted allyl propargyl ethers was discussed. Synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones comprising a quaternary center with high diastereoselectivity was realized via AuCl3 catalyzed tandem intramolecular exo-dig heterocyclization/enol isomerization/Claisen rearrangement sequence in excellent yields. The reaction was general and amenable for the synthesis of structurally diverse analogues. Scheme 3: Synthesis of isochromanones and isoquinolones Forth section of chapter 1 consists of gold catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation assisted ring opening of furans to the corresponding saturated -keto esters. During the course investigations concerning gold catalyzed intramolecular enyne cyclization reactions, an interesting ring opening of furans in furyl propargyl alcohols to the corresponding tetrahydrofuran appended saturated -keto esters exclusively driven by intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of the alkyne was observed. Reaction of furyl propargyl alcohols without free hydroxyl group, under similar conditions afforded the conjugated enynes involving dehydration/ketalization. Scheme 4: Synthesis of saturated -keto esters and enynes Chapter 2 delineates the enantiospecific synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.2]decadienes 15 via gold catalyzed tandem enyne cyclization, semipinacol rearrangement reaction. Bicyclodecadienes are key structural units of natural products nakafuran-8 and pallescensin B. Scheme 5: Synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.2]decadienes

Le phénomène d'oxygénation tardive des produits naturels a été investigué sur deux modèles d'études : les chalasines polycycliques et les diterpènes résiniques. Pour les chalasines, les cibles de synthèse envisagées étaient la trichoderone A et la trichodermone, deux chalasines d'origine fongique isolées récemment du champignon endophyte Trichoderma gamsii. En plus de leurs structures fascinantes, ces chalasines ont montré une inhibition modérée contre la lignée cellulaire tumorale humaine HeLa. Les études rétrosynthétiques de la trichoderone A et de la trichodermone, basées sur les hypothèses de biosynthèse des PKS-NRPS, ont dévoilé la possibilité d'un précurseur biomimétique commun par l'intermédiaire d'oxygénations bio-inspirées fréquentes in vivo. Ces travaux de thèse décrivent la synthèse totale de ce précurseur biosynthétique à travers le développement d'une nouvelle méthodologie de métathèse d'ényne cyclisante, suivie d'un réarrangement [3,3] d'Ireland-Claisen. La construction du squelette polycyclique repose sur une stratégie de Diels-Alder intramoléculaire, accédant ainsi au précurseur desiré. Des résultats préliminaires encourageants d'oxygénation bio-inspirées sont également décrits, en vue de l'accès vers les chalasines naturelles trichoderone A et trichodermone. Concernant les acides résiniques, une nouvelle méthodologie de photooxygénation bioinspirée a été développée. A l'aide d'un montage simple et efficace, des réactions de photooxygénations couplées à des réarrangements de Hock et de Kornblum-DeLaMare ont permis la formation de produits naturels ainsi que des molécules originales montrant des des activités antibactériennes prometteuses. / The late-stage oxygenation of natural products has been investigated on two studies templates: the polycyclic chalasans, the main topic of this thesis, and onto resinic diterpenes. Concerning the polycyclic chalasans, the envisaged synthetic targets were trichoderone A and trichodermone, two fungal secondary metabolites recently isolated from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma gamsii. In addition to their fascinating structures, these chalasans showed a moderate inhibition against human tumor HeLa cell line, which makes them very attractive for total synthesis. Based on the biosynthesis of PKS-NRPS compounds, the retrosynthetic studies of trichoderone A and trichodermone suggested the possibility of a common biomimetic precursor through bioinspired oxygenations frequently occurring in vivo. This thesis developed the total synthesis of this biomimetic precursor including the development of a new ring-closing enyne metathesis methodology, followed by a [3,3] Ireland-Claisen rearrangement. The construction of the polycyclic skeleton is based on an intramolecular Diels-Alder strategy, affording the desired precursor. Encouraging preliminary results have also been described towards the access to the natural chalasans trichoderone A and trichodermone, which have never been synthesized so far. On the subject of resinic diterpenes, a new bioinspired photooxygenation methodology has been developed. Thanks to a simple and efficient experimental set-up, photooxygenation reactions coupled with Hock and Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangements allowed the formation of already isolated natural products, as well as novel molecules exhibiting promising antibacterial activities.

Screening small molecule libraries is a powerful method for identifying biologically active substances. Current compound libraries are typically comprised of a large number of structurally similar compounds designed around bioactive core structures of known molecules. While the number of tested compounds are increasing, there has been a decline in drug-discovery success due to only a small region of chemical space being represented in these compound libraries. In addition, newly discovered biological targets tend not to be modulated by currently known natural products and molecular scaffolds. Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) aims to construct structurally novel and diverse products in a highly efficient manner to generate small-molecule libraries with a high degree of structural diversity and function. There is a need for new organic methodologies to access these atypical molecular scaffolds. The work presented here utilizes photochemical and titanium-mediated methodologies to access novel molecular scaffolds in two distinct directions: 1) by utilizing [2+2] photocycloaddition of pyridone-enynes to access functionalized cyclobutanoids capable of further modification and 2) by developing a novel Bredt’s rule-arrest Kulinkovich-de Meijere reaction to produce alkaloid building blocks with useful functionality. 2-Pyridones are known to undergo photo-initiated [2+2] and [4+4] cycloadditions with themselves and other conjugated -systems. These transformations provide rapid access to highly functionalized cyclobutanoid and cyclooctanoid derivatives capable of further manipulation to access both known and novel chemical space. Utilizing [2+2] photocycloaddition of pyridones conjugated with enyne partners we prepared polycyclic cyclobutanoids with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Further, these products were functionalized to give complex tetracyclic molecular scaffolds. The described approach to the 5-8-5 framework of the fusicoccane family features a key intramolecular [4+4] photocycloaddition of tethered pyridones. Intelligent design of the tether and proper choice of solvent affords rapid assembly of the polycyclic framework and sets the relative stereochemistry of five stereogenic centers. The strategy for construction of cyclooctanoid natural products is part of a long standing program to utilize the powerful photochemical properties of 2 pyridone. A novel approach for rapid access to a structurally diverse array of amino-ketone scaffolds employing a Kulinkovich-de Meijere reaction of inexpensive lactam-olefin building blocks has been developed. The formation of cyclopropylamines from alkenes and amides, the Kulinkovich-de Meijere reaction, involves two carbon-carbon bond-forming steps. Strategic use of a tricyclic intermediate can arrest the process if the second step requires formation of a bridgehead double bond. This intramolecular transformation results in formation of carbocyclic amino ketone building blocks. Further manipulation provides access to novel three-dimensional chemical space from these building blocks to produce a spectrum of fused bicyclic scaffolds in a divergent yet predictable manner. These products allow access to complex molecular space that can serve as a platform for medicinal and biochemical investigations. / Chemistry

2-Pyridones are known to undergo a facile [4+4] photocycloaddition with themselves and other conjugated molecules. These transformations provide an access to complex molecular structures such as highly substituted cyclooctanoid derivatives, which normally represent a significant synthetic challenge. Moreover, the 2-pyridone photoadducts can be further elaborated into various biologically relevant products. The work presented here broadens the horizons of the [4+4] photocycloaddition in two distinct directions: 1) by utilizing [4+4] photocycloaddition in a total synthesis of crinipellin natural products possessing antibiotic and antitumor activity and 2) by developing a novel type of [4+4] photocycloaddition that employs a conjugated enyne as a partner of 2- pyridone. Our approach to the tetraquinane core of the crinipellins features intramolecular [4+4] photocycloaddition of a tethered furan-pyridone molecule followed by a four-step transannular ring closure. The sequence allows for a rapid assembly of a molecular framework by installing 19 of the 20 required carbon atoms and all but two stereogenic centers. The described synthesis represents an interesting new approach to these polycyclic molecules and a way to access crinipellin analogues. The enyne-pyridone [4+4] photocycloaddition led to formation of intriguing 1,2,5-cyclooctatriene-based products. Presence of the allene functionality was used as a lever in exploring the possibilities for derivatization of these photoadducts. Our investigations of enyne-pyridone photocycloaddition have come a long way: from the first proof-of-concept intermolecular trials producing complex mixtures, through the initial investigations of the intramolecular variant that taught us how to direct the reaction to the necessary mode ([2+2] vs. [4+4] photocycloaddition), and eventually to the controlled formation of stable allenic photoadducts and their further transformation into a diverse set of functionalized molecular scaffolds. We found that the inherent kinetic instability of 1,2,5-cyclooctatrienes facilitates several pathways of strain relief: allene-allene [2+2] dimerization, photooxidative decarbonylation when the irradiation is conducted in presence of air, isomerization of the 1,2-diene fragment into a 1,3-diene and the acid-promoted Cope rearrangement. Additionally, enyne-pyridone photoadducts can undergo transannular ring closure when treated with bromine and also be transformed into valuable bicyclo [5.1.0] octane structures that incorporate a rare example of a stable cyclopropanone by a fast and selective epoxidation-rearrangement process. Several important goals were achieved in the described research study. First, strategic incorporation of [4+4] photocycloaddition as one of the key steps in targeted synthesis of natural products has demonstrated the potential of this powerful reaction. Second, an efficient new approach to a tetraquinane skeleton was developed and successfully executed. Third, the fundamental basis for the novel photochemical transformation (enyne-pyridone cycloaddition) was set and major trends for this reaction were established resulting in obtaining stable allenic photoadducts. Finally, chemical properties and reactivity of stabilized amide-bridged 1,2,5-cyclooctatriene photoproducts were investigated breaking the ground for future involvement of these intermediates in synthetic strategies towards biologically active natural products and their analogues. / Chemistry

La thapsigargine, lactone sesquiterpénique de type guaïanolide d’origine naturelle, est un puissant inhibiteur des enzymes ubiquitaires SERCAs (Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPases) et est actuellement en phase clinique pour le traitement du cancer de la prostate non-hormono dépendant. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse de cette molécule, suffisamment flexible pour permettre de préparer des analogues ayant un bon degré de diversité structurale. Cette voie met en jeu une métathèse cyclisante d’ényne pour former le squelette bicyclique [5-7] de cette molécule. La préparation du précurseur de métathèse a nécessité le développement de deux voies différentes. La première utilise le ditertbutylacétylène dicarboxylate comme matière de départ et met en jeu un procédé original Michael-Wittig en un pot. Malgré une étude approfondie de cette étape ayant permis d’optimiser les conditions opérationnelles avec un rendement de 65%, cette voie s’est finalement avérée non applicable pour la synthèse envisagée ceci en raison d’un manque de chimiosélectivité au niveau d’une étape décisive. Une deuxième voie a donc été développée. Elle utilise la 2-méthylcyclopentane-1,3-dione comme produit de départ et offre le précurseur de métathèse en série racémique en 10 étapes et un rendement de 8%. Les quatre centres stéréogènes C1, C3, C10 et C6 sont mis en place grâce à des réactions diastéréosélectives (d.r ≥ 80%). La dernière étape de cette voie est une réaction d’alkynylation d’un aldéhyde conjugué avec piégeage in-situ de l’alcool secondaire obtenu. La configuration relative du centre C-6 de ce précurseur de métathèse s’est avéré par la suite épimère de celui de la thapsigargine (nOe mesurés après RCEYM). Des essais de métathèse cyclisante ont ensuite été réalisés sur l’ényne obtenue dans différentes conditions incluant l’utilisation de catalyseurs originaux fournis par le Pr. Marc Mauduit (université de Rennes). Ces réactions se sont montrées concluantes, fournissant le squelette bicyclique [5,7] de la thapsigargine avec de bons rendements (de 61 à 89%).A la suite de cette étape, un ensemble de réactions a été réalisé afin de mettre en place les groupements fonctionnels nécessaires à la transformation de la plateforme bicyclique obtenue en thapsigargine. De nombreuses difficultés ont été rencontrées : les tentatives d’épimérisation du centre C-6, d'époxydation de l'adduit de cyclisation ou encore de formation de -lactone se sont révélées infructueuses ou ont conduit à des résultats inattendus. L’idée d’exploiter la présence du centre stéréogène C-6 de configuration non naturelle pour installer le centre C-8 crucial pour l’activité biologique de la thapsigargine, via un réarrangement sigmatropique [1,3] de type suprafacial catalysé à l’or (catalyseur de Nolan), a été également testée. De manière inattendue, le produit de réarrangement est obtenu avec inversion faciale, indiquant le passage probable par un cation allylique.Ainsi, au cours de ce travail, deux composés bicycliques [5,7] oxygénées en C8, précurseurs raisonnables de la thapsigargine et analogues, ont été synthétisés par deux voies qui diffèrent au niveau du réarrangement final des produits de cyclisation hydroxylés en C6obtenu après métathèse cyclisante. A partir de de la 2-méthylcyclopentan-1,3-dione commerciale l’un est obtenu en 13 étapes avec 3% de rendement et l’autre en 12 étapes avec 5% de rendement. L’ensemble des essais de réactions effectuées sur les adduits de métathèse permettent de mieux cerner leur réactivité. / Thapsigargin, a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone of natural origin is a potent inhibitor of ubiquitous SERCA enzymes (Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) and is currently in clinical trial phase 1 for the treatment of non-hormono dependent prostate cancer. In this work a new approach for the synthesis of thapsigargin has been developed, flexible enough to allow the elaboration of analogues with a high degree of structural diversity. The strategy developed involves an enyne metathesis cyclization reaction (RCEYM) to form the bicyclic [5,7] scaffold of these molecules. For the synthesis of the required precursor of RCEYM, two successive routes have been explored. The first one uses tert-butylacetylene dicarboxylate as starting material and involves a one-pot Michael-intramolecular Wittig reaction. Conditions have been found to allow an efficient synthesis of trisubstituted cyclopentenones. Unfortunately this route has proved difficult to use for the programmed synthesis because of the lack of chemoselectivity at a decisive strategic level. A second approach was developed starting from commercial 2-methyl-cyclopentane-1,3-dione, providing the required racemic precursor of the metathesis reaction in 10 steps and 8% yield. The four C1, C3, C6 and C10 stereogenic centers are set up through diastereoselective reactions (dr ≥ 80%). The final step of the synthesis of this precursor involves an alkynylation reaction of an aldehyde combined with in-situ trapping of the secondary alcohol obtained. The relative configuration of center C6 was shown to be the inverse of that of thapsigargin. Metathesis cyclization assays were then carried out on this intermediate enyne under different conditions, including the use of original catalysts provided by Prof. Marc Mauduit (University of Rennes). These reactions provided the expected [5,7] bicyclic core of thapsigargin with good yields (61 to 89%). In the third part of the thesis, a set of reactions have been attempted to put in place the necessary functional groups for the achievement of the synthesis of thapsigargin. Many difficulties were encountered: attempted epimerization of the C6 center, epoxidation of the RCEYM cyclization adduct or attempts to form a  -lactone either were unsuccessful or led to unexpected results. The idea of using the presence of the stereogenic center of unnatural configuration at C6 to install the hydroxyl group at C8, crucial for the biological activity of thapsigargin, via a gold-catalyzed (Nolan catalyst) suprafacial sigmatropic [1,3] rearrangement was experimented. Unexpectedly, the rearranged acetate adduct was obtained with facial inversion, indicating a probable allyl cation intermediate. Thus, in this work, two [5,7] bicyclic oxygenated compounds at C8 have been synthesized from commercial 2-methylcyclopentane-1,3-dione through two pathways that differ in the conditions leading to the final rearrangement of the cyclic C6-hydroxylated RCEYM adducts. One of them is obtained in 13 steps with 3% yield and the second in 12 steps with 5% yield. Both compounds appear to be suitable intermediates for the syntesis of thapsigargin and its analogues. All tests performed on the adducts, obtained after RCEYM, helps us to identify their reactivity.