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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Pharmacokinetics and therapeutics in epilepsy

Schobben, Alfred Franciscus August Maria, January 1979 (has links)
Proefschrift--Nijmegen.
42

Impact de l’activation du récepteur mGlu7 dans l’épilepsie / Impact of activation of the mGlu7 receptor in epilepsy

Girard, Benoît 10 September 2018 (has links)
L'épilepsie affecte des millions de patients dans le monde. Les traitements disponibles sont symptomatiques, ils per récepteur mGlu7 du glutamate dans la modulation non seulement de l’excitabilité, mais également de l'hypersynchronisation des réseaux de neurones, deux facteurs cruciaux dans les crises d'épilepsie. J'ai parachevé ces découvertes qui ont été à l’origine d’une première publication (Tassin, Girard et al. 2016).A l’aide d’un nouvel agoniste du récepteur mGlu7, le LSP2-9166, lors de ma thèse j'ai ensuite étudié l’impact de ce récepteur dans différents modèles d’épilepsie chez la souris. Deux modèles complémentaires ont été utilisés : le kindling (embrasement), modèle chimique induit par le pentylènetétrazol (PTZ) qui sensibilise le cerveau jusqu’à générer des crises tonico-cloniques généralisées, et l’injection intra-hippocampique de kainate, mimant l’épilepsie mésiale du lobe temporal chez l'homme.Dans un premier temps j'ai observé une atténuation de la progression de la sévérité des crises dans le modèle de kindling au PTZ, sous l’activation du récepteur mGlu7. Cet effet a été corrélé à une inflammation, et une activation microgliale et astrocytaire plus faibles. Dans le modèle d’injection intra-hippocampique de KA, considéré comme pharmaco-résistant, l’activation du récepteur mGlu7 pendant la période d’épileptogenèse a augmenté la durée des périodes interictales et diminué la durée des crises ainsi que la réorganisation neuronale. Une fois les crises chroniques installées, l’activation aigu du récepteur mGlu7 a diminué le nombre de crises aussi fortement que le diazépam couramment utilisé dans le cadre clinique. Pour finir, des injections chroniques de LSP2-9166 chez des animaux naïfs (non épileptiques) n’engendrent pas de déficit cognitif ou comportemental détectables, ni de modification du niveau d’ARNm du récepteur mGlu7. L’activation du récepteur mGlu7 offre donc une cible stratégique dans nos deux modèles.Ces travaux permettent une meilleurmettent de traiter les crises sans pour autant éviter la progression de la maladie et présentent de lourds effets secondaires. La découverte de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et de nouveaux composés reste primordiale pour dépasser les limites des stratégies thérapeutiques actuelles. Au début de ma thèse, des études précédentes avaient montré une implication due compréhension du rôle du récepteur mGlu7 dans l’épileptogenèse. Ils participent ainsi à la recherche de futurs traitements. antiépileptiques adéquats. / Epilepsy affects millions of patients worldwide. The available treatments are symptomatic, they treat seizures without preventing the progression of the disease and have heavy side effects. The discovery of new therapeutic targets and new compounds is therefore essential to overcome the limitations of current therapeutic strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated substantial involvement of the mGlu7 receptor in modulating not only excitability but also hypersynchronization of neural networks, two crucial factors affecting epileptic seizures. These discoveries were at the origin of a first publication that I completed at the beginning of my thesis (Tassin, Girard et al., 2016).Using a new mGlu7 receptor agonist, LSP2-9166, in my thesis I then studied the impact of this receptor in different epilepsy models in mice. Two complementary models were used: kindling, a chemical model induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) which sensitizes the brain to induce generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and intra-hippocampal injection of kainate, mimicking mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in humans.At first, I observed an attenuation of the progression of the seizures severity in the PTZ kindling model, under the activation of the mGlu7 receptor. This effect was correlated with weaker inflammation, and microglial and astrocytic activation. In the intra-hippocampal injection model of KA, considered as drug-resistant, activation of the mGlu7 receptor during the epileptogenesis period increased the duration of interictal periods and decreased the duration of seizures as well as neuronal reorganization. Once chronic seizures were established, acute activation of the mGlu7 receptor decreased the number of seizures as strongly as diazepam, commonly used in clinical settings. Finally, chronic injections of LSP2-9166 into naive (non epileptic) animals do not generate any detectable cognitive or behavioral deficits or changes in mGlu7 receptor mRNA level. The activation of the mGlu7 receptor thus presents a strategic target in our two models.This work provides a better understanding of the role of the mGlu7 receptor in epileptogenesis. It participates in the search for future more adequate treatments.
43

Předsudky veřejnosti k nemocným s epilepsií / Public prejudice to epileptics

DOUBKOVÁ, Ivana January 2009 (has links)
Epilepsy, a paroxysmal brain illness, is not a disease that would prevent patients from living their lives fully and from achieving aims they set themselves. Even these days there is a great deal of prejudice and negative feeling when it comes to epilepsy. The present diploma thesis deals with the problem of prejudice and general public opinions towards people suffering from epilepsy in the region of České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia. The thesis also handles the problem of respondents{\crq} awareness of epilepsy in that region. In the theoretical part of the thesis the author summed up all important knowledge about epilepsy from the medical point of view, focusing on the impact of the illness on each person{\crq}s social life. The objective of the present diploma thesis was to ascertain general public opinions on epileptics in the region of České Budějovice. A sub-goal was to ascertain general public awareness of epilepsy in the aforementioned region. In accordance with the set goals, the following hypotheses were formulated: ``The general public feel negative prejudice against epileptics.{\crq}q ``The general public does not have correct information on epilepsy.{\crq}q Both hypotheses have been confirmed. The research was a quantitative one. The author used the method of questioning, the questionnaire and semantic deferential techniques. Respondents were chosen from general population, aged 18 and older, living in the region of České Budějovice. The research has shown that ordinary people feel negative prejudice and have negative opinions in terms of epileptics. They often assume that epileptics are mentally ill, and not capable of working on a regular basis. Furthermore, the research has proved that the general public do not have correct information on epilepsy, particularly in the field of epileptic fits, first aid and the treatment. Public education ought to be oriented to primary and secondary school pupils and students because only thus young people can adopt positive thinking and opinions on epilepsy, and this may well survive when they grow older and be passed down to other generations.
44

Assessing the role of FLNA and NR2F1, associated with periventricular heterotopia, in the formation and maturation of cortical networks / Dévoiler le développement fonctionnel du réseau cortical dans l'hétérotopie nodulaire périventriculaire

Palminha, Catia 13 June 2019 (has links)
Le bon fonctionnement cérébral dépend de la production et du positionnement appropriés des neurones, de la formation d’une connectivité neuronale adéquate et exige un équilibre strict de la formation de synapses excitatrice et inhibitrice. Des mutations sur des gènes qui sculptent et entretiennent normalement ces processus peuvent altérer les fonctions neuronales et conduire à divers troubles du développement neurologique chez l'homme, notamment des malformations du développement cortical (MDC). Les MDC sont des causes importantes de retard mental et représentent entre 20 et 40% des cas d'épilepsie résistante aux médicaments chez les enfants. Parmi les nombreux types de MDC, l'hétérotopie nodulaire périventriculaire (HNP) est la forme la plus répandue à l'âge adulte et elle est causée par une glie radiale défectueuse qui résulte en des nodules neuronaux ectopiques tapissant les parois des ventricules latéraux. Environ 88% des patients atteints d'HPN ont une épilepsie focale et la gravité des crises peut varier de légère à rare fréquence et de rémission sans besoin de médicaments antiépileptiques à insoluble. Plusieurs gènes ont été identifiés comme cause génétique de l'HPN chez des patients, notamment FLNA et NR2F1. Aucune corrélation entre l'étendue de l'HNP et la sévérité de l'épilepsie n'a été trouvée, ce qui suggère que des circuits aberrants dans le cortex cérébral normotopique plutôt que des nodules hétérotopiques pourrait expliquer la survenue de crises. Nous avons étudié l'impact in vivo de la perte de ces gènes lors de la dendritogénèse et de la synpatogénèse, ainsi que dans la morphologie et la maturation fonctionnelle des neurones corticaux / Proper brain function depends on the adequate production and positioning of neurons, the formation of correct neuronal connectivity, and requires a strict balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation. Mutations in genes that normally carve and sustain these processes can alter neuronal functions and lead to various neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, including malformations of cortical development (MCD). MCDs are important causes of mental retardation and account for 20% - 40% of drug-resistant epilepsy cases in children. Among the many types of MCD, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is the most common form in adulthood and is caused by defective radial glia that result in ectopic neural nodules lining the walls of the lateral ventricles. About 88% of PNH patients have focal epilepsy and the severity of seizures can range from mild to rare frequency and remission without the need for antiepileptic drugs to insoluble. Several genes have been identified as a genetic cause of PNH in patients, including FLNA and NR2F1. No correlation between the extent of PNH and the severity of epilepsy was found, suggesting that aberrant circuits in the normotopic cerebral cortex rather than heterotopic nodules could explain the occurrence of seizures. We studied the in vivo impact of the loss of these genes during dendritogenesis and synpatogenesis, as well as in the morphology and functional maturation of cortical neurons.
45

Přínos a komplikace chirurgické léčby refrakterní epilepsie / Benefits and complications of surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Vrzalová, Marie January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the benefits and complications of surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy. The criterion for the selection of patients was undergoing preoperative long-term monitoring. Information were obtained from six patients after 2-3 years r of surgery using the narrative interview and questionnaire QOLIE 89, which evaluates the quality of life. The interview was analyzed using grounded theory while the information obtained from questionnaire were used only as supplement and comparison of the results. Overall evaluation of questionnaire QOLIE 89 was in standard in five of six patients which is against the results obtained in interviews. Comparing risks and complications with benefits of surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy in the observed group was evaluate as problematic. Patients expected more positive benefit of the treatment and improving the quality of life. Keyword: epilepsy, surgical treatment, nursing care, quality of live
46

Nežádoucí účinky léčby antiepileptiky u dětí / Adverse effects of epilepsy medication in children

Arnošová, Karolína January 2020 (has links)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and medicinal sciences Candidate Karolína Arnošová Consultant doc.MUDr. Josef Herink DrSc. Title of thesis Adverse effects of epilepsy medication in children The aim of this thesis was to determine the most commonly used antiepileptics in children, its adverse effects and to compare these results with the adult epileptology. In the theoretical part there are etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, types of the seizures and epileptic syndromes described. The specifics of epilepsy treatment in children, not only pharmacotherapy, but also non-pharmacological treatment options, were documented as well. In the study there was exact half of patients treated with monotherapy and the other half with combined therapy which is not in line with the original hypothesis that assumed a predominance of monotherapy. The most commonly used antiepileptics in children were valproate (62,5 %), lamotrigine (25 %), topiramate and levetiracetame (both in 18,75 %). The hypothesis assuming a higher incidence of adverse effects in combination therapy has been confirmed. The most common adverse effects in children were the effects on total daily activity, occuring in 83,33 %, even with the mildest score on average....
47

Critical evaluation of P2X7 receptor antagonists in selected seizure models

Fischer, Wolfgang, Franke, Heike, Krügel, Ute, Müller, Heiko, Dinkel, Klaus, Lord, Brian, Letavic, Michael A., Henshall, David C., Engel, Tobias 28 June 2016 (has links) (PDF)
The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective cation channel which senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of P2X7R antagonists may therefore be a viable approach for treating CNS pathologies, including epileptic disorders. Recent studies showed anticonvulsant potential of P2X7R antagonists in certain animal models. To extend this work, we tested three CNS-permeable P2X7R blocker (Brilliant Blue G, AFC-5128, JNJ-47965567) and a natural compound derivative (tanshinone IIA sulfonate) in four well-characterized animal seizure models. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test in mice, none of the four compounds demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when given alone. Notably, in combination with carbamazepine, both AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 increased the threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure test. In the PTZ-kindling model in rats, useful for testing antiepileptogenic activities, Brilliant Blue G and tanshinone exhibited a moderate retarding effect, whereas the potent P2X7R blocker AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 showed a significant and long-lasting delay in kindling development. In fully kindled rats, the investigated compounds revealed modest effects to reduce the mean seizure stage. Furthermore, AFC-5128- and JNJ-47965567-treated animals displayed strongly reduced Iba 1 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region. In summary, our results show that P2X7R antagonists possess no remarkable anticonvulsant effects in the used acute screening tests, but can attenuate chemically-induced kindling. Further studies would be of interest to support the concept that P2X7R signalling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders.
48

Beteiligung purinerger Rezeptoren am Schmerzgeschehen und an der neuronalen Entwicklung

Rubini Illes, Patrizia 08 March 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Zusammenfassung der Arbeit Beteiligung purinerger Rezeptoren am Schmerzgeschehen und an der neuronalen Entwicklung Patrizia Rubini Illes Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig Diese kumulative Arbeit umfasst neun Publikationen, welche die Beteiligung purinerger P2-Rezeptoren (P2R) am Schmerzgeschehen sowie der neuronalen Entwicklung belegen. Im Fokus stehen zwei ATP-aktivierte Rezeptor-Kanäle (P2X3R, P2X7R) und ein G-Protein-gekoppelter, ATP-empfindlicher Rezeptor (P2Y1R). (1) Da sich humane P2X3R an peripheren und zentralen Endigungen primärer-sensorischer Afferenzen befinden, ist die Entschlüsselung der Agonisten-Bindungsstelle für die Entwicklung potenziell analgetisch wirkender, kompetitiver Antagonisten von großer Bedeutung. Wir identifizierten Gruppen konservierter und nicht-konservierter Aminosäure-Reste, die an der Schnittstelle zweier benachbarter Untereinheiten, die Agonisten-Bindungstasche auskleiden. Abhängig vom Mengenverhältnis der zur Transfektion verwendeten cDNA, bilden P2X2-, P2X3- und P2X6-Untereinheiten heteromere Rezeptoren (P2X2/3R, P2X2/6R) in einer variablen Stöchiometrie. (2) Adulte neurale Progenitorzellen (NPZ) der Subventrikulärzone der Maus besitzen Apoptose- bzw. Nekrose-vermittelnde P2X7R. Diese kommen in Assoziation mit P2X4R vor, bilden jedoch wahrscheinlich keinen heteromeren P2X4/7R. P2X7R könnten zum Absterben der, nach metabolischen Schäden im Überschuss gebildeten, NPZ beitragen. Im Laufe der neuronalen Entwicklung verlieren die NPZ ihre P2X7R. Im Gegensatz hierzu bleiben diese bei ihren astrozytären Nachkommen erhalten. (3) Humane mesencephale embryonale NPZ sind mit P2Y1R ausgestattet, die über eine Ca2+-Wellenaktivität die Proliferation der NPZ beschleunigen und in Differenzierungsvorgänge eingreifen. De-differenzierte, kultivierte Neurone des Ratten-Striatum enthalten ebenfalls P2Y1R. Diese setzen Ca2+ aus seinen intrazellulären Speichern frei und öffnen somit Ca2+-selektive „store-operated channels“ in der Zellmembran. Wir konnten zeigen, dass der P2Y1R-stimulierte Anstieg der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration in den striatalen Neuronen durch die Aktivierung von Dopamin D1- und D2R inhibiert wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit belegt die Bedeutung einiger P2R für zahlreiche, auch potentiell therapeutisch bedeutsame Funktionen des menschlichen und tierischen Organismus.
49

Znalosti, postoje, sebedůvěra učitelů v přístupu k žákovi s epilepsií / Knowledge and attitudes of teachers approaching students with epilepsy

BÁRTOVÁ, Jitka January 2019 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with teachers' approach to pupils suffering from epilepsy, i.e. in what manner and to what extent the teachers' behaviour towards such pupils is affected by their knowledge, attitudes and self-confidence. The thesis aims to explore and describe teachers' theoretical knowledge about pupils suffering from epilepsy and their ability to implement this knowledge in the class. The thesis also finds out about the extent of teachers' confidence about the issue and their views on the disease. The thesis has been divided into two parts, theoretical and research. The theoretical part includes theory relating to epilepsy, as well as studies on teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards pupils suffering from epilepsy both in the Czech Republic and abroad, including the teacher's approach to a pupil suffering from epilepsy. The research part provides assessment of how much the teachers teaching pupils with epilepsy know about the disease, using psychometric evaluated instruments. The research part also presents results on teachers' attitudes towards epilepsy measured by the ATPE questionnaire, which is a psychometric evaluated instrument. The conclusion discusses and compares the acquired results with foreign literature.
50

Epilepsie de l'enfant au Gabon : Aspects socioculturels et thérapeutiques / Sociocultural and therapeutic aspects of the childhood epilepsy in Gabon

Ibinga, Euloge 26 January 2015 (has links)
L’épilepsie survient à tout âge, mais les causes, l’expression clinique, les complications et le retentissement social, sont fonction de l’âge des sujets. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données épidémiologiques, les données portant sur la scolarisation et le retentissement de l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont peu accessibles. Afin d’évaluer les aspects socioculturels et thérapeutiques de l’épilepsie de l’enfant au Gabon, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant en Afrique subsaharienne et deux enquêtes transversales, l’une sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques et les représentations socioculturelles de l’épilepsie de l’enfant auprès des enseignants et des personnels de santé, l’autre sur la qualité de vie des enfants souffrant d’épilepsie et de leurs parents. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont diluées dans les études étendues à la population entière. La prévalence de l’épilepsie de l’enfant varie de 2 à 297 ‰ et son incidence de 17 à 930 / 100 000 personnes-années. Les facteurs périnataux, les crises fébriles et les facteurs infectieux sont les plus décrits alors que les facteurs génétiques demeurent peu étudiés. La prise en charge de l’enfant reste limitée à cause de l’insuffisance des ressources humaines, des moyens diagnostics et de l’accès aux traitements antiépileptiques mais aussi à cause de la persistance des préjugés et des croyances négatives sur l’épilepsie communément retrouvées parmi les enseignants, les enfants en âge scolaire et dans la population. Les enfants épileptiques sont une source d’angoisse, de perturbations socioprofessionnelles et scolaires pour leurs parents et de leur fratrie. Les enquêtes ont retrouvé un niveau de connaissance bas, une persistance de croyances négatives, notamment celles qui considèrent l’épilepsie comme une affection contagieuse ou transmissible, une maladie psychiatrique ou un retard mental ou encore une maladie surnaturelle. Ces considérations rencontrées indifféremment en milieu urbain ou rural semblent tenir leur explication dans la conception culturelle de l’épilepsie qui renvoie cette maladie à une cause extérieure ; un animal ou un mauvais esprit. En milieu rural, les enfants n’ont généralement pas d’avis médical, mais la scolarisation reste supérieure à 50 % indépendamment de leur milieu de vie. La non-scolarisation est liée aux comorbidités, à l’attitude réfractaire des parents et de certains chefs d’établissements scolaires. L’anxiété, les troubles du comportement, les troubles cognitifs et les troubles de la sociabilité restent élevés. La qualité de vie des parents de l’enfant épileptique est altérée. Ce travail sera étendu à d’autres localités du Gabon pour inclure plus d’enfants épileptiques et mettre en place une cohorte. Cette cohorte pourra servir à l’évaluation de la fraction attribuable des infections (notamment celle du paludisme grave) dans la survenue de l’épilepsie ; l’évaluation du stigma chez l’enfant épileptique et leurs parents et à la mise en place de programmes d’éducation thérapeutique et de promotion de la santé auprès des familles, des enseignants et des personnels de santé. / Epilepsy occurs at any age, but the causes, clinical manifestations, complications and social impact, depend on the age of the subjects. In Sub-Saharan Africa epidemiological data, data on enrollment and the impact of the child's epilepsy are difficult to access. To assess the socio-cultural and therapeutic aspects of the child's epilepsy in Gabon, we conducted a review of the literature on child epilepsy in SSA and two cross-sectional surveys, one on knowledge, attitudes, practices and socio-cultural representations of childhood epilepsy in teachers and health workers, the other on the impact of epilepsy on the children with epilepsy and their parent. In SSA, the data on child epilepsy drowned in studies extended to the general community. The prevalence of childhood epilepsy varies from 2.04 to 297/1000 and its incidence from 17 to 930/100.000 person-years. Perinatal factors, febrile seizures and infectious factors are most described while genetic factors remain poorly studied. The care of the child remains limited due to the lack of human resources, diagnostic means and access to AEDs but also because of the persistence of prejudices and negative beliefs about epilepsy commonly found in teachers, school children and in the community. Children with epilepsy are a source of anxiety, disruption of socio-professional and academic activities for parents and their siblings. The surveys found a low level of knowledge, persistence of negative beliefs, including those that consider epilepsy as a contagious or communicable disease, psychiatric illness or mental retardation or a supernatural disease. These considerations found in urban and rural areas could be explained by the cultural conception of epilepsy that links the disease to an external cause, to an animal, or an evil spirit. In rural areas, children usually have no medical advice, but enrollment is still above 50% regardless of their living environment. Non-enrollment is related to comorbidities, the refractory attitude of parents and some school heads. Anxiety, behavioral disorders, cognitive disorders and disorders of sociability remain high. The quality of life of epileptic children's parents is impaired. This work will be extended to other areas to include more children with epilepsy and build a cohort. This cohort will be used to assess the attributable fraction of infections (including that of severe malaria) in the occurrence of epilepsy; to assess the stigma of epileptic children and their parents and to implement the therapeutic education programs and health promotion with families, teachers and health workers.

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