Educational provision in Scotland was revolutionised in the fifteenth century through the foundation of three universities, or studia generale, at St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen. These institutions can be viewed as part of the general expansion in higher education across Europe from the late-fourteenth century, which saw the establishment of many new centres of learning, often intended to serve local needs. Their impact on Scotland ought to have been profound; in theory, they removed the need for its scholars to continue to seek higher education at the universities of England or the continent. Scotland’s fifteenth-century universities were essentially episcopal foundations, formally instituted by bishops within the cathedral cities of their dioceses, designed to meet the educational needs and career aspirations of the clergy. They are not entirely neglected subjects; the previous generation of university historians – including A. Dunlop, J. Durkan and L. J. Macfarlane – did much to recover the institutional, organisational and curricular developments that shaped their character. Less well explored, are the over-arching political themes that influenced the evolution of university provision in fifteenth-century Scotland as a whole. Similarly under-researched, is the impact of these foundations on the scholarly community, and society more generally. This thesis explores these comparatively neglected themes in two parts. Part I presents a short narrative, offering a more politically sensitive interpretation of the introduction and expansion of higher educational provision in Scotland. Part II explores the impact of these foundations on Scottish scholars. The nature of extant sources inhibits reconstruction of the full extent of their influence on student numbers and patterns of university attendance. Instead, Part II presents a thorough quantitative and qualitative prosopographical study of the Scottish episcopate within the context of this embryonic era of university provision in Scotland. In so doing, this thesis offers new insights into a neglected aspect of contemporary clerical culture as well as the politics of fifteenth-century academic learning.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-26T12:27:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reuberson Rodrigues Ferreira.pdf: 1536708 bytes, checksum: 347378dc1131b128e106f867d0bf1486 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T12:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reuberson Rodrigues Ferreira.pdf: 1536708 bytes, checksum: 347378dc1131b128e106f867d0bf1486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Aliança de Misericordia - ADVENIAT / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research draws a parallel line between the Conferences of Medellín and Puebla regarding the pastoral usage of the Bible. In order to reach this goal, the text presents an overview of the socio-political-economic-ecclesial elements encountered in the two Conferences of the Latin American Episcopate. At the same time, the research focuses on the content of the final documents of these Conferences. Aware of the context and content of the documents of the two conferences it is reported what appears to them as guidelines for the use of the Bible. It also presents how these orientations reverberate ideas that, ultimately, go back to Vatican II. Finally, a parallel between the two is sought to give evidence of the continuity and discontinuity regarding guidelines for the use of the Holy Bible. The perspective of this research approach is of literature review. The text is written trying to contribute historical and theological elements implicit presents in the conclusions of Medellin and Puebla conferences with the purpose of consummating the proposed parallel / A presente pesquisa faz um paralelo entre as Conferências de Medellín e Puebla no que diz respeito ao uso pastoral da Bíblia. Para atingir esse objetivo o texto apresenta uma panorâmica dos elementos sócio-político-econômico-eclesial que secundavam as duas Conferências do Episcopado Latino Americano. Ao mesmo tempo a pesquisa detém-se em apontar o conteúdo dos documentos conclusivos das Conferências. Cientes do contexto e do conteúdo dos documentos das duas conferências é relatado o que delas depreende-se como orientações para o uso da Bíblia. Apresenta-se, ainda, como essas orientações fazem reverberar ideias que, em última análise, remontam ao Vaticano II. Faz-se por fim, um paralelo entre ambas buscando evidenciar continuidade e descontinuidade no que diz respeito as orientações para o uso da bíblia. A perspectiva de abordagem desta pesquisa é a de revisão de literatura. O texto é escrito tentando aportar elementos históricos e teológicos implícitos nas conclusões de Medellín e Puebla com a finalidade de consumar o paralelo proposto

This thesis focuses on the politics of Antipope Victor IV and his successors Paschal III, Calixtus III and Innocent III, who were the opponents of Alexander III since the schismatic elections of 1159. The aim is to analyse the political thinking and actions of the antipopes, with an emphasis on the political relations of Victor IV. The thesis is divided into six thematic sections. The first deals with the pre-election developments and the election of 1159 itself. The second considers their position in relation to Alexander III, while the third turns to the papal-imperial policy and examines the relationship between the antipopes and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The fourth section discusses the status and relations of the antipopes outside the Holy Roman Empire. The penultimate chapter examines the attitude of the imperial clergy to the pontificates of the antipopes as well as the obedience of the imperial monasteries, according to papal documents. The final chapter constructs biographies of the antipopes, focusing on the period before their pontificates.

The significant, cultural heritage, Kladruby's monastery lies n Tachovon in the Western part of the Czech republic. It lies between Pilsen and Tachov, specifically, Thirty kilometres west from Pilsen and five kilometres south from Stříbro. The history of the township and monastery is closely bound. The middle ages brought prosperity and rise to both of them.To this rise of Kladruby contributed it's great place by the Norimberská stezka and the discovery of silver ore nearby. Thanks to this, in 1230, it was raised by Václav I. to township. With this Kladruby gained the rights of a town ( e.g. The right to organize markets,the right to perform Criminal Law and the right to brew) as one of the first seven town in the Czech republic. Because of the wealth from silver mining, a mining settlement Stříbro was establishes, in the late twelfth century. The Benedictine monastery was established, by Vladislav I. of Přemyslid dynasty, in 1115. He himself is buried there as one of few Czech princes, who are not buried in Prague. Between the 12. And 13. Century, the monastery became one of the most important church centres of the whole kingdom. During the tragedy of Jan Nepomucký, the monastery has a major role. Václav IV considered, establishing a bishopric in Kladruby, to circumscribe the power of Prague...

This master thesis deals with the history of Kladruby's monastery, about it's establishment and development during centuries. Further, it deals with the change of lifestyle in the monastery, as well as outside of it. This thesis highlights the outstanding architectural beauty of the Baroque Gothic style of Czech architects Jan Blažej Santini Aichel and Kilián Ignác Dientzenhofer.