L’imagerie motrice est la capacité à se représenter mentalement une action sans production concomitante de mouvement. Son efficacité reste assujettie au respect de nombreuses règles de pratique, parmi lesquelles la capacité à atteindre l'équivalence temporelle entre mouvements réels et imaginés. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que modifier la vitesse des mouvements imaginés se répercute sur la vitesse d’exécution réelle. De tels effets seraient toutefois modulés en fonction des exigences du mouvement imaginé. Le niveau d'expertise et le choix de stratégies individuelles relatif à la nature de la discipline sportive ont également un effet sur la durée des mouvements imaginés. Enfin, nos résultats démontrent que la capacité à préserver les caractéristiques temporelles du mouvement pendant l’imagerie est meilleure lorsque l’imagerie est effectuée avec un éveil physiologique proche de celui de la pratique réelle. Ces résultats sont discutés au regard du contexte de pratique de l'imagerie dans les activités physiques et sportives et sont confrontés aux travaux soulignant l’importance de recourir à des enregistrements physiologiques et d’étudier le degré de similitude entre pratique physique et imagerie motrice / Motor imagery resembles perceptual experience, but occurs in the absence of the appropriate external stimuli. Performing imagery efficiently requires some rules and conditions of practice to ascertain its effectiveness. The ability to reach temporal equivalence between actual and imagined movements, and the duration of mentally simulated actions should be correlated with the time taken to execute the same movement. The results of this work first showed that the effects of voluntarily changing imagery duration can alter the speed of the subsequent motor performance, but this effect is somewhat taskrelated. Both expertise level and individual strategies were also found to have an effect on temporal equivalence and are dependent on the specificities of the motor skills. Finally, chronometric data showed that the ability to reach the temporal equivalence between actual and imagined times is significantly greater for both the active and the basal imagery conditions, than when performed following relaxation. These results are discussed along the lines of practical application of imagery in sport. Also, characteristics of imagery experiences are studied reviewing the use of physiological recordings in relation to its accuracy and to the degree of similarity between actual motor performance and motor imagery

This master's thesis deals with the principles of solidarity and equivalence in the Czech pension system, analyzes all the factors which affect the level of equivalence and examines their current settings in the pension system of the Czech Republic. Although there are many variables, that play an important role in the system, salary reduction limits seems to be the most important one. Therefore, great attention is paid to this topic -- the impact of the reduction limits during the pension benefits calculation under the various income groups. In recent years there have been implemented several reforms of the system, but the equivalence is still very low after all. While the standard of living of low-income people after retirement remains the same or even increases, the standard of living of middle- and higher-income groups decreases enormously. The thesis continuously evaluates the economic impact of individual actions and parametric reforms on different income groups and on this basis suggests possible changes and solutions that should lead to higher equivalence of the pension systém.

We consider right modules over a ring, as models of a first order theory. We explorethe definable sets and the definable bijections between them. We employ the notionsof Euler characteristic and Grothendieck ring for a first order structure, introduced byJ. Krajicek and T. Scanlon in [24]. The Grothendieck ring is an algebraic structurethat captures certain properties of a model and its category of definable sets.If M is a module over a product of rings A and B, then M has a decomposition into a direct sum of an A-module and a B-module. Theorem 3.5.1 states that then the Grothendieck ring of M is the tensor product of the Grothendieck rings of the summands.Theorem 4.3.1 states that the Grothendieck ring of every infinite module over afield or skew field is isomorphic to Z[X].Proposition 5.2.4 states that for an elementary extension of models of anytheory, the elementary embedding induces an embedding of the corresponding Grothendieck rings. Theorem 5.3.1 is that for an elementary embedding of modules, we have the stronger result that the embedding induces an isomorphism of Grothendieck rings.We define a model-theoretic Grothendieck ring of the category Mod-R and explorethe relationship between this ring and the Grothendieck rings of general right R-modules. The category of pp-imaginaries, shown by K. Burke in [7] to be equivalentto the subcategory of finitely presented functors in (mod-R; Ab), provides a functorial approach to studying the generators of theGrothendieck rings of R-modules. It is shown in Theorem 6.3.5 that whenever R andS are Morita equivalent rings, the rings Grothendieck rings of the module categories Mod-R and Mod-S are isomorphic.Combining results from previous chapters, we derive Theorem 7.2.1 saying that theGrothendieck ring of any module over a semisimple ring is isomorphic to a polynomialring Z[X1,...,Xn] for some n.

This thesis analyses the rates of solidarity and equivalence in the social security system of the Czech Republic. The main subjects of the thesis are contributions paid to the social security system by its participants and merit benefits such as sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, and pensions belonging to the insured persons from the system. The main aim is to compare the amount of contributions paid into the system of pension insurance, sickness insurance and state employment policies to the merit benefits received by employees and self-employed from the system, as well as evaluate the rate of solidarity and equiva-lence between different groups of participants.

For most of the 20th century the dominant aim of Swedish educational policy was an integrated public school system under national state control. During the post-war era (1945–1989) this policy led to Sweden having one of the most centralized and integrated school systems in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, there was a profound change in Swedish education policy towards decentralization, deregulation and marketization of the school system. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of the nature and causes of this shift in education policy. The thesis draws from a theoretical framework consisting of Critical Realism, curriculum theory and Neo-Marxism. From a Neo- Marxist perspective the configuration of state education policy is understood as a dominant education ideology. The empirical material consists of state policy documents which are understood as an expression of the dominant education ideology in society. The results indicate a shift in the dominant education ideology in Sweden between 1969 and – 1999: from an emphasis on state governance and goals of equivalence, equality and participation in the school system during the 1970s, towards increasing skepticism regarding state regulation and an emphasis on decentralization and aims to increase parental and pupil influence in the school system during the 1980s, to a dominance of private influence via school choice and competition in the school system during the 1990s. From a theoretical perspective consisting of Critical Realism and curriculum theory, this shift in education policy and restructuring of the school system is understood in relation to economic crises, a rightward shift in politics and the dominance of neoliberal ideas in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s.

College students were exposed to training designed to teach nine simple discriminations, such that sets of three arbitrary visual stimuli acquired common functions. For seven of eight participants, three 3-member contingency classes resulted. When the same stimuli were presented in a match-to-sample procedure under test conditions, four participants demonstrated equivalence-consistent responding, matching all stimuli from the same contingency class. Test performance for two participants was systematically controlled by other variables, and for a final participant was unsystematic. Exposure to a yes/no test yielded equivalence-consistent performance for one participant where the match-to-sample test had not. Implications for the treatment of equivalence as a unified, integrated phenomenon are discussed.

Training structures have been defined as the order and arrangement of baseline conditional discriminations within stimulus equivalence training. The three training structures most often used are, linear (trains A:B and B:C discrimination), many-to-one (trains B:A and C:A discriminations) , and one-to-many (trains A:B and A:C discriminations). Each training structure trains a different set of simultaneous and successive discriminations that are then needed in the test for derived relations (symmetry, reflexivity, transitivity, and symmetrical transitivity). The present experiment seeks to extend the research on stimulus equivalence training structures by using a within-subject design and adult human subjects. Three sets of 9 arbitrary stimuli were trained concurrently each with a different training structure. From the beginning, training and testing trials were intermixed. The likelihood of producing stimulus equivalence formation was equal across structures.

We examined the claim that equivalence classes contain all positive elements in a reinforcement contingency by asking whether negative stimuli in a reinforcement contingency will also form an equivalence class, based on their shared function as S-minus stimuli. In Experiment 1, 5 subjects were tested for equivalence for positive and negative stimuli. Testing of positive stimuli preceded testing of negative stimuli. Two of five subjects demonstrated equivalence for positive stimuli, and three subjects demonstrated equivalence for negative stimuli. In Experiment 2, order of testing was reversed. Four of six subjects demonstrated equivalence for positive stimuli, and none demonstrated equivalence for negative stimuli. In Experiment 3, positive and negative stimuli were tested together. Only one of five subject demonstrated equivalence for positive and negative stimuli. These data suggest that negative stimuli may enter an equivalence class, and so Sidman paradigm should be expanded. Order of testing was found as a meaningful variable.

Despite the central importance of conditional discriminations to the derivation of equivalence relations, there is little research relating the dynamics of conditional discrimination learning to the derivation of equivalence relations. Prior research has shown that conditional discriminations with simple sample and comparison stimuli are acquired faster than conditional discriminations with complex sample and comparison stimuli. This study attempted to replicate these earlier results and extend them by attempting to relate conditional discrimination learning to equivalence relations. Each of four adult humans learned four, four-choice conditional discriminations (simple-simple, simple-complex, complex-simple, and complex-complex) and were tested to see if equivalence relations had developed. The results confirm earlier findings showing acquisition to be facilitated with simple stimuli and retarded with complex stimuli. There was no difference in outcomes on equivalence tests, however. The results are in implicit agreement with Sidman's theory of stimulus equivalence.

Orientador: Claudio Francisco Tormena / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_RaphaelBellisde_M.pdf: 14524132 bytes, checksum: bd1305cbf90d194fc8c10bc82ddba77a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Sabe-se que em sistemas do tipo A-CH2-B, onde A é um átomo (halogênio) ou grupo de átomos simétrico (CH3) e B é um grupo em que há ausência de simetria, os hidrogênios metilênicos (CH2), na maioria dos casos apresentam não-equivalência química, que significa dizer que os hidrogênios apresentam diferentes deslocamentos químicos. Dentre os inúmeros fatores que são considerados na interpretação de um espectro de RMN de H, a equivalência ou não-equivalência química dos hidrogênios metilênicos dos haloacetatos de 1-feniletila e de 2-fenilpropila está sendo abordada. Os sinais dos átomos de hidrogênios do grupo CH2X apresentaram um sistema de spin de segunda ordem AB para os compostos estudados, com exceção do iodoacetato de 2-fenilpropila, que tiveram deslocamentos químicos idênticos em solventes polares e apolares, como um sistema de spin A2. Cálculos teóricos de otimização estrutural possibilitaram encontrar as estruturas conformacionais mais estáveis para cada um dos compostos em estudo considerando o efeito do substituinte e do solvente, bem como avaliar quais fatores são responsáveis pelo comportamento observado. A espectroscopia no infravermelho foi fundamental para determinar o número de conformações presentes em solução. Para avaliar o efeito da distância entre o grupo CH2X e o centro assimétrico, foi estudado o cloroacetato de 3-fenilbutila. No caso do cloroacetato de sec-butila foi avaliado o efeito do grupo fenila sobre a não-equivalência química observada do grupo CH2X. Os resultados mostram que a não-equivalência química para hidrogênios metilênicos do grupo CH2X não dependem da distância entre esse grupo e o centro assimétrico, mas sim da conformação adotada pelo heteroátomo em relação ao grupo carbonila. / Abstract: It is known that in systems of the type A-CH2-B, where X is an atom (halogen) or group of atoms symmetrical (CH3) and Y is a group which has no symmetry plane, the methylene hydrogens (CH2), are in the most cases chemically nonequivalent, which means that the hydrogens present different chemical shifts. Among the many factors that are considered when interpreting a H NMR spectrum, the chemical equivalence or nonequivalence for the methylene hydrogens of the haloacetates of 1-phenylethyl and 2-fenilpropila is being broached. Signals pattern from hydrogen atoms in the CH2X group presented a second order AB spin system for studied compounds, with the exception of 2-phenylpropyl iodoacetate, which has identical chemical shifts in polar and apolar solvents, such as a A2 spin system. Theoretical calculations were performed to find out the most stable conformations for studied compounds in isolated phase as well as considering solvent effect. It was also theoretically evaluated, from NBO analysis, the most important interactions responsible for conformational preferences. Infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the number of conformations present in solution. The influence of the distance between CH2X fragment and asymmetric center was evaluated using phenylbutyl 3-chloroacetate as model compound and it was observed that even separated by five bonds the chemical non-equivalence of the methylene hydrogens persists in acyclic chains. The analysis of sec-butyl chloroacetate was important to judge whether the presence of the phenyl group in the molecule is required for chemical nonequivalence observed for the CH2X group. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química