Soil erosion is a global problem, affecting much of the world’s agricultural land. As the world’s population increases, the pressures placed upon the land resource to provide space for food production, leisure, housing and industrial facilities also increases. Thus it is vital that the land resource is as productive as possible. As soil erosion is the major cause of soil degradation globally, it is vital that methods for accurately monitoring the degree of erosion from a site, and the effectiveness of any remediation attempts are available. Reported here is the development of a novel soil erosion particle tracer, based upon a lanthanide chelate complex doped silica particle. The luminescent lanthanide chelate complexes were comprised of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) and 2-pyridinol-1-oxide (2PO) coordinated with either trivalent europium or terbium ions. These complexes were then doped into silica sol-gel particles using a core shell technique. This method resulted in the synthesis of two luminescent soil tracers, targeted to two of the key eroded soil fractions; fine silt (63-250 μm) and clay (< 1.2 μm). The behaviour of the tracers was analysed within three different soils obtained from the Glensaugh research station. They retained their luminescence when mixed with soil, and could be detected at concentrations of 10 mg tracer / kg soil using a standard benchtop fluorescence spectrometer (Perkin Elmer LS55B). Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the tracer particles interacted with the soil particles, whilst soil sedimentation experiments demonstrated that the tracer particles had a similar sedimentation pattern to natural soil particles. Soil microbial respiration studies were performed for the tracers and showed that the tracers did not significantly impact the soil microbial population. Studies of the luminescence stability of the tracer in soil over time showed that the tracer could be detected in the soil for one season (approximately 3 months). A prototype rainfall simulator, designed to simulate the kinetic energy of raindrops on the surface of the soil, was developed, and used during a series of rainfall simulation experiments. These simulations were performed at two different rainfall intensities (30 and 90 mm.h-1) and both of these conditions resulted in movement of the tracer particles within the plot. This movement was both horizontal, in overland flow over the plot surface, and vertical, through the plot. The pattern of tracer movement reflected that of the soil mass moved, and as such indicated that the tracers exhibited similar transport behaviour during the erosion simulations performed. These initial simulations demonstrated that the tracers can be detected at low concentrations within the soil using standard laboratory equipment, and that they move with the eroded soil particles during simulated soil erosion experiments. As such, these tracers are excellent candidates for further study in larger scale erosion events.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Der Einfluss bodenspezifischer Größen auf die Rillenerosion wurde in Überströmungsversuchen in einem eigens dafür konstruiertem Kleingerinne untersucht. Die Neigung des 2 m langen und 0,1 m breiten Gerinnes wurde dafür zwischen 2, 4 und 6 % variiert. Im Gerinne wurden zum einen natürliche Böden, zum anderen künstliche, aus Schluff und Sand gemischte Substrate mit 0,060 l*s-1, 0,125 l*s-1 und 0,300 l*s-1 überströmt. Die Körnung der natürlichen Böden reichte von stark schluffig bis sandig-lehmig, die der künstlichen Substrate von stark schluffig bis sandig. Die künstlichen Substrate wiesen im Gegensatz zu den natürlichen Böden keine Aggregierung auf und waren frei von organischer Substanz. Zu Beginn der Versuche wird der Boden zunächst flächig überströmt. Währenddessen bilden sich Mikrorillen auf der Gerinnesohle aus. Selektiver Sedimenttransport bewirkt die Akkumulation der nicht transportablen Fraktion auf der Bodenoberfläche, wodurch sich Rippel bilden. Über den Rippeln formen sich stehende Wellen im Abfluss. Die stehenden Wellen erzeugen Sohlschubspannungsspitzen auf die Gerinnesohle, welche zu verstärkter lokaler Erosion, zur Ausbildung von Mikrodepressionen und im weiteren zur Entstehung von Rillenköpfen führen. Die Rillenköpfe wandern entgegen dem Gefälle und hinterlassen Rillen, in denen sich der Abfluss konzentriert. In den Rillen können weitere Rillenköpfe entstehen. Anhand des Beginns der Rillenerosion, der Rillenkopfneubildungsrate, dem Erosionsfortschritt der Rillenköpfe, der Bestandsdauer der Rillenköpfe und der Sedimentkonzentration im Abfluss kann das Phänomen „Rillenerosion“ erfasst und quantifiziert werden. Diese erosionsspezifischen Kennwerte zeigen sich dabei in Abhängigkeit von bodenspezifischen Größen, wie der Lagerungsdichte, der Korngrößenzusammensetzung sowie der Aggregatgrößenverteilung und –stabilität. Aus den Korrelationsanalysen zwischen den bodenspezifischen Größen und den spezifischen Kennwerten der Rillenerosion leiten sich empirische Beziehungen ab. Diese Beziehungen sind nicht-linearerer und nicht-stetiger Natur. Parallel zu den Versuchen im Kleingerinne wurden Überströmungs- und Beregnungsversuche in einem Großgerinne durchgeführt. Die Projektion der laborativen Ergebnisse des Kleingerinnes auf das naturnahere Großgerinne zeigte dabei Parallelen.

9 2 Abstract The object of the study was the soil crust, found on spoil tips after coal mining near Sokolov. Certain type of crusts were compared; non-biological, physico-chemical origin and biological crusts that are made up of algae, mosses and lichens. Individual samples of the crusts underwent the laboratory analysis - Water Drop Penetration Time, Sequencing Electron Microscopy, water infiltration, and field studies, where the measurements were taken by using the erosion pins, the surface of the crusts was evaluated and photographed stereoscopically. The results indicate that the the physical-chemical type of crusts show significantly greater erosion, while the biological crusts are less susceptible to erosion, this phenomenon is probably related to the mechanical firming of the surface. Keywords: Soil crust, Mining soil, Mining, Infiltration, Erosion

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This study aims to estimate the sedimentation of the BoqueirÃo, located in the 12-km Aiuaba Experimental Basin - BEA, through detailed survey of its soil classes, hydrosedimentological modelling in the watershed, analysis of the deposition and distribution of the bed material in the reservoir through mineralogical analysis and geoprocessing tools. The soil classes survey is performed through sampling and analysis of soil from different areas of the basin, where changes on soil and landscape characteristics may be visually noted. From the soil survey four distinct classes of soils are identified in the BEA: ARGISSOLOS AMARELOS EutrÃficos tÃpicos, LATOSSOLOS VERMELHO-AMARELO DistrÃficos tÃpicos, LUVISSOLOS CRÃMICOS PÃlico planossolicos and NEOSSOLOS LITÃLICOS DistrÃficos fragmentÃrios. The reservoir silting is estimated for the period 2000 to 2008 using the rating curve of sediment fluxes immediately upstream of the Boqueirao reservoir and daily water discharges generated using the model WASASED. Comparing the erosion values estimated by USLE with the sediment yield calculated by the sediment rating curve, a sediment delivery ratio of 3.4% is found and applied to the whole period since the dam was built. Since the Aiuaba catchment is located inside of an Ecological Protection Area of IBAMA, preserved since the year of 1977, the estimate of sediment yield for the initial period (1932-1976) takes into account two different scenarios of land use in the watershed concerning the percentage of agricultural use, and another characterization for the most recent period (1977-2011), based on the current survey of land use. The identification of sediment sources is performed using the erosion model and GIS techniques, with overlapping maps of each USLE parameters. To relate the deposited material in the reservoir bed to the sediment sources, samples of the reservoir deposit and the soil classes of the catchment are collected and analyzed techniques of X-Ray Diffraction To estimate the sediment deposition pattern at the reservoir, the sediment deposit thickness is assumed to be proportional to the water column at that point derived from a detailed topographical survey of the lake performed in this study.. The simulation of hydrosedimentological processesusing the USLE modelling indicates that sediment yield at the catchment may vary from 11,8 to 24,0 ton&#61655;km-2&#61655;year-Â, which results in siltation rates ranging from 1.5 to 2.7% decade-Â, depending on the soil use scenario considered. The silting of the BoqueirÃo reservoir, since its construction (1932), results in a storage capacity decrease of about 11.6% and 16,3% for the two soil use scenarios with 10% and 30% of agricultural use, respectively.. The results also show that the thickness of the deposited sediment is much less than that observed in the field, by opening of trenches, which indicates that the sediment deposition processes had already occurred previously, before the dam construction, due to local topographical features. / Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar o assoreamento do aÃude BoqueirÃo, situado na Bacia Experimental de Aiuaba â BEA de 12 kmÂ, atravÃs do levantamento detalhado das classes de solo da bacia, modelagem hidrossedimentolÃgica na bacia hidrogrÃfica, estudo da deposiÃÃo e distribuiÃÃo do material no leito do reservatÃrio atravÃs de anÃlises mineralÃgicas e tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento. O levantamento das classes de solos à realizado a partir de visitas e observaÃÃes realizadas em campo e da coleta de amostras de diferentes regiÃes da bacia, de forma representativa, com identificaÃÃo de quatro classes distintas de solos na BEA: ARGISSOLOS AMARELOS EutrÃficos tÃpicos, LATOSSOLOS VERMELHO-AMARELO DistrÃficos tÃpicos, LUVISSOLOS CRÃMICOS PÃlico planossolicos e NEOSSOLOS LITÃLICOS DistrÃficos fragmentÃrios. O assoreamento do reservatÃrio à estimado para o perÃodo de 2000 e 2008 utilizando-se a curva-chave de sedimentos do reservatÃrio em questÃo e atravÃs de sÃries de vazÃes afluentes geradas pelo modelo WASASED. Comparando-se os valores de erosÃo estimados pela USLE e a produÃÃo de sedimentos gerada pela curva chave, obtÃm-se uma razÃo de aporte de sedimento de 3,4%, a ser usada na simulaÃÃo para todo o perÃodo desde a construÃÃo do reservatÃrio. Dado que a bacia em questÃo està inserida em uma EstaÃÃo EcolÃgica de ConservaÃÃo do IBAMA, sendo preservada desde o ano de 1977, a estimativa da produÃÃo de sedimentos considera para o perÃodo inicial (1932-1976) dois diferentes cenÃrios de uso do solo na bacia, quanto ao percentual de uso agropecuÃrio na bacia, e outra caracterizaÃÃo para o perÃodo mais recente (1977-2011), com base no levantamento atual de uso do solo. A identificaÃÃo das fontes de sedimentos à realizada utilizando o modelo USLE e tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento, com superposiÃÃo dos mapas de cada um dos parÃmetros. Para relacionar os sedimentos depositados no reservatÃrio com as Ãreas de contribuiÃÃo, amostras no leito do mesmo e em Ãreas representativas em cada uma das classes de solos sÃo coletadas e analisadas utilizando a tÃcnica de DifraÃÃo por Raios X. Para a estimativa do padrÃo de deposiÃÃo de sedimentos no reservatÃrio, admite-se que a espessura do depÃsito de sedimento à proporcional à coluna de Ãgua obtida do levantamento topogrÃfico detalhado da atual situaÃÃo do aÃude realizado neste estudo.. A simulaÃÃo dos processos hidrossedimentolÃgicos na bacia utilizando a modelagem da USLE indica valores de produÃÃo de sedimentos na bacia variando de 11,8 a 24,0 ton&#61655;km-2&#61655;ano-Â, o que resulta em taxas de assoreamento variando entre 1,5 e 2,7 %&#61655;decada-Â, dependendo do cenÃrio de uso do solo considerado. O assoreamento do aÃude BoqueirÃo, desde sua construÃÃo (1932), resulta em uma diminuiÃÃo de sua capacidade de armazenamento da ordem de 11,6% e 16,3% para os dois cenÃrios de uso do solo considerados, com 10 e 30% de uso agrÃcola, respectivamente. Os resultados tambÃm mostram que a espessura do sedimento depositado à bem inferior à observada em campo, atravÃs da abertura de trincheiras, indicando que o processo de deposiÃÃo de sedimentos jà ocorria bem antes da construÃÃo da barragem, em virtude das caracterÃsticas topogrÃficas locais.

Thesis (MS)--University of Montana, 2009. / Contents viewed on December 21, 2009. Title from author supplied metadata. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Eng. (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003. / "Thesis submitted for the degree of Masters of Engineering (Honours) Environmental Engineering" Includes bibliography.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.