Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-19T11:37:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VITAL DE SOUSA QUEIROZ - TESE (PPGEP) 2013.pdf: 2991038 bytes, checksum: 89890a58847930a71c73378d3a43b91e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T11:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VITAL DE SOUSA QUEIROZ - TESE (PPGEP) 2013.pdf: 2991038 bytes, checksum: 89890a58847930a71c73378d3a43b91e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-12 / Com o advento da globalização tecnológica, o ideal para as empresas industriais é processar matéria(s)-prima(s) com o seu aproveitamento integral para agregar mais lucratividade a cadeia produtiva e ser mais competitividade no mercado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, desenvolver o processo de aproveitamento dos resíduos (cabeça e cauda) oriundos da fabricação de cachaça de alambique para obtenção de etanol líquido neutro por processo de destilação convencional e por um inovador processo de destilação assistido por micro-ondas, para obtenção de álcool gel a 70°INPM. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a cinética dos processos destilatórios das misturas dos resíduos, com concentração de 40°GL, 42,5°GL, 45°GL, 47,5°GL e 50°GL nos dois sistemas de destilação, variando a temperatura de aquecimento em 90°C, 92°C, 94°C, 96°C, 99°C e 100°C onde foram definidos parâmetros como temperatura ideal de aquecimento dos sistemas, taxa de aquecimento, graduação alcoólica do etanol líquido destilado e rendimento do processo, assim como, o ajuste da formulação tradicional de obtenção de etanol gel usando etanol extraído dos resíduos. No processo destilatório, usando radiação micro-onda como agente de aquecimento, foi utilizado um microdestilador a micro-ondas desenvolvido para esse fim, mantendo-se os mesmos parâmetros da metodologia definida para a destilação convencional. Os resíduos, o álcool líquido extraído e o etanol gel antisséptico produzido foram caracterizados por métodos físicos e físico-químicos como densimetria, ebuliometria, cromatografia gasosa e viscosimetria. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, o etanol extraído dos resíduos atende as especificações técnicas estabelecidas pela ANVISA (Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) para produção de etanol gel antisséptico a 70°INPM e a faixa de temperatura ideal de trabalho em ambos destiladores é de 99°C - 100°C. O etanol gel antisséptico, obtido dos resíduos, apresentou características físicas e físico-químicas semelhante ao etanol gel tradicional e quanto ao seu custo/benefício, mostrou expressiva vantagem econômica do ponto de vista de custo com consumo de material e de preço do produto no mercado em comparação ao álcool gel tradicional. / With the advent of technological globalization, ideal for industrial companies is to process assessment (s) material (s) with your full time to educating the supply chain profitability and be more competitive in the market recovery. This study aimed to develop the process for recovery of waste (head and tail) deriving from the manufacture of cachaça to obtain neutral liquid ethanol by conventional distillation process and an innovative distillation process assisted by microwave, to obtain alcohol gel at 70 ° INPM. In this work , we studied the kinetics of processes destilatórios mixtures of wastes with concentration of 40°GL, 42.5°GL, 45GL°, 47.5° and 50°GL in both distillation systems, varying the temperature heating at 90°C, 92°C, 94°C, 96°C, 99°C and 100°C which defined parameters, such as temperature optimum heating systems, heating rate, ethanol alcoholic distillate yield and process, as well as adjusting the traditional formulation of obtaining ethanol from ethanol gel using waste. In the process distillatory using radiation microwaves as the heating agent, was used a microwave microdestilador developed for this purpose, keeping the same parameters as defined methodology to conventional distillation. Waste, liquid alcohol antiseptic gel extracted and ethanol produced were characterized by physical and physico-chemical as densitometry, ebuliometria, gas chromatography and viscometry. The results showed that the ethanol extract of the waste meets the technical specifications established by ANVISA ( National Health Surveillance Agency ) for ethanol antiseptic gel to 70°INPM ideal temperature range and work in both stills is 99°C - 100°C. Ethanol antiseptic gel , obtained from waste, presented physical and physical-chemical properties similar to ethanol gel and traditional terms of their cost / benefit ratio, showed significant economic advantage from the standpoint of cost material consumption and price of the product on the market compared to the traditional alcohol gel.

Paraffin is used as a main household energy source for cooking, lighting and heating by low-income communities in South Africa. It is highly inflammable and spillages from paraffin can be considered as one of the major causes of fires that lead to the destruction of dwellings in the informal settlement. The situation is made worse due to the close proximity of the dwellings to each other which cause the fires to spread very quickly from one dwelling to the next leaving suffering and most often death in its wake (Schwebel et al., 2009:700). It has been shown by Muller et al. (2003:2018) that most of the informal rural communities use paraffin in non-ventilated and windowless environments and this causes major respiratory problems. The government has made a huge effort towards replacing paraffin as main cooking fuel in rural and informal settlements with ethanol gel. Ethanol gel is a healthier, safer alternative to paraffin because ethanol gel does not burn unless it is contained within a cooking device that concentrates the flame. It also fails to emit lung irritants or other dangerous chemical vapours when burned indoors (Bizzo et al., 2004:67). Commercial ethanol gels are manufactured with imported gelling agents that make their costs unaffordable to the rural poor communities. It is the objective of this study to determine whether gelling agents extracted from the local endemic species of cactacea viz. Opuntia fiscus-indica and Cereus Jamacaru can be used to synthesise ethanol gel comparable or better than the commercial gels. The two species chosen have been declared pests (Nel et al., 2004:61) and are continuously uprooted from arable land and burned by local farmers (Van Wilgen et al., 2001:162) This study showed that Opuntia ficas-indica stems gave a better cellulose yield (15.0 ± 6.7 wt. %) than Cereus Jamacaru (11.5 ± 7.8wt %). Chemical composition analyses and FT-IR analyses showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were completely removed from the extracted cellulose and the extraction was more effective for Opuntia ficasindica than for Cereus Jamacaru. Ethanol gel produced by using the extracted cellulose, as was investigated during this study, was compared to commercial gels with respect to viscosity, burn time, calorific values and residue and a good comparison was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Paraffin is used as a main household energy source for cooking, lighting and heating by low-income communities in South Africa. It is highly inflammable and spillages from paraffin can be considered as one of the major causes of fires that lead to the destruction of dwellings in the informal settlement. The situation is made worse due to the close proximity of the dwellings to each other which cause the fires to spread very quickly from one dwelling to the next leaving suffering and most often death in its wake (Schwebel et al., 2009:700). It has been shown by Muller et al. (2003:2018) that most of the informal rural communities use paraffin in non-ventilated and windowless environments and this causes major respiratory problems. The government has made a huge effort towards replacing paraffin as main cooking fuel in rural and informal settlements with ethanol gel. Ethanol gel is a healthier, safer alternative to paraffin because ethanol gel does not burn unless it is contained within a cooking device that concentrates the flame. It also fails to emit lung irritants or other dangerous chemical vapours when burned indoors (Bizzo et al., 2004:67). Commercial ethanol gels are manufactured with imported gelling agents that make their costs unaffordable to the rural poor communities. It is the objective of this study to determine whether gelling agents extracted from the local endemic species of cactacea viz. Opuntia fiscus-indica and Cereus Jamacaru can be used to synthesise ethanol gel comparable or better than the commercial gels. The two species chosen have been declared pests (Nel et al., 2004:61) and are continuously uprooted from arable land and burned by local farmers (Van Wilgen et al., 2001:162) This study showed that Opuntia ficas-indica stems gave a better cellulose yield (15.0 ± 6.7 wt. %) than Cereus Jamacaru (11.5 ± 7.8wt %). Chemical composition analyses and FT-IR analyses showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were completely removed from the extracted cellulose and the extraction was more effective for Opuntia ficasindica than for Cereus Jamacaru. Ethanol gel produced by using the extracted cellulose, as was investigated during this study, was compared to commercial gels with respect to viscosity, burn time, calorific values and residue and a good comparison was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.