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In New Zealand, it is common for young people to mix 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) containing 'party pills' and ethanol (drinking alcohol). However, there is no scientific literature which compares the individual and combined long-term effects of these substances. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a comparison of BZP and ethanol's individual and combined effects on adulthood behaviour following repeated adolescent exposure. To investigate this 40 male and 40 female adolescent rats received daily exposure (post natal days 41 - 50) to BZP (10 mg/kg) and/or ethanol (2 g/kg) or saline vehicle (1 ml/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Animals were tested in a Y maze, light/dark emergence box, and an open field during early adulthood (PND 78 - 81) and again during mid-adulthood (PND 117 - 120). Results found females treated with alcohol ambulated less in the open field. Interestingly, no other behavioural differences between the treatment groups were observed. Overall, it appeared that adolescent exposure to BZP and/or alcohol did not have long-term behavioural consequences, at least in rats. This finding was most likely due to the narrow range of testing ages adopted in the study.

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<p>The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gasous fuels for the transport sector that are produced from biomass. Producing biofuels from cellulose- rich materials are considered as relevant technology nowadays.</p><p>There is a research and technological development project for years at Malardalens Högskola about bioethanol and biogas production, and the university joined to the Vaxtkraft project in Vasteras, Sweden, aims to produce biogas out of ley crop and organic waste.</p><p>The purpose of my study was to analyse the efficiency of producing transportation fuels, spezifyed ethanol and biogas from straw.</p><p>Extraction of sugar from straw under different conditions with respect to pH, temperature and extraction time were studied. Thereafter biogasification with bacteria to form CH4 and ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces was performed and the gas production measured.</p><p>The extractions were carried out separately at 121 °C and 140-145 °C, with 20, 40, 60, 120 minutes extraction time. The pH during the processes was set to 5 and 3 with buffer solution. To consider the extraction rate, the better conditions are lower pH, higher temperature and longer extraction time.</p><p>The results show the optimal extraction is performed at 140-145 °C for 120 minutes with pH 3.</p><p>The gasification was carried out at 37 °C with using Baker’s yeast. The results indicate that in contrast to the extraction, the gasification is better with the samples which extraction was carried out at lower temperature and higher pH. The best gasification was achieved by the samples with 121°C and pH 5 extraction irrespectively of the extraction time, although they had the worst extraction rate results.</p><p>More research and detailed quality analysis are needed to determine the reason of this seeming contradiction</p>

The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gasous fuels for the transport sector that are produced from biomass. Producing biofuels from cellulose- rich materials are considered as relevant technology nowadays. There is a research and technological development project for years at Malardalens Högskola about bioethanol and biogas production, and the university joined to the Vaxtkraft project in Vasteras, Sweden, aims to produce biogas out of ley crop and organic waste. The purpose of my study was to analyse the efficiency of producing transportation fuels, spezifyed ethanol and biogas from straw. Extraction of sugar from straw under different conditions with respect to pH, temperature and extraction time were studied. Thereafter biogasification with bacteria to form CH4 and ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces was performed and the gas production measured. The extractions were carried out separately at 121 °C and 140-145 °C, with 20, 40, 60, 120 minutes extraction time. The pH during the processes was set to 5 and 3 with buffer solution. To consider the extraction rate, the better conditions are lower pH, higher temperature and longer extraction time. The results show the optimal extraction is performed at 140-145 °C for 120 minutes with pH 3. The gasification was carried out at 37 °C with using Baker’s yeast. The results indicate that in contrast to the extraction, the gasification is better with the samples which extraction was carried out at lower temperature and higher pH. The best gasification was achieved by the samples with 121°C and pH 5 extraction irrespectively of the extraction time, although they had the worst extraction rate results. More research and detailed quality analysis are needed to determine the reason of this seeming contradiction

In order to produce ethanol derived from lignocellulosic feeds at a cost that is competitive with current gasoline prices, the fermentation process, converting sugars to produce ethanol and the subsequent purification steps, must be enhanced. Due to their comparatively lower costs, the widespread availability across a range of climates, and their status as a dedicated energy crop, lignocellulosic biomass feeds are ideal raw materials that can be used to produce domestic fuels to partly displace our dependence on non-renewable sources. Currently, a major drawback of the technology is the relatively low ethanol tolerance of the micro-organisms used to ferment xylose and glucose. To alleviate the ethanol inhibition of Escherichia coli KO11 (ATCC 55124) during fermentation, online ethanol sequestration was achieved through the implementation of an externally located packed bed adsorber for the purpose of on-line ethanol removal (using F-600 activated carbon). By removing ethanol from the broth during the fermentation, inhibition due to the presence of ethanol could be alleviated, enhancing the substrate utilization and fermentation rate and the ethanol production of the fermentation. This study details a comprehensive adsorbent screening to identify ethanol selective materials, modelling of multi-component adsorption systems, and the design, implementation and modelling of a fermentation unit coupled with an externally located packed bed adsorber.

In order to produce ethanol derived from lignocellulosic feeds at a cost that is competitive with current gasoline prices, the fermentation process, converting sugars to produce ethanol and the subsequent purification steps, must be enhanced. Due to their comparatively lower costs, the widespread availability across a range of climates, and their status as a dedicated energy crop, lignocellulosic biomass feeds are ideal raw materials that can be used to produce domestic fuels to partly displace our dependence on non-renewable sources. Currently, a major drawback of the technology is the relatively low ethanol tolerance of the micro-organisms used to ferment xylose and glucose. To alleviate the ethanol inhibition of Escherichia coli KO11 (ATCC 55124) during fermentation, online ethanol sequestration was achieved through the implementation of an externally located packed bed adsorber for the purpose of on-line ethanol removal (using F-600 activated carbon). By removing ethanol from the broth during the fermentation, inhibition due to the presence of ethanol could be alleviated, enhancing the substrate utilization and fermentation rate and the ethanol production of the fermentation. This study details a comprehensive adsorbent screening to identify ethanol selective materials, modelling of multi-component adsorption systems, and the design, implementation and modelling of a fermentation unit coupled with an externally located packed bed adsorber.